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1893 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formed	June 12, 1893
Last system dissipated	November 9, 1893
Strongest storm
Name	"Cheniere Caminada"
• Maximum winds	130 mph (215 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
• Lowest pressure	948 mbar (hPa; 27.99 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions	12
Total storms	12
Hurricanes	10
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+)	5
Total fatalities	~4,028
Total damage	At least $6 million (1893 USD)
Related article
1890s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894, 1895

The 1893 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active season, with 12 tropical storms forming, 10 of which became hurricanes. Of those, five became major hurricanes. It has the third highest accumulated cyclone energy on record for Atlantic hurricane season, totaling 231. This season proved to be a very deadly season, with two different hurricanes each causing over 2,000 deaths in the United States; at the time, the season was the deadliest in U.S. history. The season was one of two seasons on record to see four Atlantic hurricanes active simultaneously, along with the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season. Additionally, August 15, 1893 was the only time since the advent of modern record keeping that three storms have formed on the same day (Hurricanes Four, Five, and Six) until 2020 saw Wilfred, Alpha, and Beta forming on the same day; and for the first time, there were two high-intensity hurricanes simultaneously in one month of August, and this was not repeated until the year 2023.

Timeline

Systems

Hurricane One

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	June 12 – June 19
Peak intensity	80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min); 990 mbar (hPa)

Observations from ships indicated the presence of a tropical storm in the Bay of Campeche on June 12. The storm moved northeastward across the Gulf of Mexico and intensified into a strong tropical storm. Around 23:00 UTC on June 15, the system made landfall southwest of Perry, Florida, with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h). The cyclone weakened somewhat while moving over Florida and coastal portions of Georgia and the Carolinas. After emerging into the Atlantic near the North Carolina–Virginia state line early on June 17, the storm strengthened, reaching hurricane intensity later that day. On June 19, a ship located in the vicinity of the storm recorded a barometric pressure around 999 mbar (29.5 inHg) - the lowest in relation to the cyclone. However, the system then became losing tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone about 155 mi (250 km) south of Saint Pierre and Miquelon by 00:00 UTC on June 20.

A 2014 renalysis study by climate scientist Michael Chenoweth created a mostly similar path, albeit showing a landfall farther west over Florida and then the storm moving east of North Carolina. Chenoweth also concluded that the system did not intensify into a hurricane.

Several locations in the Southeastern United States observed tropical storm-force winds, with the strongest recorded sustained wind speed being 56 mph (90 km/h) in Charleston, South Carolina.

Hurricane Two

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	July 4 – July 7
Peak intensity	100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min);

Observations of this storm began as early as July 4 in the southwestern Caribbean Sea, with a ship encountering the cyclone about 130 mi (210 km) north-northeast of Colón, Panama. The system intensified steadily while moving northwestward, becoming a hurricane around 12:00 UTC on the following day. About six hours later, the storm intensified into a Category 2 hurricane and peaked with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). The hurricane then made landfall near the Nicaragua–Honduras border. The cyclone weakened back to a Category 1 before re-emerging into the Caribbean off the north coast of Honduras early on July 6. Continuing northwestward, the system then re-strengthened slightly, reaching winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) prior to making landfall in northern Belize around 00:00 UTC on July 7. The cyclone weakened rapidly over the Yucatán Peninsula and dissipated just offshore Tabasco several hours later.

Chenoweth's study indicated that the storm struck near the Nicaragua–Honduras but at a west-northwest angle rather than in a northwestward trajectory. The cyclone then struck southern Belize, crossed the Bay of Campeche, and moved ashore in Veracruz before dissipating on July 9.

The storm sank several ships, including many steamers loaded with fruit in Honduras. About 6,000 bunches of bananas awaiting shipment were washed away at Bonito, while fruit plantations also experienced extensive damage. A number of homes on Roatán were also severely damaged. The hurricane reportedly caused a large loss of life. It has been paleotempestologically traced in sediment near Gales Point in Belize.

Hurricane Three

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	August 13 – August 22
Peak intensity	120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min); 956 mbar (hPa)

Hurricane San Roque of 1893

The third storm of the season formed on August 13 east of the Lesser Antilles. It steadily strengthened to a hurricane while moving over the Leeward Islands. While approaching Puerto Rico on August 16, its winds increased to major hurricane status before landfall at Patillas. It crossed the island and exited near Isabela. There were heavy rains over the island of Puerto Rico and damages to the agricultural crops, especially coffee. In San Juan 2.36 inches of rain were reported. The eye remained over Puerto Rico for a period of seven hours. The lowest barometric pressure reading recorded in San Juan was 29.17 inches. Four deaths were reported. This was the first hurricane in Puerto Rico where flags were used to alert the public about the danger of an approaching hurricane; they were flown from government buildings.

Although landfall weakened the storm, the storm regained major hurricane status as it approached the Bahamas. It then re curved northward and on August 22, made landfall in St. Margaret's Bay near Halifax, Nova Scotia as a non-tropical category 1. The storm was known in Nova Scotia as "the second Great August Gale" and claimed 25 lives, including the sinking of the vessels "Dorcas" and "Etta Stewart."

After the storm struck Puerto Rico, Chenoweth's study argued that the cyclone remained farther east of the Bahamas than recorded in HURDAT and later on struck near the east end of Nova Scotia.

This hurricane was one of four active hurricanes on August 22.

Hurricane Four

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	August 15 – August 24
Peak intensity	115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min); 952 mbar (hPa)

The New York Hurricane of 1893

This storm was first observed over the southeastern Atlantic on August 15, with the official track beginning about 790 mi (1,270 km) of the Cabo Verde Islands. Initially a tropical storm, the cyclone is estimated to have intensified into a hurricane by Agust 15 as it moved west-northwestward. The storm gradually moved more northwestward for the next several days, until turning north-northwestward on August 22. That day, the system strengthened into a major Category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h), based on the bark Glencoyn observing an atmospheric pressure of 952 mbar (28.1 inHg) early on August 23. Thereafter, the cyclone weakened as it moved generally northward. Shortly before 12:00 UTC on August 24, the storm made landfall in New York City as a Category 1 hurricane with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h). Curving north-northeastward, the system weakened to a tropical storm and then transitioned into an extratropical cyclone later that day over Quebec. The extratropical remnants dissipated east of Newfoundland on August 26. Chenoweth proposed few changes to the storm's duration, track, or intensity, mainly other than adding a tropical depression stage beginning on August 13.

Strong winds occurred in North Carolina, including gusts of 70 mph (110 km/h) in Kitty Hawk and 60 mph (95 km/h) in Hatteras. Despite the storm's close proximity to New Jersey, the state likely did not experience hurricane force-winds because of the system's motion and asymmetrical wind field. Nonetheless, Jersey City experienced its worst storm in several years. The hurricane capsized or beached numerous boats and vessels in the vicinity of New York City, leading to 34 deaths, 17 from the tugboat Panther alone. At Coney Island, the storm demolished a number of buildings, walkways, piers, and resorts, while many homes were destroyed in Brooklyn. Hundreds of thousands of dollars in damage occurred in New York City. Meteorologists Gordon E. Dunn and Banner I. Miller noted in 1960 that major damage occurred in Connecticut and Rhode Island. In New Haven, Connecticut, the storm toppled about 1,000 elm and maple trees, blocking many streets. Surrounding communities reported unroofed homes and barns and downed fences and trees. Additionally, The Boston Globe noted that "Crops of all kinds are a total loss." In western Massachusetts, the storm downed many wires and badly damaged corn and tobacco crops.

Hurricane Five

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	August 15 – August 19
Peak intensity	100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min);

The 5th storm of the season formed east of Bermuda on August 15. After moving northwestward for a day, it moved northeastward and strengthened to a Category 2 hurricane. The storm crossed over Sable Island at peak intensity, before making landfall in the Burin Peninsula of Newfoundland on August 18 as a 90 mph (145 km/h) hurricane. The storm dissipated on August 19. Climate researcher Michael Chenoweth proposed the removal of this system from HURDAT, finding "No convincing evidence for a tropical system" and arguing that data instead favored an extratropical cyclone.

Hurricane Six

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	August 15 – August 30
Peak intensity	120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min); 954 mbar (hPa)

The Sea Islands Hurricane of 1893

Although no observations for this storm could be found prior to August 22, José Fernández-Partagás and Henry F. Diaz and the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project retained C. J. Neumann's 1993 review of the system, which began the track on August 15. Located near the west coast of Africa, the tropical storm initially moved west-southwestward, passing through the Cabo Verde Islands on August 16 and August 17. By the following day, the system curved west-northward, and on August 19, intensified into a hurricane. The storm became a Category 3 early on August 23. Three days later, the hurricane curved northwestward while passing through the northern Bahamas, crossing or passing near Eleuthera, the Abaco Islands, and Grand Bahama. Curving north-northwestward on August 27, the cyclone remained just offshore Florida, and made landfall near Ossabaw Island, Georgia, early on August 28. Based on Savannah recording a barometric pressure of 954 mbar (28.2 inHg), the storm is estimated to have peaked with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). The system weakened to a tropical storm as it curved northeastward over the Carolinas on August 29. After crossing the Mid-Atlantic, New England, and New Brunswick, the storm became extratropical over eastern Quebec by the following day. On September 2, the remnants were last noted over the far north Atlantic.

In Chenoweth's 2014 study, this storm followed a similar path to that listed in HURDAT but the cyclone approaching the Georgia–South Carolina state line at a northwestward angle, and thus, it neither crossed the Bahamas nor closely approached the east coast of Florida.

In the Bahamas, significant impacts were reported on the Abaco Islands, particularly at Marsh Harbour, with damage being "very large to houses, wharves, fences, boats, fields and in fact everything", according to The Nassau Guardian. Several sponging vessels sank at the Abaco Islands. The captain of the ship Sarah Emma reported flooding on Grand Bahama, which destroyed crops. In Florida, the storm downed hundreds of trees and partially or fully deroofed dozens of buildings, some as far as 50 mi (80 km) inland. Storm surge and abnormally high tides also caused damage, especially along the First Coast. Farther north, strong winds unroofed hundreds of buildings in Savannah, Georgia, where the hurricane was compared to a storm in 1881. However, the elevation and distance from the coast of the city left it relatively unscathed compared to the Sea Islands. Storm surge and abnormally high tides in South Carolina extensively flooded the islands and the cities of Beaufort, Charleston, and Port Royal, which reportedly had no structures elevated more than 2 ft (0.61 m) above ground. The National Hurricane Center places the death toll between 1,000–2,000, mostly in the Sea Islands, while the Red Cross estimated that approximately 30,000 survivors in the region became destitute. In North Carolina, high tides wrecked a number of vessels along the coast or just offshore. High winds caused severe impacts in Kernersville, including one death and the destruction of about 100 homes.

Hurricane Seven

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	August 20 – August 29
Peak intensity	100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min);

The official track for this storm begins on August 20 to the southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands, similar to the paths created by Charles Mitchell in 1924 and C. J. Neumann in 1993. Although very little information could be found in relation to the storm, it moved west-northwestward and is estimated to have intensified into a hurricane on August 22. By the following day, the system strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h). Turning northeastward on August 26, the hurricane crossed the Azores, moving near Faial Island. The cyclone weakened to a tropical storm early on August 29 and was last noted northeast of the Azores several hours later. A reanalysis study by Chenoweth in 2014 proposed that this cyclone developed several hours later as a tropical depression and that the storm instead peaked as a Category 1 hurricane.

The hurricane destroyed 14 homes on Faial Island and 28 others on Terceira Island and ruined crops. Three ships in the vicinity of the Azores were lost, while two remained missing by September 2. At least five people died in the archipelago.

Hurricane Eight

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	September 4 – September 9
Peak intensity	100 mph (155 km/h) (1-min); 973 mbar (hPa)

The 8th storm of the season formed in the western Caribbean Sea on September 4. After hitting the Yucatán Peninsula, it strengthened in the Gulf of Mexico to a 95 mph (153 km/h) hurricane. It hit the southern coast of Louisiana on September 7, and dissipated over northeastern Alabama. Chenoweth developed this storm over the central Gulf of Mexico on September 4. The cyclone then moved slowly northeastward and then mostly followed the track across the Gulf Coast region of the United States as shown in HURDAT.

Heavy rains fell over southern Louisiana, including a peak total of 15.2 in (390 mm) in Franklin, while Donaldsonville, Emilie, and Wallace broke 24-hour precipitation records for the month of September. Extensive losses to cotton, rice, and sugar occurred in St. Martin and St. Mary parishes, while East Feliciana Parish reported severe damage to oranges. In Lockport, a tornado killed five people, injured seventeen others, and inflicted about $40,000 in damage. The storm also dropped heavy rain in Mobile, Alabama, and Pensacola, Florida.

Hurricane Nine

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	September 25 – October 14
Peak intensity	120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min); 955 mbar (hPa)

The Great Charleston Hurricane of 1893

The ninth known tropical cyclone of the season formed southwest of the Cape Verde Islands on September 25. It moved westward and intensified into a hurricane on September 28, before turning northwestward on October 2. By then, the system strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane and likely peaked with maximum sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). The hurricane then moved west-northwestward for several days, beginning on October 6. After passing just north of the Abaco Islands on October 12, the storm curved northwestward and then north-northwestward, remaining closely offshore Florida and Georgia. The hurricane then turned northeastward and at around 13:00 UTC on October 13, it made landfall near McClellanville, South Carolina, winds of 120 mph (195 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 955 mbar (28.2 inHg). Moved rapidly northward through North Carolina and the Appalachian Mountains, the cyclone was still a Category 1 hurricane as it passed 60 mi (95 km) west of Washington, D.C. The storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over far southern Quebec on October 14 after crossing Lake Ontario and continued northeastward until dissipating over the northeastern portions of the province on the following day.

Chenoweth's study indicates that this system instead developed over the Cabo Verde Islands. From October 6 to October 13, the cyclone moved in a trajectory very similar to shown to HURDAT, but then the storm trekked slightly farther west across the United States and Canada.

Although the storm remained far away from the Lesser Antilles, Antigua reported sustained winds up to 27 mph (43 km/h). In the Bahamas, abnormally high tides inundated some streets on New Providence and nearby Hog Island (modern-day Paradise Island), sweeping away the home of the assistant lighthouse keeper. The storm severely damaged pineapple cultivation facilities on Eleuthera and plantations on the Abaco Islands, where many other buildings were destroyed. In Florida, storm surge reached several feet above ground between Palm Beach and Jacksonville, while heavy rains fell, leading to flooding in a number of coastal communities. Coastal flooding impacted South Carolina from Georgetown southward, though the worst occurred between Winyah Bay and Murrells Inlet. The National Hurricane Center lists the combined death toll for Florida and South Carolina at 28. North Carolina reported extensive damage to crops, trees, homes, and shipping, as well as 22 fatalities. Many towns across Virginia, the Mid-Atlantic, New England, and Ontario experienced wind damage and some coastal and freshwater flooding. In Maryland, the storm caused two indirect deaths due to a fire and about $1 million in damage in Baltimore alone. Inside the Great Lakes, the storm capsized nearly 40 vessels, leading to a loss of 54 lives. Four other people died in Buffalo, New York,

Hurricane Ten

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Duration	September 27 – October 5
Peak intensity	130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min); 948 mbar (hPa)

The Cheniere Caminada Hurricane

Although meteorologist José Fernández Partagás noted a "lack of suitable information" prior to October 1, the official track for this system begins on September 27 to the northeast of Honduras. The storm headed northwestward and intensified into a hurricane on the next day. Thereafter, the cyclone brushed Cozumel and then made landfall in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula near Puerto Morelos as a Category 2 hurricane early on September 29. The storm continued northwestward until late on October 1, at which time a northeasterly motion commenced. While nearing the Gulf Coast of the United States, the system intensified significantly, peaking as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 948 mbar (28.0 inHg) at 06:00 UTC on October 2. Two hours later, the hurricane struck near Cheniere Caminada, Louisiana, at the same intensity and then another made landfall eight hours thereafter near Ocean Springs, Mississippi, as a strong Category 2 hurricane. The cyclone weakened to a tropical storm over Alabama early on October 3. Retaining tropical storm intensity while crossing the Southeastern United States, the storm emerged into the Atlantic from the Outer Banks of North Carolina on October 4 but likely dissipated on the following day.

The 2014 study by Chenoweth proposed that this storm instead developed over the Gulf of Mexico, but then followed a path similar to that listed in HURDAT from October 2 onward.

Strong winds and storm surge left extensive effects in southeastern Louisiana, with towns between New Orleans and Port Eads suffering major damage, while other communities such Cheniere Caminada and Grand Isle also experienced extreme impacts. Some bays along the south coast observed storm surge reaching 15 ft (4.6 m), while the Chandeleur Islands recorded a storm surge of 16 ft (4.9 m). The Thibodaux Sentinel noted that Cheniere Caminada had been "swept out of existence.", with few homes remaining standing and 779 residents being killed. At nearby Grand Isle, none of the summer homes and hotels survived the storm due to storm surge and tides inundating the area with water 9 ft (2.7 m) above ground. Extensive crop damage also occurred along both sides of the lower Mississippi River. The hurricane destroyed at least four churches across the state and caused about $5 million in damage to property alone. Approximately 2,000 deaths occurred as a result of the storm. In coastal Mississippi, storm surge washed hundreds of feet of a railroad bridge between Biloxi and Ocean Springs into several buildings. The storm also damaged a saw mill, a ship yard, several canning facilities, many wharves, bathhouses, and some homes. Abnormally high tides and storm surge in Alabama caused damage, especially in the Mobile area, with the commerce district submerged with 4 ft (1.2 m) of water. Seven deaths occurred in the state. In Florida, The New York Times noted that "on every street, uprooted trees, broken fences and roofless buildings testify of the storm's force" in Pensacola. Storm surge caused washouts that disrupted rail service and shipping. Several other places in the Southeastern United States reported heavy rainfall.

Tropical Storm Eleven

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	October 20 – October 23
Peak intensity	60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);

A tropical depression likely developed over the northwestern Caribbean on October 20. However, uncertainty exists over the storm's path that day and into October 21 as some reassessments of the storm show movement over Florida and others over Cuba. The official track of the cyclone elects for a landfall in the latter near the municipality of Venezuela in present-day Ciego de Ávila Province. Research published by historian Louis A. Pérez Jr. in 2000 concluded that the system did not attain tropical storm status until after crossing Cuba. Thus, the official track indicates that the cyclone intensified into a tropical storm shortly shortly before striking Andros in the Bahamas on October 21. Moving generally northward, the storm passed over the Abaco Islands or Grand Bahama later that day. Sustained winds increased to 60 mph (95 km/h) on October 22 as the system began curving northeastward. Around 03:00 UTC the next day, the cyclone made landfall near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. A turn to the northwest after crossing the Outer Banks caused the storm to make another landfall around 11:00 UTC on October 23 near Chincoteague, Virginia. The system was last noted over Pennsylvania several hours later.

Chenoweth proposed removing the cyclone from HURDAT, noting that it was "most likely an extratropical system".

Tropical Storm Twelve

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Duration	November 5 – November 9
Peak intensity	70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);

A low-pressure became a tropical storm on November 5, situated about 385 mi (620 km) east of Marsh Harbour in the Bahamas, though Partagás noted the possibility of the system having subtropical characteristics. The storm gradually turned west-northward and then northward. On November 8, the cyclone passed within 50 mi (80 km) of the Outer Banks of North Carolina with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) but curved northeastward and remained offshore. The system then shifted east-northeastward on November 9 and transitioned into an extratropical storm that day. The extratropical remnants dissipated near the Azores on November 12. The 2014 study by Chenoweth suggested the removal this system from HURDAT, noting "Daily weather maps indicate that this is most likely an extratropical system".

In North Carolina, the town of Kitty Hawk observed sustained winds of 58 mph (93 km/h). Offshore the Mid-Atlantic and New England, 14 coal barges encountered rough seas generated by the storm, several of which later sank. An unidentified steamship near the Delaware Breakwater also became disabled but was towed to safety by the bark Clan Ferguson.

Other storms

Chenoweth proposed four other storms not currently listed in HURDAT:

• August 22 to August 23, peaked as a tropical storm
• August 25 to September 4, peaked as a Category 1 hurricane
• September 5 to September 13, peaked as a Category 1 hurricane
• September 15 to September 17, peaked as a tropical storm

See also

• Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project
• Tropical cyclone observation

References

1. ^ Jose Fernandez-Partagas (1996). Year 1893 (PDF). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
2. ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved December 29, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
   • • Landsea, Chris (April 2022). "The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2) - Chris Landsea – April 2022" (PDF). Hurricane Research Division – NOAA/AOML. Miami: Hurricane Research Division – via Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory.
3. ^ Chenoweth, Michael (December 2014). "A New Compilation of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1851–98". Journal of Climate. 27 (12). American Meteorological Society. Bibcode:2014JCli...27.8674C. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00771.1. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
4. "Storm in Honduras". Evening Messenger. July 15, 1893. p. 2. Retrieved August 26, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
5. McCloskey, T. A.; Keller, G. (2009). "5000 year sedimentary record of hurricane strikes on the central coast of Belize". Quaternary International. 195 (1–2): 53–68. Bibcode:2009QuInt.195...53M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.03.003.
6. ^ Mújica-Baker, Frank. Huracanes y Tormentas que han afectadi a Puerto Rico (PDF). Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, Agencia Estatal para el manejo de Emergencias y Administracion de Desastres. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
7. "Hurricanes and Tropical Storms in Puerto Rico from 1500 to 1899". Retrieved December 29, 2010.
8. Bowyer, Peter. "Hurricane Juan Storm Summary". ec.gc.ca. Environment Canada. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
9. ^ Hudgins, James E. (2000). Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586: an historical perspective (Report). Blacksburg, Virginia: National Weather Service. p. 20. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
10. ^ Landsea, Christopher W.; et al. (May 2015). Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT. Hurricane Research Division (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
11. "Swept by Wind and Rain". The New York Times. August 25, 1893. p. 1. Retrieved November 10, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
12. "New Haven's Elms Wrecked". The Boston Globe. August 24, 1893. p. 5. Retrieved November 10, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
13. "Wind Wrecked Butcher's Cart". The Boston Globe. August 24, 1893. p. 5. Retrieved November 10, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
14. ^ Partagás, José Fernández; Diaz, Henry F. (1996). Year 1893 (PDF). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. pp. 49–65. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
15. "Report of Damage at Marsh Harbour by the Hurricane of August 26th, 1893". The Nassau Guardian. September 2, 1893. p. 2. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
16. "The Late Cyclone". The Nassau Guardian. September 2, 1893. p. 2. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
17. "Devastated by Storm". Idaho Daily Statesman. Boise, Idaho. August 29, 1893. p. 1. Retrieved June 4, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
18. "Mad Ruin of the Winds". The Morning News. Savannah, Georgia. August 28, 1893. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
19. "Sea Islands Overwhelmed". The New York Times. September 3, 1893. p. 5. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
20. ^ Rappaport, Edward N.; Partagás, José Fernández; Beven, Jack (April 22, 1997). "Appendix 1. Cyclones with 25+ Deaths". The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
21. Grego, Caroline (November 2019). "Black Autonomy, Red Cross Recovery, and White Backlash after the Great Sea Island Storm of 1893". Journal of Southern History. 85 (4): 803. doi:10.1353/soh.2019.0244. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
22. ^ "Havoc in the Azores". Los Angeles Herald. September 3, 1893. p. 1. Retrieved June 6, 2024 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
23. ^ Roth, David (2010). Louisiana Hurricane History (PDF) (Report). Camp Springs, Maryland: National Weather Service. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
24. "Winds". Monthly Weather Review. 21 (9): 254. September 1893. Bibcode:1893MWRv...21..253.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1893)21[253:W]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
25. 1893 Storm 9 (.XLS). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
26. Barnes, Jay (2007). Florida's Hurricane History. University of North Carolina Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0807858097. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
27. Sandrik, Al; Landsea, Christopher W. (May 2003). Chronological Listing of Tropical Cyclones affecting North Florida and Coastal Georgia 1565-1899. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
28. "Wind". Monthly Weather Review. 21 (10): 288–289. October 1893. Bibcode:1893MWRv...21..288.. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1893)21[288:W]2.0.CO;2. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
29. Roth, David; Cobb, Hugh (July 16, 2001). "Late Nineteenth Century Virginia Hurricanes". Virginia Hurricane History (Report). Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
30. "In The East". The Winnipeg Daily Tribune. October 16, 1893. p. 4. Retrieved November 13, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
31. "The Storm in New England". New-York Tribune. October 15, 1893. p. 3. Retrieved November 19, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
32. "The Great Storm of 1893 and the Schooner Riverside" (PDF). Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology. 2010. pp. 220–221. Retrieved December 9, 2023.
33. Hall, Christie (September 22, 2016). "Cheniere Caminada's "Great October Storm"". Country Roads Magazine. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
34. "The Damage in Biloxi". The Biloxi Herald. October 7, 1893. p. 4. Retrieved September 5, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.

External links

• Monthly Weather Review
• HURDAT Data for the 1893 Atlantic hurricane season

• 1893 Atlantic hurricane season