Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney

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Henry Sinclair
Earl of Orkney Baron of Roslin
(Top) Earl of Orkney and Baron of Roslin Coats of Arms. (Bottom) Statue of Henry Sinclair in the compound of the Noss Head Lighthouse by sculptor Shawn Williamson.
Predecessor	Earldom of Orkney: Vacant Baron of Roslin: William St Clair
Successor	Henry II Sinclair, Earl of Orkney
Known for	The legend of him discovering North America 100 years before Christopher Columbus.
Born	c. 1345
Died	c. 1400
Nationality	Scottish
Offices	Lord High Admiral of Scotland
Noble family	Clan Sinclair

Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, Lord of Roslin (c. 1345 – c. 1400) was a Scottish nobleman. Sinclair held the title Earl of Orkney (which refers to Norðreyjar rather than just the islands of Orkney) and was Lord High Admiral of Scotland under the King of Scotland. He was sometimes identified by another spelling of his surname, St. Clair. He was the grandfather of William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness, the builder of Rosslyn Chapel. He is best known today because of a modern legend that he took part in explorations of Greenland and North America almost 100 years before Christopher Columbus. William Thomson, in his book The New History of Orkney, wrote: "It has been Earl Henry's singular fate to enjoy an ever-expanding posthumous reputation which has very little to do with anything he achieved in his lifetime."

Biography

Henry Sinclair was the son and heir of William Sinclair, Lord of Roslin, and his wife Isabella (Isobel) of Strathearn. She was a daughter of Maol Ísa, Jarl of Orkney. Henry Sinclair's maternal grandfather had been deprived of much of his lands (the earldom of Strathearn being completely lost to the King of Scots).

Sometime after 13 September 1358, Henry's father died, at which point Henry Sinclair succeeded as the 9th Baron of Roslin, Pentland and Cousland, a group of minor properties in Lothian.

Although the Norwegian Jarldom of Orkney was not an inheritable position, successive appointments had operated as if it had been. After a vacancy lasting 18 years, three cousins – Alexander de L'Arde, Lord of Caithness; Malise Sparre, Lord of Skaldale; and Henry Sinclair – were rivals for the succession. Initially trialing de L'Arde as Captain of Orkney, King Haakon VI of Norway was quickly disappointed in de L'Arde's behaviour, and sacked him.

On 2 August 1379, at Marstrand, near Tønsberg, Norway, Haakon chose Sinclair over Sparre, investing Sinclair with the Jarldom or Earldom in the Peerage of Scotland. In return Henry pledged to pay a fee of 1000 nobles before St. Martin's Day (11 November), and, when called upon, serve the king on Orkney or elsewhere with 100 fully armed men for 3 months. It is unknown if Haakon VI ever attempted to call upon the troops pledged by Henry or if any of the fee was actually paid.

As security for upholding the agreement the new jarl left hostages behind when he departed Norway for Orkney. Shortly before his death in summer 1380, the king permitted the hostages to return home. In 1389, Sinclair attended the hailing of King Eric in Norway, pledging his oath of fealty. Historians have speculated that in 1391 Sinclair and his troops slew Malise Sparre near Scalloway, Tingwall parish, Shetland.

Sinclair is later described as an "admiral of the seas" in the Genealogies of the Saintclaires of Roslin by Richard Augustine Hay. This refers to his position as the Lord High Admiral of Scotland while in service to the King of Scotland. It is a title he is said to have inherited from his father William Sinclair in 1358 but it's more likely he acquired it much later in life.

It is not known when Henry Sinclair died. The Sinclair Diploma, written or at least commissioned by his grandson states: "...he retirit to the parts of Orchadie and josit them to the latter tyme of his life, and deit Erile of Orchadie, and for the defence of the country was slain there cruellie by his enemiis..." We also know that sometime in 1401: "The English invaded, burnt and spoiled certain islands of Orkney." This was part of an English retaliation for a Scottish attack on an English fleet near Aberdeen. The assumption is that Henry either died opposing this invasion, or was already dead.

Henri Santo Claro (Henry St. Clair) signed a charter from King Robert III in January 1404. It is supposed that he died shortly after that although his son did not take the title until 1412. Therefore, he died somewhere between 1404 and 1412, killed in an attack on Orkney, possibly by English seamen. Or in an attack from the south.

According to Sir Robert Douglas, 6th Baronet, Sinclair had received the honours of the Orders of the Thistle, Saint Michael (Cockle) and the Golden Fleece. However all these orders were created after Sinclair's death.

Marriage and issue

Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, married Jean Haliburton, daughter of Sir John Haliburton of Dirleton (d. 1392) by his spouse Margaret Cameron and sister of Sir Walter de Haliburton, 1st Lord Haliburton of Dirleton, and had issue:

Henry II Sinclair, Earl of Orkney (c. 1375–1422), married Egidia Douglas, daughter of Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale and his wife Egidia Stewart, daughter of King Robert II of Scotland and second wife Euphemia de Ross
John Sinclair, said to have married Ingeborg, a natural daughter of Waldemar IV, King of Denmark
William Sinclair
Elizabeth Sinclair (b. 1363), married Sir John Drummond of Cargill and Stobhall, 12th Thane of Lennox, Chief of Clan Drummond (b. Drymen, Stirlingshire, 1356, d. 1428), Justiciar of Scotia, and had issue:
1. Sir Walter Drummond of Cargill and Stobhall, Chief of Clan Drummond (d. 1455), married Margaret Ruthven, daughter of Sir William Ruthven of that Ilk and wife, had issue:
  1. Sir Malcolm Drummond of Cargill and Stobhall, Chief of Clan Drummond (d. 1470), married in 1445 Mariot or Mariota Murray, daughter of Sir David Murray of Tullibardine and wife Margaret Colquhoun, had issue
    1. James Drummond of Coldoch, married and had female issue
    2. John Drummond, 1st Lord Drummond
  2. John Drummond
  3. Margaret Drummond (d. aft. 26 March 1482), married Andrew Mercer of Meikleour and Aldie (d. 1473), son of Michael Mercer (b. c. 1378, d. c. 1440) and wife Elizabeth Stewart, daughter of Sir Robert Stewart of Durrisdeer and wife Janet Macdougall, had issue
  4. Walter Drummond, 1st of Ledcrieff (d. aft. 1486), married and had issue
2. Their son John Drummond has been suggested to be João Escórcio (John the Scotsman) the progenitor of people bearing the surnames of Escórcio and Drummond in Madeira, Portugal, though the truthfulness of this cannot be established beyond doubt.
Margaret Sinclair, married James of Cragy, Laird of Hupe in Orkney
Marjory Sinclair, married David Menzies of that Ilk, and Weem
Bethoc Sinclair, married William Borthwick of that Ilk
Katherine Sinclair (1358-1430), married John Seton, 2nd Lord Seton, and had issue

Fringe theories

In the 1980s, modern alternative histories of Earl Henry I Sinclair and Rosslyn Chapel began to be published. Popular books (often derided as pseudo-historical) such as The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail by Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh and Henry Lincoln (1982) and The Temple and the Lodge by Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh (1989) appeared. Books by Timothy Wallace-Murphy and Andrew Sinclair soon followed from the early 1990s onwards.

The alleged voyage to North America

One of the most common theories about Sinclair is that he was one of the first Europeans to visit North America in a voyage pre-dating Columbus. In 1784, he was identified by Johann Reinhold Forster as possibly being the Prince Zichmni described in letters allegedly written around the year 1400 by the Zeno brothers of Venice, in which they describe a voyage throughout the North Atlantic under the command of Zichmni.

The letters and the accompanying map, allegedly rediscovered and published in the early 16th century, are regarded by most historians as a hoax by the Zenos or their publishers. Moreover, the identification of Zichmni as Henry Sinclair has not been accepted by most historians, although this identification and their overall authenticity are taken for granted by the supporters of the theory.

The claim that Henry Sinclair explored North America has been popularised by several other authors, notably by Frederick J. Pohl, Andrew Sinclair, Michael Bradley, William S. Crooker (who claimed to have discovered Henry Sinclair's castle in Nova Scotia), Steven Sora, and more recently by David Goudsward.

The claim requires the acceptance not only that the letters and map ascribed to the Zeno brothers and published in 1558 are authentic, but that the voyage described in the letters as taken by Zichmni around the year 1398 to Greenland actually reached North America and that Zichmni is Henry Sinclair. It is also bolstered by claims that carvings in Rosslyn Chapel represent American plants.

The name "Zichmni" is either totally fictitious, or quite possibly a transliteration error when converting from handwritten materials to type. Forster tried to relate this to the name "Sinclair", while to Pohl "Prince Zichmni" was a misread rendering of the title "Prince of Orkney", which he attributed to Sinclair.

One primary criticism of this theory is that if either a Sinclair or a Templar voyage reached the Americas, they did not, unlike Columbus, return with a historical record of their findings. In fact, there is no known published documentation from that era to support the theory that such a voyage took place. The physical evidence relies on speculative reasoning to support the theory, and all of it can be interpreted in other ways. For example, according to one historian, the carvings in Rosslyn Chapel may not be of American plants at all but are nothing more than stylised carvings of wheat and strawberries.

Alleged Templar connections

Intertwined with the Sinclair voyage story is the claim that Henry Sinclair was a Knight Templar and that the voyage either was sponsored by or conducted on the behalf of the Templars, though the order was suppressed almost half a century before Henry's lifetime.

Knight and Lomas speculate that the Knights Templar discovered under the Temple Mount in Jerusalem a royal archive dating from King Solomon's times that stated that Phoenicians from Tyre voyaged to a westerly continent following a star called "La Merika" named after the Nasoraean Mandaean morning star. According to Knight and Lomas, the Templars learned that to sail to that continent, they had to follow a star by the same name. Sinclair supposedly followed this route.

The theory also makes use of the supposed Templar connection to explain the name Nova Scotia ("New Scotland" in Latin). It is based on the 18th-century tale that some Templars escaped the suppression of their order by fleeing to Scotland during the reign of Robert the Bruce and fought in the Battle of Bannockburn.

Claims persist that Rosslyn Chapel contains Templar imagery. Andrew Sinclair speculates that the grave slab now in the crypt is that of a Templar knight: According to author Robert Lomas, the chapel also has an engraving depicting a knight templar holding the sword over a head of an initiate, supposedly to protect the secrets of the templars. Rosslyn Chapel was built by Sir William St Clair, last St Clair Earl of Orkney, who was the grandson of Henry. According to Lomas, Sir William, the chapel builder, is also the direct ancestor of the first Grand Master of Masons of Scotland, also named William St Clair (Sinclair).

According to Lomas, the Sinclairs and their French relatives, the St. Clairs, were instrumental in creating the Knights Templar. He claims that the founder of Templars Hugues de Payens was married to a sister of the Duke of Champaine (Henri de St. Clair), who was a powerful broker of the First Crusade and had the political power to nominate the Pope, and to suggest the idea and empower it to the Pope.

However, a biography of Hughes de Payens by Thierry Leroy identifies his wife and the mother of his children as Elizabeth de Chappes. The book draws its information on the marriage from local church cartularies dealing chiefly with the disposition of the Grand Master's properties, the earliest alluding to Elizabeth as his wife in 1113, and others spanning de Payens’ lifetime, the period following his death and lastly her own death in 1170.

Historians Mark Oxbrow, Ian Robertson, Karen Ralls and Louise Yeoman have each made it clear that the Sinclair family had no connection with the mediaeval Knights Templar. Karen Ralls has shown that among those testifying against the Templars at their 1309 trial were Henry and William Sinclair – an act inconsistent with any alleged support or membership.

References

Scott, David G. (26 April 2023) “Castle Sinclair-Girnigoe features in new fantasy book being developed for gamers”. John O’Groats Journal. Highland News Media. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
William P.L. Thomson,The New History of Orkney (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2008).
"Orkneyjar – Earl Henry Sinclair". Archived from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
^ Crawford, Barbara E. "William Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, and His Family: A Study in the Politics of Survival" in Stringer, K. J. Essays on the Nobility of Medieval Scotland Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers, 2004. ISBN 1904607454. p. 234.
^ "Orkneyjar – Earl Henry Sinclair – The Documented History". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
^ Saint-Clair, Roland William (1898). The Saint-Clairs of the Isles; being a history of the sea-kings of Orkney and their Scottish successors of the sirname of Sinclair. Shortland Street, Auckland, New Zealand: H. Brett. pp. 96–102. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
^ Paul, James Balfour (1909). The Scots Peerage. Vol. VI. Edinburgh: David Douglas. pp. 568–69. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
^ Burke, Bernard (1869). Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire. 59 Pall Mall, London: Harrison. p. 1016. Retrieved 14 June 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
Authén Blom, Grethe (1992). Norge I Union på 1300-tallet Del II. Tapir Forlag. pp. 480, 533. ISBN 8251911176.
Paul, James Balfour (1909). The Scots Peerage : Founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom. Vol. VI. Edinburgh: David Douglas. p. 568–70. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
Hay, Richard Augustine; Maidment, James (1835). Genealogie of the Sainteclaires of Rosslyn. Harvard University. Edinburgh, T. G. Stevenson.
Charter of King Robert III January 1404.
Douglas, Sir Robert (1764). The Peerage of Scotland. Edinburgh: R. Fleming. p. 531. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
Paul, James Balfour (1904–1919). The Scots Peerage: Founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland. Edinburgh: Douglas. pp. 569–70. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003, volume 2, p. 3102
Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003, volume 2, p. 3102
Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003, volume 2, p. 3102
Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003, volume 2, p. 2788
Sykes, Jonathan J. F. (30 November 2023). "The origin of the Portuguese Drummonds: a Scotsman in late medieval Madeira?". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. 152: 241–259. doi:10.9750/PSAS.152.1377. ISSN 2056-743X.
John Drummond (b. 1395-1400, d. 1460-1470), Knight who in 1418 was in France with the Dauphin Charles VII against the English; in 1427 he went to Castille, Spain, where he fought alongside John II of Castile, ending up settling in Madeira, Portugal; in 1430 he obtained a land grant on the island of Madeira and hid his identity by calling himself João Escórcio, an identity that he only revealed at the time of his death. In 1519, and even later (1604, 1634), some descendants of João Escórcio established correspondence with members of the Drummond family of Stobhall, exchanging letters, some written in Latin. They are published in the book "The Genealogy of the Most Noble and Ancient House of Drummond", published in Edinburgh in 1831 and translated and published in Volume III of the Madeira Historical Archive. In these letters, the Drummonds of Scotland confirm that a son of Lord Drummond, brother of Queen Arabella, went to France in the 1420s in search of honor and fame, with his family no longer hearing anything about him. In the island of Madeira he married c. 1440 Branca Afonso (b. Covilhã), sister of the first vicar of Santa Cruz in Madeira Frei Hércules da Cunha, and had issue (Manuel Eduardo Maria Machado de Abranches de Soveral, "Argollo. Uma família brasileira de 1500. Subsídios para a sua genealogia, para a dos Lobo de Souza e para a dos Góis", 2000):
- João Escórcio (d. aft. 1513); 3 November 1511 - Knowledge of João Escorcio because he appears to be in debt to the king of 8 thousand reais, of 4 mounds of wheat that he received from the tenant of the tithes of the islands; 1 March 1513 - Obligation made by João Escórcio to pay 1,600 reais for 1 mound of wheat that he took from the tithes of the islands, which he was obliged to pay to anyone who auctioned the farms on the same islands; 26 September 1513 - Obligation of João Escórcio, resident in Santa Cruz, Madeira Island, for 30 bushels of wheat from the tithes he received from Luís Vaz de Negro, tenant farmer on the Islands, for which he will pay 800 reais; married to Guiomar de Lordelo, had issue, extinct in male line
- Diogo Escórcio, Cleric
- Joana Escórcio, married André Pires, had issue
- Branca Afonso Escórcio, married Belchior Gonçalves Ferreira, had issue
- Beatriz Escórcio (b. Madeira, c. 1445, d. Madeira, 2 April 1527), married Antão Álvares de Carvalho, had issue; she made a will, already old and widowed, on 20 January 1516
- Isabel Anes Escórcio
- Guiomar Escórcio
- Catarina Anes Escórcio (b. c. 1450), married c. 1466 Gaspar Gonçalves Ferreira (b. c. 1437), had issue
^ Johann Reinhold Forster, History of the Voyages and Discoveries Made in the North, Printed for G.G.J. and J. Robinson, London, 1786
^ T. J. Oleson, "ZENO, NICOLÒ," in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 1, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed 1 October 2014
^ Frederick J. Pohl, Prince Henry Sinclair: His Expedition to the New World in 1398 (London: Davis-Poynter, 1974; and published in America by Clarkson Potter, 1974).
Andrew Sinclair, The Sword and the Grail – The Story of the Grail, the Templars and the True Discovery of America (New York: Crown Publishers, 1992).
Michael Bradley Grail Knights of North America: On The Trail of the Grail Legacy in Canada and the United States (Hounslow Press: Toronto, 1998) and his earlier Holy Grail Across the Atlantic: The Secret History of Canadian Discovery and Exploration (Hounslow: 1988)
William S. Crooker Tracking Treasure – In Search of East Coast Bounty (Halifax, N.S., Nimbus, 1998).
Steven Sora, The Lost Colony of The Templars: Verrazano's Secret Mission To America (Destiny Books, 2004).
David Goudsward, The Westford Knight and Henry Sinclair: Evidence of a 14th Century Scottish Voyage To North America (McFarland & Company, 2010).
Historian Mark Oxbrow, quoted in "The ship of dreams" by Diane MaClean, Scotsman.com, 13 May 2005
Lomas, Robert; Knight, Christopher (1998). The Hiram Key: Pharaohs, Freemasonry, and the Discovery of the Secret Scrolls of Jesus. New York: Barnes & Noble.
Simon Jenkins, The Guardian, Friday 20 January 2006
Christopher Knight & Robert Lomas, The Second Messiah: Templars, the Turin Shroud and the Great Secret of Freemasonry, Fair Winds Press, 2001. ISBN 1931412766
Scotsman.com Heritage & Culture – Myths & Mysteries, 10 November 2005.
"Rosslyn, Templars, Gypsies and the Battle of Bannockburn". Retrieved 13 December 2015.
^ "Origins of Freemasonry". Retrieved 13 December 2015.
The claim that Hugues de Payens married Catherine St. Clair was made in Les Dossiers Secrets d'Henri Lobineau (1967), "Tableau Généalogique de Gisors, Guitry, Mareuil et Saint-Clair par Henri Lobineau" in Pierre Jarnac, Les Mystères de Rennes-le-Château, Mélanges Sulfureux (CERT, 1995).
Thierry Leroy, Hugues de Payns, chevalier champenois, fondateur de l'ordre des templiers (Troyes: edition de la Maison Boulanger, 1997).
"The Da Vinci Connection", Sunday Herald, 14 November 2004 Archived 6 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine
"Historian attacks Rosslyn Chapel for". Retrieved 13 December 2015.
Karen Ralls, The Templars and the Grail, Quest Books; 1st Quest edition (2003), p. 110. ISBN 0835608077; The Knights Templar in England, pp. 200f.
Processus factus contra Templarios in Scotia Archived 17 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, 1309, being the testimony against the Templars by Henry and William St Clair, translation available in Mark Oxbrow, Ian Robertson, Rosslyn and the Grail, p. 245–256.

Peerage of Scotland
Preceded byErengisle Sunesson	Jarl of Orkney 1379–1401	Succeeded byHenry Sinclair
Preceded byWilliam St Clair	Barony of Roslin 1358–1400	Succeeded byHenry Sinclair
Military offices
Unknown	Lord High Admiral of Scotland ?–1404	Succeeded byGeorge Crichton, 1st Earl of Caithness

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