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After the fall of the second Chera dynasty, a lot of independent feudal small kingdoms rose up. The kingdoms of Venad, Kolathunadu, Calicut and Cochin dominated them politically, financially and also in terms of miitary strength. The other kingdoms and their kings were subordinates to these main kingdoms and were usually under their control. The kingdoms of Kochi and Kolathunadu became dependent on the Kingdom of Calicut due to political pressures over time
The emergence of a lot of feudal kingdoms started happening when the Nair and Nambudiri lords started breaking up the kingdoms into more smaller kingdoms under their own rule. The Edapally royal family is one of the Brahmin royal families of Kerala. Namboodiris who had some roles in governing but stayed out of the ruing family started governing the provinces directly. Some lords who were not in the control of the kings even used to murder the common people. During this era of Nambudiri and Nair leadership, the culture and political condition of Kerala went on a rapid change. This period witnessed an unstable, chaotic political condition and also saw the rise of rigid social systems. However, literature, art forms, temples, mathematics, astronomy, external trade etc. flourished during this period.
Modern History
These small kingdoms due to their rivalry and political plays, had stagnated by 1498, when the Portuguese landed in Kerala. The kingdoms of Calicut and Cochin had been the two major kingdoms in Kerala during this time, however their predominance decreased in the next century with the Portuguese control and later, the Dutch control. The Dutch succeeded in expelling the Portuguese and brought about the fall of the kingdom of Cochin in 1663.
After the English East India company came into the picture in 1600s, the Portuguese and the Dutch slowly started losing the control they had and by 1750s, almost all the control of the Indian Ocean trade from Kerala had come to British hands. By this time, the Kingdoms of Calicut and Kolathunadu had declined and during Tipu Sultan's invasion of Malabar, their royal families escaped, with some families coming to the Kingdom of Travancore. By 1790s, the British had taken control of the entirety of Northern Malabar and only the Kingdoms of Cochin and Travancore remained, with the small feudal kingdoms in the rest of Kerala merged or annexed into either of these two. The kingdoms of Cochin and Travancore retained semi-independence status by accepting British suzerainty which they retained until the independence of India.
Religion
Most of the kingdoms were Hindu kingdoms, with instances of a few Brahmin royal families headed by Brahmin kings, for example, the Kingdom of Edapally. The Arakkal kingdom was Muslim and the kingdom of Villarvattom had been Christian. The Arakkal kingdom had been under the domain of the Kingdom of Calicut and Villarvattom under the Kingdom of Cochin. Even if the kings belonged to one religion, they employed people from other religions.
There are a lot of instances of religious tolerance shown by the kings. During the time of the previous Chera empire, the Quilon Syrian copper plates record the gift of a plot of land to the Terisapalli (Teresa church) at Kurakkeni Kollam along with several rights and privileges. Several records of Bhutala Vira Udaya Marthanda Varma (1516-1535 A.D.) discovered from Kanyakumari and Tirunelveli districts show his solicitude for other religionists like the Jains and the Christians. The Viraraghava copper plates describe the concession made by the King Viraraghava of Perumbadappu Swaroopam to Syrian Christian merchant Iravikorttan, the chief of Manikkiramam (Manigiramam) in Makotaiyar Pattinam (modern Kodungallur)
Succession practices
All the kingdoms practised Marumakkathayam, a system of matrilineal inheritance. Through this system, descent and the inheritance of property were passed from the maternal uncle to nephews or nieces. The right of the child was with the maternal uncle or the mother's family rather than the father or the father's family. Through this bloodline, surnames, titles, properties, and everything of the child are inherited from his uncle or mother. Usually after one king, his nephew through his sister succeeded to the throne, and his own son receives a courtesy title but has no place in the line of succession. In the absence of nephews, nieces could also succeed to the kingdom, as in the case of Queen Gowri Lakshmi Bayi who was the queen regnant from 1810 to 1813.
The Arakkal kingdom followed a similar matrilineal system of descent: the eldest member of the family, whether male or female, became its head and ruler; the male rulers were called Ali Raja and female rulers were called as Arakkal Beevi.
List of Kingdoms
The list of these kingdoms are given below.
The four main kingdoms were -
- Travancore (successor to the Venad kingdom which was in fact a successor to the Cheras and the Ay dynasty)
- Kingdom of Cochin (Also called Perumbadappu Swaroopam)
- Calicut kingdom (Also called Nediyirippu Swaroopam)
- Kolathunadu (Also called Chirakkal kingdom; successors to the Mushika dynasty)
The minor kingdoms at different times during the medieval and modern history included -
- Venad kingdom, which later evolved into the Kingdom of Travancore
- Ay dynasty, later evolved into the Venad kingdom and subsequently, the Kingdom of Travancore
- Ilayedathu Swaroopam, later subsumed into the Kingdom of Travancore
- Deshinganad Swaroopam, later subsumed into the Kingdom of Travancore
- Attingal Swaroopam, which was later subsumed into the Kingdom of Travancore
- Karunagapalli Swaroopam, which was subsumed into the Kayamkulam Kingdom and subsequently, into the Kingdom of Travancore
- Karthikapalli Swaroopam, which was subsumed into the Kayamkulam Kingdom and subsequently, into the Kingdom of Travancore
- Kayamkulam kingdom, later subsumed into the Kingdom of Travancore
- Purakkad dynasty (Also called Chembakasseri kingdom), later subsumed into the Kingdom of Travancore
- Pandalam dynasty, later subsumed into the Kingdom of Travancore
- Thekkumkur, later subsumed into the Kingdom of Travancore
- Vadakkumkur, vassal of the Kingdom of Cochin, but later subsumed into the Kingdom of Travancore
- Poonjar dynasty, vassal of the Kingdom of Travancore
- Karappuram kingdom, vassal to the Kingdom of Travancore and the Kingdom of Cochin at different times
- Anjikkaimal kingdom, vassal of the Kingdom of Cochin
- Idappally Swaroopam, vassal to the Kingdom of Travancore and the Kingdom of Cochin at different times
- Paravoor Swaroopam, vassal to the Kingdom of Travancore
- Aalangad desham, vassal to the Kingdom of Travancore
- Kodungallur kingdom, vassal to the Kingdom of Cochin and the Kingdom of Calicut at different times
- Thalappilli
- Mannanar dynasty, vassal of the Kolathunadu
- Chengazhinad, vassal to the Kingdom of Cochin and the Kingdom of Calicut at different times
- Valluvanad
- Tharur Swaroopam
- Kollengode kingdom, vassal to the Kingdom of Calicut
- Kavalappara Swaroopam
- Vettathunadu, vassal to the Kingdom of Calicut
- Parappanad, vassal to the Kingdom of Calicut
- Kurumbranad
- Kadathanadu
- Kottayam dynasty, vassal to the Kingdom of Kolathunadu
- Mushika dynasty, which later evolved into the Kingdom of Kolathunadu
- Kurangoth kingdom
- Randuthara
- Arakkal kingdom, sole Muslim kingdom of Kerala; vassal to the Kingdom of Kolathunadu
- Nilambur Kingdom, vassal to the Kingdom of Calicut
- Neeleswaram kingdom
- Kumbala desham
- Nedunganad, vassal to the Kingdom of Calicut
- Kodasseri Swaroopam
- Villarvattom, sole Christian kingdom of Kerala; vassal to the Kingdom of Cochin (See Thoma of Villarvattom)
References
- Menon, Indudharan. Hereditary Physicians of Kerala: Traditional Medicine and Ayurveda in Modern India. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2018.
- ^ Sreedhara Menon, A.. A Survey of Kerala History. India, Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society ; National Book Stall, 1967.
- ^ Pillai, Manu S. The Ivory Throne : Chronicles of the House of Travancore. HarperCollins Publishers, India, 2015.
- Koshy, M. O.. The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758. India, Mittal Publications, 1989.
- Menon, A. Sreedhara (1982). The Legacy of Kerala (Reprinted ed.). Department of Public Relations, Government of Kerala. ISBN 978-8-12643-798-6. Retrieved 2012-11-16.
- Shokoohy, Mehrdad. Muslim architecture of South India: the sultanate of Ma'bar and the traditions of the maritime settlers on the Malabar and Coromandel coasts (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa). United Kingdom, RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.
- Tintu, K. J. (16 April 2024). "The Syrian Christian Copper Plate of Tarisāppaḷḷy, and the Jewish and Muslim Merchants of Early Malabar". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 80: 184–191. JSTOR 27192872.
- Epigraphica Indica, Volume IV. pp. 290-7.
- Dr. S. Sree Devi, "MARUMAKKATHAYAM SYSTEM ", IJRAR - International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR), E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138, Volume.5, Issue 1, Page No pp.680-687, March-2018, Available at : http://www.ijrar.org/IJRAR19D1096.pdf
- Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 358.
- The Permanent King of Cochin. N.p., The Savings Trust Limited, 2021.