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Mother Teresa
Occupation(s)Roman Catholic nun, humanitarian

Mother Teresa, born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu IPA: [ˈagnɛs gɔnˈʤa bɔˈjaʤiu] (August 26, 1910 – September 5, 1997), was an Albanian Roman Catholic nun who founded the Missionaries of Charity and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her humanitarian work. For over forty years, she ministered to the needs of the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying of Calcutta (Kolkata). As her religious order grew she expanded her ministry to other countries.

By the 1970s she had become internationally famed as a humanitarian and advocate for the poor and helpless, due in part to a documentary, and book, Something Beautiful for God by Malcolm Muggeridge. A famed left-leaning journalist, he credited her with inspiring his conversion to Catholicism late in life.

Following her death she was beatified by Pope John Paul II and designated Blessed Teresa of Calcutta. However, she and the order she founded have attracted criticism in latter years with respect to care of the sick and destination of financial contributions.

Early life

Agnes Bojaxhiu was born on 26 August, 1910, in the center of Uskub, in the Kosovo Province of the Ottoman Empire (now Skopje, Macedonia). Her parents were Albanians; her father, Nikollë, was originally from Mirëdita (North Albania) and her mother, Dranafille, came from Đakovica (Gjakovë). Raised as a Catholic by her parents, her father died when she was about eight years old. During her early years, she was fascinated with stories of missionary life and service. By the time she was twelve, Agnes was convinced that her vocation should be a religious life.She left her home at age 18 to join the Sisters of Loreto as a missionary. Agnes would never again set eyes on her mother or sister.

She initially went to the Loreto Abbey in Rathfarnham, Ireland in order to learn English, which was the language nuns used to instruct India's schoolchildren. Arriving in India in 1929, she began her novitiate in Darjeeling, near the Himalayas. She took her first vows as a nun on 24 May 1931, choosing the name Teresa after the patron saint of missionaries. She took her solemn vows on 14 May 1937 while serving as a teacher at the Loreto convent school in eastern Calcutta.

Although Teresa enjoyed teaching at the school she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta. A famine in 1943 brought misery and death to the city; the outbreak of Hindu/Muslim violence in August 1946 plunged the city into despair and horror.

The Missionaries of Charity

On September 10, 1946, Teresa experienced what she later described as "the call within the call" while travelling to the Loreto convent in Darjeeling for her annual retreat. "I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. It was an order. To fail would have been to break the faith." She began her missionary work with the poor in 1948, replacing her long, traditional Loreto habit with a simple white cotton sari decorated with a blue border and then venturing out into the slums." Initially she started a school in Motijhil; shortly thereafter, she started tending to the needs of the destitute and starving. Her efforts quickly caught the attention of Indian officials, including the Prime Minister, who expressed his appreciation.

Teresa's first year was fraught with difficulties. She had no income and had to resort to begging for food and supplies. Teresa experienced doubt, loneliness and the temptation to return to the comfort of convent life during these early months. She recorded in her diary:

Our Lord wants me to be a free nun covered with the poverty of the cross. Today I learned a good lesson. The poverty of the poor must be so hard for them. While looking for a home I walked and walked til my arms and legs ached. I thought how much they must ache in body and soul, looking for a home, food and health. Then the comfort of Loreto came to tempt me. 'You have only to say the word and all that will be yours again,' the Tempter kept on saying ... Of free choice, my God, and out of love for you, I desire to remain and do whatever be your Holy will in my regard. I did not let a single tear come.

File:HomeForTheDying-Calcutta.jpg
Mother Teresa's Home for the Dying in Kolkata (Calcutta).

Teresa received Vatican permission on October 7, 1950 to start the diocesan congregation that would become the Missionaries of Charity. Its mission was to care for, in her own words, "the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone." It began as a small order with 13 members in Calcutta; today it has more than 4,000 nuns running orphanages, AIDS hospices, and charity centers worldwide, and caring for refugees, the blind, disabled, aged, alcoholics, the poor and homeless, and victims of floods, epidemics, and famine.

In 1952 Mother Teresa opened the first Home for the Dying in space made available by the City of Calcutta. With the help of Indian officials she converted an abandoned Hindu temple into the Kalighat Home for the Dying, a free hospice for the poor. She renamed it Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday). Those brought to the home received medical attention and were afforded the opportunity to die with dignity, according to the rituals of their faith; Muslims were read the Quoran, Hindus received water from the Ganges, and Catholics received the Last Rites. "A beautiful death," she said "is for people who lived like animals to die like angels — loved and wanted."

She soon opened a home for those suffering from Hansen's disease, commonly known as leprosy, and called the hospice Shanti Nagar (City of Peace). The Missionaries of Charity also established several leprosy outreach clinics throughout Calcutta, providing medication, bandages and food.

As the Missionaries of Charity took in increasing numbers of lost children, Mother Teresa felt the need to create a home for them. In 1955 she opened the Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the Children's Home of the Immaculate Heart, as a haven for orphans and homeless youth.

The order soon began to attract both recruits and charitable donations, and by the 1960s had opened hospices, orphanages, and leper houses all over India. She was one of the first to establish homes for AIDS victims.

Mother Teresa's order started to grow rapidly, with new homes opening throughout the globe. The order's first house outside India was in Venezuela, opened in 1965 with five sisters. Others followed in Rome, Tanzania, and Austria in 1968; during the 1970s the order would open houses and foundations in dozens of countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the United States.

Global recognition and awards

By the early 1970s, Mother Teresa had become an international celebrity. Her fame can be in large part attributed to the 1969 documentary Something Beautiful for God, which was filmed by Malcolm Muggeridge and his 1971 book of the same title. During the filming of the documentary, footage taken in poor lighting conditions, particularly the Home for the Dying, was thought unlikely to be of usable quality by the crew. After returning from India, however, the footage was found to be extremely well lit. Muggeridge claimed this was a miracle of "divine light" from Mother Teresa herself. Others in the crew thought it more likely ascribable to a new type of Kodak film. Muggeridge later converted to Catholicism.

President Ronald Reagan presents Mother Teresa with the Medal of Freedom at a White House ceremony, 1985.

In 1971, Paul VI awarded her the first Pope John XXIII Peace Prize, commending her for her work with the poor, display of Christian charity and efforts for peace. Other awards bestowed upon her included a Kennedy Prize (1971), the Balzan prize (1979) for humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples, the Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975), the United States Presidential Medal of Freedom (1985) and Congressional Gold Medal (1994), honorary citizenship of the United States (November 16, 1996), and honorary degrees from a number of universities. In 1972, Mother Teresa was awarded the Nehru Prize for her promotion of international peace and understanding. Later, in 1980, she received India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna, and the British Order of Merit in 1983.

In 1976, she was awarded the Pacem in Terris Award. It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations. Pacem in Terris is Latin for 'Peace on Earth.'


File:MotherTeresaTimeMag.jpg
Mother Teresa received tremendous attention from the media, such as Time Magazine.

In 1979, Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, "for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitute a threat to peace." She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet given to laureates, and asked that the $6,000 funds be given to the poor in Calcutta, stating that earthly rewards were important only if they helped her help the world's needy. When Mother Teresa received the prize, she was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" Her answer was: "Go home and love your family." In the same year, she also received the Balzan prize for promoting peace and brotherhood among the nations.

International charity

In 1982, at the height of the siege in Beirut, the nun rescued 37 children trapped in a front line hospital by brokering a temporary cease-fire between the Israeli army and Palestinian guerillas. Accompanied by Red Cross workers, she traveled through the war zone to the devastated hospital to evacuate the young patients.

When the walls of Eastern Europe collapsed, she expanded her efforts to communist countries that had previously rejected the Missionaries of Charity, embarking on dozens of projects. She was undeterred by criticism about her firm stand against abortion and divorce stating, "No matter who says what, you should accept it with a smile and do your own work."

Mother Teresa travelled to assist and minister to the hungry in Ethiopia, radiation victims at Chernobyl, and earthquake victims in Armenia. In 1991, Mother Teresa returned for the first time to her homeland and opened a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in Tirana, Albania.

By 1996, she was operating 517 missions in more than 100 countries. Over the years, Mother Teresa's Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve to thousands serving the "poorest of the poor" in 450 centers around the world. The first Missionaries of Charity home in the United States was established in the South Bronx, New York; by 1984 the order operated nineteen establishments throughout the country.

Deteriorating health and death

Mother Teresa suffered a heart attack in Rome during 1983, while visiting Pope John Paul II. After a second attack in 1989, she received a pacemaker. In 1991, after a battle with pneumonia while in Mexico, she suffered further heart problems. She offered to resign her position as head of the Missionaries of Charity. However, the nuns of the order, in a secret ballot, voted for her to stay. Mother Teresa agreed to continue her work as head of the order.

In April 1996, Mother Teresa fell and broke her collar bone. In August of that year she suffered from malaria and failure of the left heart ventricle. She underwent heart surgery, but it was clear that her health was declining. On March 13, 1997, she stepped down from the head of Missionaries of Charity and died on September 5,1997, nine days after her 87th birthday.

The Archbishop of Calcutta, Henry Sebastian D'Souza, said he ordered a priest to perform an exorcism on Mother Teresa with her permission when she was first hospitalized with cardiac problems because he thought she may be under attack by the devil.

At the time of her death, Mother Teresa's Missionaries of Charity had over 4,000 sisters, an associated brotherhood of 300 members, and over 100,000 lay volunteers, operating 610 missions in 123 countries. These included hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, children's and family counseling programs, orphanages, and schools.

Mother Teresa was granted a state funeral by the Indian Government in gratitude for her services to the poor of all religions in India. Her death was mourned in both secular and religious communities. The former U.N. Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, for example, said: "She is the United Nations. She is peace in the world." Nawaz Sharif, the Prime Minister of Pakistan said that Mother Teresa was "a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes. Her life-long devotion to the care of the poor, the sick, and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our humanity."

Spiritual life

Analyzing her deeds and achievements, John Paul II asked: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart."

In his first encyclical Deus Caritas Est, Benedict XVI mentioned Teresa of Calcutta three times and he also used her life to clarify one of his main points of the encyclical. "In the example of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta we have a clear illustration of the fact that time devoted to God in prayer not only does not detract from effective and loving service to our neighbour but is in fact the inexhaustible source of that service."

A Franciscan influence

Although there was no direct connection between Mother Teresa's order and the Franciscan orders, she was known as a great admirer of St. Francis of Assisi. Accordingly, her influence and life show influences of Franciscan spirituality.

Her sisters say the peace prayer of St. Francis every morning before breakfast and many of the vows and emphasis of her ministry are similar. St. Francis emphasized poverty, chastity, obedience and submission to Christ. He also devoted much of his own life to service of the poor, especially lepers in the area where he lived.

Influence in the world

Mother Teresa's work inspired other Catholics to affiliate themselves with her order. The Missionaries of Charity Brothers was founded in 1963, and a contemplative branch of the Sisters followed in 1976. Lay Catholics and non-Catholics were enrolled in the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity. In answer to the requests of many priests, in 1981 Mother Teresa also began the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests, and in 1984 founded with Fr. Joseph Langford the Missionaries of Charity Fathers to combine the beauty of the vocation of the Missionaries of Charity with the resources of the ministerial priesthood. Today over one million workers worldwide volunteer for the Missionaries of Charity.

During her lifetime and after her death, Mother Teresa was consistently found by Gallup to be the single most widely admired person in the U.S., and in 1999 was ranked as the "most admired person of the 20th century" by a poll in the U.S. Notably, Mother Teresa out-polled all other volunteered answers by a wide margin, and was in first place in all major demographic categories except the very young.

Miracle and beatification

Following Teresa's death in 1997, the Holy See began the process of beatification, the second step towards possible canonization. This process requires the documentation of a miracle performed from the intercession of Mother Teresa. In 2002, the Vatican recognized as a miracle the healing of a tumor in the abdomen of an Indian woman, Monica Besra, following the application of a locket containing Teresa's picture. Monica Besra said that a beam of light emanated from the picture, curing the cancerous tumor.

The issue of the alleged miracle proved controversial in India around the time of Mother Teresa's beatification. Teresa was formally beatified by Pope John Paul II on October 19, 2003, with the title Blessed Teresa of Calcutta. A second miracle is required for her to proceed to canonization.

According to The Daily Telegraph, Besra's husband initially said that the tumor was cured by medical treatment. He is quoted as saying: "This miracle is a hoax. It is much ado about nothing. My wife was cured by the doctors." He later changed his mind, however, and told an interviewer: "It was her miracle healing that cured my wife. Our situation was terrible and we didn't know what to do. Now my children are being educated with the help of the nuns and I have been able to buy a small piece of land. Everything has changed for the better." According to Monica Besra in TIME Asia, records of her treatment were removed by a member of the order from the hospital and are now with a nun.

Quotes

File:Mother Teresa2.gif
Mother Teresa on stamp of Macedonia.

The criticism that Mother Teresa faced, especially in non-Christian countries, was that the ultimate goal of her work was to proselytize. The Hindu priests at a Kali temple were unhappy when Mother and the Sisters began their work at Nirmal Hriday in Kalighat close to the temple. Then something happened that brought about a complete change of heart. Mother heard that one of the priests of the temple was dying of an infectious disease and nobody would touch him. She collected his emaciated body in her arms and brought him to her home. The local people asked her to stay. A Hindu priest of the temple said to her with folded hands, "for thirty years I have worshipped the goddess Kali in stone, but today the goddess Mother stands before me alive.

— Joly, Chaliah eds.

Spread love everywhere you go: first of all in your own house. Give love to your children, to your wife or husband, to a next door neighbor... Let no one ever come to you without leaving better and happier. Be the living expression of God's kindness; kindness in your face, kindness in your eyes, kindness in your smile, kindness in your warm greeting.

— Mother Teresa

Criticisms

Critics of Mother Teresa, most prominently Christopher Hitchens, Tariq Ali and Aroup Chatterjee, have argued that her organization provided substandard care, was primarily interested in converting the dying to Catholicism, and used donations for missionary activities elsewhere, rather than being spent on improving the standard of health care. The Catholic Church has dismissed most of these criticisms.

Christopher Hitchens wrote that Mother Teresa's own words on poverty proved that "her intention was not to help people", and he alleged that she lied to donors about the use of their contributions. Hitchens was the only witness called by the Vatican to give evidence against Mother Teresa's beatification and canonization process, as the Vatican had abolished the traditional "devil's advocate" role that filled a similar purpose.

In 1994, Dr. Robin Fox, then editor of the British medical journal The Lancet, visited the Home for Dying Destitute in Calcutta and described the medical care the patients received as "haphazard". Dr. Fox criticised Teresa, claiming that her order did not distinguish between curable and incurable patients, putting curable patients at risk. He observed that the staff reused hypodermic needles after merely washing, but not sterilizing them.

In a speech at the Scripps Clinic in San Diego, California in January 1992, Mother Teresa said, "Something very beautiful... not one has died without receiving the special ticket for St. Peter, as we call it. We call baptism 'a ticket for St. Peter.' We ask the person, do you want a blessing by which your sins will be forgiven and you receive God? They have never refused. So 29,000 have died in that one house from the time we began in 1952." Critics argue that this attitude is contradictory to the Missionaries of Charity oft-stated principle to help others regardless of religious beliefs.

The Catholic Church's response to criticism

In the process of examining Teresa's suitability for beatification and canonization, the Roman Curia (the Vatican) pored over a great deal of documentation of published and unpublished criticisms against her life and work. Vatican officials say Hitchens' allegations have been investigated by the agency charged with such matters, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, and they found no obstacle to Mother Teresa's canonization. Due to the attacks she has received, some Catholic writers have called her a sign of contradiction.

Commemoration

Memorial plaque dedicated to Mother Teresa at a building in Václavské náměstí in Olomouc, Czech Republic.
Main article: Commemorations of Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa's universal acclaim as a champion of the poor has produced numerous memorials to her memory. Besides receiving numerous honors during her lifetime, she has also been memorialized through museums, been named patroness of various churches, and had various structures and roads named after her.

See also

Notes

  1. CNN.com feature on Mother Terea's beatification ceremony, Oct 14, 2003
  2. Encyclopedia Britannica online edition
  3. http://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20031019_madre-teresa_en.html
  4. Although some sources state that she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as "about eight." Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910-1997)
  5. Clucas, Joan Graff. Mother Teresa, (New York: 1988) p. 24.
  6. USA Today, 5-9-1997
  7. Clucas (1988), pp. 28–29.
  8. Clucas (1988), p. 31.
  9. Sebba, Anne. Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image (New York: 1997), p.35.
  10. Clucas (1988), p. 32.
  11. Spink (1997), p.16
  12. Spink (1997), p.18
  13. Spink (1997), pp.21–22
  14. Clucas (1988), p. 35.
  15. Clucas (1988), p. 39.
  16. Clucas (1988), pp. 48–49.
  17. Williams, Paul. Mother Teresa, (Alpha Books, 2001) p. 57.
  18. Spink, (1997), p. 37
  19. Williams, (2001) p.62.
  20. Spink, (1997), p. 284
  21. Sebba, (1997) pp. 58–60.
  22. Spink, (1997), p. 55
  23. Spink, (1997), p. 55
  24. Sebba, (1997) pp. 62–63.
  25. Clucas, (1988) pp. 58–59.
  26. Spink, (1997), p. 82.
  27. Spink, (1997), pp. 286–287.
  28. Sebba, (1997) pp. 80–84.
  29. Alpion, Gezmin. Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity? (2007: Routledge Press), p. 9
  30. Clucas, (1988) pp. 81–82.
  31. CNN profile on Mother Teresa
  32. Clucas (1988), p. 17.
  33. "Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute". The Washington Post, 9-14-1997
  34. EWTN profile on Mother Teresa
  35. The Embasy of India in Armenia describes how Mother Teresa journeyed to Armenia in December 1988 following the great earthquake. She and her order established an orphanage.
  36. Williams, (2002), pp. 199–204
  37. Clucas, (1988) p. 104.
  38. Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism. CNN, September 7, 2001
  39. Houston Chronicle 14-9-1997, p.1
  40. John Paul II (2003). "ADDRESS OF JOHN PAUL II TO THE PILGRIMS WHO HAD COME TO ROME FOR THE BEATIFICATION OF MOTHER TERESA". Retrieved 13-03-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  41. Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi. American Catholic
  42. Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi. American Catholic
  43. http://corpuschristimovement.com/
  44. http://www.mcpriests.com/
  45. "http://www.southend.wayne.edu/days/2003/October/10202003/nation/india/india.html". Retrieved December 5. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); External link in |title= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  46. CNN.com feature on Mother Terea's beatification ceremony, Oct 14, 2003
  47. "Telegraph: News: Medicine cured 'miracle' woman — not Mother Teresa, say doctors". Retrieved December 5. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  48. "TIME Asia Magazine: What's Mother Teresa Got to Do with It? — Oct. 21, 2002". Retrieved December 5. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  49. Joly, Chaliha, eds. "Mother Teresa's Reaching Out in Love: Stores Told by Mother Teresa" Barnes & Noble Books, NewYork 1998: p68.ISBN 0-7607-3372-4
  50. Walker, Jim, Ready, Aim, Inspire!: 101 Quotes on Leadership, pp.48, IUniverse, ISBN 0-59524-884-5
  51. LIVING SAINT: Mother Teresa's fast track to canonization The San Francisco Chronicle. October 12, 2003
  52. Christopher Hitchens, " Less than Miraculous." Free Inquiry Magazine, Volume 24 Number 2.
  53. Medicine and books: The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice BMJ 1996;312:64-65 (6 January)
  54. Fox R., Mother Theresa's care for the dying. Lancet. 1994 Sep 17;344(8925):807-8.
  55. A Life of Selfless Caring. Frontline Magazine, 9-20-1997
  56. LIVING SAINT: Mother Teresa's fast track to canonization The San Francisco Chronicle. October 12, 2003
  57. Attacking a Saint, Catholic Herald. Last retrieve on May 1, 2007

References

  • Alpion, Gezim. Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity?. London: Routledge Press, 2007. ISBN 0-415-39247-0
  • Chawla, Navin. Mother Teresa (Element Books) 1996 ISBN 1-85230-911-3
  • Benenate, Becky and Joseph Durepos (eds). Mother Teresa: No Greater Love (Fine Communications, 2000) ISBN 1-56731-401-5
  • Bindra, Satinder (2001-09-07). "Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism". CNN.com World. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
  • Chatterjee, Aroup. Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict (Meteor Books, 2003). ISBN 81-88248-00-2, introduction and first three chapters on fourteen (without pictures). Critical examination of Agnes Bojaxhiu's life and work.
  • Clucas, Joan. Mother Teresa. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. ISBN 1-55546-855-1
  • Bijal Dwivedi, Mother Teresa: Woman of the Century
  • Muggeridge, Malcolm Something Beautiful for God ISBN 0-06-066043-0
  • Le Joly, Edward. Mother Teresa of Calcutta. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1983. ISBN 0-06-065217-9
  • Mundakel, T.T. Blessed Mother Teresa: Her Journey to Your Heart. ISBN 1-903650-61-5. ISBN 0-7648-1110-X. Book Review.
  • Spink, Kathryn. Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. ISBN 0-06-250825-3.
  • Mother Teresa et al, Mother Teresa: In My Own Words. ISBN 0-517-20169-0
  • Sebba, Anne. Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image. New York: Doubleday, 1997. ISBN 0-385-48952-8.
  • Willaims, Paul. Mother Teresa. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002. ISBN: 0-02-864278-3
  • Wüllenweber, Walter. "Nehmen ist seliger denn geben. Mutter Teresa — wo sind ihre Millionen?" Stern (illustrated German weekly), September 10, 1998. English translation.

External links

General

Criticism

Preceded by— Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity
1950–1997 		Succeeded byNirmala Joshi
Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
1901–1925
1926–1950
1951–1975
1976–2000
2001–present
Categories: