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Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13, 1926), has led Cuba since 1959, when, leading the 26th of July Movement, he overthrew the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista, and transformed Cuba into the first Communist-led state in the Western Hemisphere. During his more than 40-year rule, he has emerged as one of the most controversial political figures in the world. His leadership has been marked by tensions with the United States that peaked in the Cuban Missile Crisis, a close partnership with the Soviet Union, and the creation of a one-party state that systematically suppresses opposition. He has overseen the transformation of the Cuban economy from a mixed economy to a command economy, introduced universal healthcare and a massive literacy program, and carried out sweeping land reform and uncompensated nationalization programs that initially won the support of poorer Cubans but disillusioned and alienated many people in the middle and upper classes, many of whom fled the country for Miami. Castro has indicated that his brother, Raúl Castro, will assume authority over Cuba should he become ill (url)

Early life

Castro was born in Birán, near Mayarí, in the modern-day province of Holguín (then a part of the now-defunct Oriente province), into a wealthy farming family. The son of Ángel Castro y Argiz, an immigrant from Galicia, Spain, and his cook Lina Ruz González, Castro was educated at Jesuit schools, including the La Salle private school and the preparatory school Colegio Belén, both in Havana, graduating in 1945, before going to the University of Havana to study law.

At university, Castro became involved in the often violent political disputes engaged in by the students as a part of the Insurrectional Revolutionary Union (UIR). In the summer of 1947, he was apart of a group who attempted a sea journey to the Dominican Republic in order to overthrow the dictatorship of that country, but they were prevented from succeeding by the intervention of the Cuban police. He also became known through local radio, and through the Alerta newspaper.

In 1948, Castro to Bogotá in Colombia as a delegate of the University Student Federation (FEU) at the IX Interamerican Conference. During his visit, the famous liberal leader Jorge Eliecer Gaitán was assassinated, and he had to flee the country as a suspected collaborator of the Colombian Communist party in the killing. That same year, Castro married Mirta Díaz Balart, a philosophy student from another wealthy Cuban family. During this period he became known for his nationalist views and his opposition to United States influence in Cuba.

In 1950, Castro graduated and began practicing law in a small partnership. He intended to stand for parliament in June 1952 for the "Orthodox Party", of which he had become leader in 1951 after the suicide of its founder Eduardo Chibás, but a coup d'état on March 10, led by General Fulgencio Batista, overthrew the government of Carlos Prío Socarrás and the elections were cancelled. Castro broke with the Orthodox party and charged Batista with violating the Constitution in court, but his petition was refused.

Attack on Moncada Barracks

A member of the group Radical Action (AR), Castro responded to Batista's moves by organizing an armed attack on the Moncada Barracks in Oriente province on July 26, 1953. During the ill-fated attack, more than sixty of the one hundred thirty-five militants were killed. In a coordinated attack 150 kilomters away in Bayamo, twelve of the twenty-two assailants were killed.

Castro escaped into the mountains but on August 1 was taken prisoner along with his brother Raúl Castro and various other members of the group. Due to the intervention of the Archbishop of Havana they avoided being executed. During the trial, Castro used the closing arguments in the case to deliver a impassioned speech, "History Will Absolve Me" (url), in which he defended his actions and explaining his political views, but was sentenced to fifteen years in prison. In 1954, while still in prison, he divorced Díaz Balart, with whom he had a child called Fidelito. He was released in a general amnesty in May 1955 and went into exile in Mexico on July 7.

The road to power

Once in Mexico, Castro reunited with other exiles and founded the 26th of July Movement. They went to the United States, where they gathered funds from Cubans living in that country. Medical doctor Che Guevara joined the group during this time. On November 26 1956 they returned to Cuba, clandestinely sailing from Tuxpan to Cuba on the 60-ft pleasure yacht Granma.

They landed in Los Cayuelos near the eastern city of Manzanillo on December 2, 1956. Only sixteen of the original eighty-two men survived a surprise ambush from the Cuban army and they were forced to retreat into the Sierra Maestra mountains. The survivors, who included Che Guevara, Raúl Castro, and Camilo Cienfuegos, reformed into the José Martí column under Castro's command. Castro's movement gained popular support and grew to over eight hundred men.

On May 24, 1958, Batista launched seventeen battalions against Castro in Operación Verano. Despite being outnumbered, Castro's forces scored a series of stunning victories, aided by massive desertion and surrenders from Batista's army. On the night of December 31, 1958, Batista and president-elect Carlos Rivero Agüero fled the country to the Dominican Republic and then to Franco's Spain.

Early years in power

On January 1, 1959, Castro's forces took Havana. On January 5 the liberal José Miró Cardona created a new government that marked te beginnings of The Revolutionary Government of Cuba. On January 8 Castro himself entered Havana. Miró's resignation allowed castro take take control of what was now called the Revolutionary governmenmt on February 16. He also became head of the armed forces. On July 17 the provisional President of Cuba Manuel Urrutia Lleó resigned and was replaced by Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado, which reinforced Castro's rule.

Castro consolidated control of the nation by nationalizing industry, expropriating property owned by Cubans and non-Cubans alike, collectivizing agriculture, and enacting policies which he claimed would benefit the population. In 1959, following President Eisenhower's ban on the importation of Cuban sugar into the U.S., Castro nationalized some $850 million worth of U.S. property and businesses. This alienated some of the Cuban middle-class and previous supporters of the revolution, who left for the U.S. Many other Cubans would later migrate to the U.S. as well, a great deal of them forming a vocal anti-Castro community in Miami, Florida.

The United States embargo against Cuba, which include a general travel ban for American tourists to Cuba, began on February 7, 1962, and has been cited by Castro as a major factor in Cuba's economic troubles.

Initially the United States was quick to recognize the new government. Castro became Prime Minister in February 1960, but friction with the US soon developed when the new government began expropriating property owned by major U.S. corporations (United Fruit in particular), proposing compensation based on property tax valuations that for many years the same companies had managed to keep artificially low. Castro visited the White House and met with Vice President Richard Nixon. Supposedly, Dwight D. Eisenhower snubbed Castro, giving the excuse that he was playing golf, and he left Nixon to speak to him as Castro's economic policies had caused some concerns in Washington that Castro was a Communist with an allegiance to the Soviet Union. Following the meeting, Nixon remarked that Castro was "naïve" but not necessarily a Communist.

In February 1960, Cuba signed an agreement to buy oil from the USSR. When the U.S.-owned refineries in Cuba refused to process the oil they were expropriated, and the United States broke off diplomatic relations with the Castro government soon after. To the concern of the Eisenhower administration, Cuba continued to establish closer ties with the Soviet Union. A variety of pacts were signed between Castro and Soviet Premier Khrushchev, allowing Cuba to receive large amounts of economic and military aid from them.

On April 17, 1961, two days after bombardments by B-26s bearing false Cuban markings, and the day after Castro had described his revolution as a socialist one, the United States sponsored an unsuccessful attack on Cuba. These bombing runs were part the beginning stages of the Bay of Pigs Invasion. Brigade 2506, a force of about 1,400 Cuban exiles, financed and trained by the CIA, and commanded by CIA operatives Grayston Lynch and William Robertson, landed south of Havana at Playa Girón on the Bay of Pigs. The CIA's assumption was that the invasion would spark a popular uprising against Castro. There was, however, no such uprising. Part of the invasion force who made it ashore was captured, while President Kennedy withdrew support for the invasion at the last minute. Two U.S. supplied support ships, the Houston and the Río Escondido, were sunk by Cuban propeller driven aircraft. Nine people were executed in connection with this action while Castro gained even more support from ordinary Cubans due to his actions during the attempted invasion. In a nationally broadcast speech on December 2, Castro declared that he was a Marxist-Leninist and that Cuba was going to adopt Communism.

Cuban Missile Crisis

According to Khrushchev's memoirs, the Soviet premier conceived the idea of placing missiles in Cuba as a deterrent to further U.S. aggression against the island (or against the Soviet Union directly) while he was vacationing in the Crimea in the spring of 1962. After consultations with his own military he met with a Cuban delegation led by Raúl Castro in July in order to work out the specifics. It was agreed to deploy Soviet R-12 MRBM on Cuban soil; however, American U-2 reconnaissance discovered the construction of the missile installations on October 15, 1962 before the weapons had actually been deployed. The U.S. government viewed the installation of Soviet nuclear weapons 90 miles south of Miami as an aggressive act and a threat to U.S. security. The Cuban missile crisis resulted with the United States publicly announcing its discovery on October 22, 1962 and implemented a quarantine around Cuba that would actively intercept and search any vessels heading for the island.

In a personal letter to Khrushchev written on October 27 1962 (url), Castro urged Khrushchev to launch a nuclear first strike against the United States if Cuba were invaded, but Khrushchev rejected any first strike response (pdf). Soviet field commanders in Cuba were, however, authorized to use tactical nuclear weapons if attacked by the United States.

Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for a U.S. commitment not to invade Cuba and to remove American missiles from Turkey. After tensions were defused, relations between the United States and Cuba remained mutually hostile, and the CIA continued to sponsor a number of assassination schemes over the following years.During the 1960s, several smaller-scale attempts to overthrow Castro were made. Cuban exiles, financed and equipped by the CIA, tried to copy the style of Castro's revolution, forming small violent gangs operating mainly in the Sierra de Escambray, a remote region near Trinidad, Cuba, hoping for an uprising and causing many civilian casualties.

Relations with The Soviet Union

Following initial U.S. hostility, the establishment of diplomatic ties to the Soviet Union, and the Cuban Missile Crisis, Cuba became increasingly dependent on Soviet markets and military and economic aid. Castro was able to build a formidable military force with the help of Soviet equipment and military advisors. The KGB kept in close touch with Havana, and Castro tightened Communist Party control over all levels of government, the media, and the educational system, while developing a Soviet-style internal police force.

Castro's relationship with the Soviet Union did face some problems. Nevertheless his alliance with the Soviet Union remained strong in the face of their common Cold War foe, the United States. This caused somewhat of a split between him and his fellow revolutionary Che Guevara, who took a more pro-Chinese view following ideological conflict between the CPSU and the Maoist CPC. In 1967, Che left for Bolivia in an ill-fated attempt to stir up revolution against the country's military dictatorship; Castro did not provide him with any material support. One reason given for Castro's refusal is the fact that Moscow did not approve of revolution in Latin America unless it involved groups whose idea of communism was close to the Soviet model.

On August 23, 1968 Castro made a public gesture to the Soviet Union that reaffirmed their support in him. Two days after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, Castro took to the airwaves and publicly denounced the Czech rebellion. Castro warned the Cuban people about the Czechoslovakian 'counter-revolutionaries', who "were moving Czechoslovakia towards capitalism and into the arms of imperialists". He called the leaders of the rebellion "the agents of West Germany and fascist reactionary rabble". In return for his public backing of the invasion, at a time when many Soviet allies were deeming the invasion an infringement of Czechoslovakia's sovereignty, the Soviets bailed out the Cuban economy with extra loans and an immediate increase in oil exports.

On November 4, 1975, Castro decided to send Cuban troops to newly-independent Angola in response to the South African invasion of that country. Moscow aided the Cuban initiative with the USSR engaging in a massive airlift of Cuban forces into Angola.

Human rights and relationship with the United States

Main article: Human rights in Cuba

Many argue that several thousand unjustified deaths have occurred under Castro's decades-long rule. Some Cubans have been labeled "counterrevolutionaries", "fascists", or "CIA operatives", and imprisoned in extremely poor conditions without trial; some have been summarily executed. The level of political control in Cuba has relaxed somewhat since the USSR's collapse, but some people still view Castro as presiding over a totalitarian state. Military Units to Aid Production, or UMAP's were labor camps established in 1965, according to Castro, for "people who have committed crimes against revolutionary morals" in order to work counter-revolutionary influences out of certain segments of the population.

Justifying his actions, Castro sees this as an appropriate response to his claims that the United States is continuing to engage in covert activities against Cuba using spies and mercenaries, and that most if not all critical human rights activists are in fact American agents. US documents declassified under the Freedom of Information Act show that a destabilizaton campain did exist until the late 1960s. In Operation Mongoose during the early 1960s, the CIA is known to have participated in various forms of covert economic sabotage in an attempt to oust Castro, including attempting destruction of the country's vital sugar crop, setting up explosives at certain factories, and even the bombing of a cargo ship with numerous casualties. During the same time frame, the CIA is also known to have established an "enemy of the enemy" relationship with the Mafia in assassination attempts on Castro; in contrast to the ousted General Batista, Castro's government cracked down severely on organized crime, depriving some notorious mobsters of millions of dollars. There is controversy over whether President John F. Kennedy was fully aware of the "dirty tricks" the CIA was employing in its attempts to overthrow Castro at the time, as the agency's accountability standards were not as strict as they are today. However, much of these events occurred during the early 1960s, and there is no evidence suggesting that the U.S. is currently engaged in a subversion campaign against Cuba.

Citing previous U.S. hostility, supporters of Castro thus portray opposition to his rule as illegitimate, and the result of an ongoing conspiracy fostered solely by Cuban exiles with ties to the United States or the CIA. Many Castro supporters thus feel that Castro's often harsh measures are justified to prevent the United States from presumably installing a puppet leader in his place. Castro's opposition, though, maintains that he uses the United States as an excuse to justify his continuing political control.

Criticisms of the United States

Castro remains a vocal critic of United States policies, speaking against the continuing economic embargo and U.S. attempts to topple his government. He has also condemned what he sees as exploitation of developing countries by U.S. corporations and even the state of public health care in the United States. Recently, he has harshly condemned the migration policies of the United States, which severely limit travel of Cuban-Americans to their families in Cuba. Castro also opposes the policies of developed world vis-à-vis the developing countries, including growing costs of servicing foreign debt.

Castro claims that, during the Cold War, the United States engaged in a variety of covert, and often deadly attacks against Cuba in order to weaken the entire country as a way of weakening Castro's government. Between 1960 and 1965, the U.S. government plotted against him, making plans to assassinate him. Some of these plans included, “spraying his Havana broadcasting studio with a mind altering chemical, poisoning his cigars, dusting his boots with a chemical that would cause his beard to fall out, and planting an explosive seashell in the area where he was known to scuba dive,” (Vail 108). He points out the alleged infection of Cuban pigs by anti-Castro organizations supported by the CIA in 1971 with African swine fever, a disease of pigs not previously reported in the Americas. This started an epidemic which forced the Cubans to destroy half of all the pigs on the island in order to get it under control. 2

He also claims that, in 1981 the CIA started a dengue fever epidemic that killed 158 people.3. Between 1956 and 1958 the US Army tested whether mosquitoes of the type Aedes Aegypti - which are carriers of dengue fever - could be used as weapons of biological warfare. 4 During a trial in New York in 1984, a Cuban exile said that in late 1980 a ship traveled to Cuba "with a mission to carry some germs to introduce them in Cuba to be used against the Soviets and against the Cuban economy ... which later on produced results that were not what we had expected ... and it was used against our own people, and with that we did not agree". 5

There may have been CIA efforts at sabotaging crops using pathogens. It has been confirmed that Castro has been the target of multiple CIA-sponsored assassination attempts. In 2000 four Cuban exiles with ties to the Cuban-American National Foundation (url) were convicted in a Panamanian court of plotting to assassinate Castro during a regional summit. The four were pardoned in 2004 and all but Luis Posada Carriles entered the United States. Posada appeared in the U.S in May 2005, but was arrested and faces extradition to Venezuela. (url) So far, conclusive evidence linking the four men to the CIA has not been found.

Recent years in power

Asylum issues

On March 28, 1980, a bus of asylum seekers crashed through the gates of the Peruvian Embassy in Havana. Over 10,000 Cubans fled to the embassy within 48 hours. Castro announced on April 20 that anyone could leave by boat at the port of Mariel in Havana. Cuban exiles began sailing to Mariel in what became known as the "freedom flotilla". According to U.S. Coast Guard figures 124,776 Cubans had fled their homeland when Castro closed Mariel on September 26.

Although the vast majority of Cubans who fled during the Mariel Boat Lift were legitimate asylum seekers, Castro used the event to expel estimated 20,000 convicts, homosexuals and mentally disabled Cubans.

Since 1959, an estimated 1,079,000 Cubans have left the island and migrated to different countries, primarily the United States (url).

Religion

Castro is an atheist and has not been a practicing Roman Catholic since his childhood. Pope John XXIII excommunicated Castro on January 3, 1962. This was consistent with a 1949 decree by Pope Pius XII forbidding Catholics from supporting communist governments. For Castro, who had previously renounced his Catholic faith, this was an event of very little consequence, nor was it expected to be. It was aimed at undermining support for Castro among Catholics; however, there is little evidence that it did.

His relations with Pope John Paul II were somewhat better. In the early 1990s Castro agreed to loosen restrictions on religion and even permitted church going Catholics to join the Cuban Communist Party. In 1998, Castro hosted Pope John Paul II on his visit to Cuba, the first by a ruling pontiff to the island. Pope John Paul II generally stayed away from overt political themes, instead emphasizing that his trip was designed to strengthen the Catholic Church in Cuba. The pontiff, however, criticized the U.S. embargo on Cuba and some Cuban policies. He criticized Cuba's widespread practice of legalized abortion and urged Castro to end its monopoly on education and allow the return of Catholic schools. (url)

Remaining in power

Castro's leadership of Cuba has remained largely unchallenged. His supporters claim this is because the population believes Castro is responsible for improved living conditions. Castro's opponents believe his continued leadership is due to coercion and repression and jailing of dissidents.

Popular image

An apparent cult of personality around Castro has arisen despite his personal attempts to discourage it. In contrast to many of the world's modern strongmen, Castro has only twice been personally featured on a Cuban stamp. In 1974 he appeared on a stamp to commemorate the visit of Leonid Brezhnev, and in 1999 he appeared on a stamp commemorating the 40th anniversary of the Revolution. There has been a much stronger tendency to encourage reverence for Cuban independence hero José Martí and the "martyrs" of the Cuban revolution such as Camilo Cienfuegos. He rarely appears in public without his military fatigues. Castro himself is famous for his long and detailed speeches which often last several hours (he used to hold the world record for the longest speech) and contain much data and historical references.

There has been speculation about Castro's health since he apparently fainted during a seven-hour speech under the Caribbean sun in June 2001. His doctors say his health is improving.

During 2004, there was further speculation about the state of Castro's health. In January 2004, Luis Eduardo Garzón, the mayor of Bogotá, said that Castro "seemed very sick to me" following a meeting with him during a vacation in Cuba. (url) In May 2004, Castro's physician denied that his health was failing, and speculated that he would live to be 140 years old. Dr. Eugenio Selman Housein said that the "press is always speculating about something, that he had a heart attack once, that he had cancer, some neurological problem", but maintained that Castro was in good health. (url)

On October 20, 2004, Castro fell off a stage following a speech he gave at a rally. The fall fractured his knee and arm. He underwent three hours of surgery to repair his kneecap. Following his fall, Castro wrote a letter that was read on Cuban television and published in newspapers. In it, he assured the public that he was fine and would "not lose contact with you". (url) A government statement added: "His general health is good, and spirits are excellent." Asked if he wished Castro a speedy recovery, U.S. State Department spokesman Richard Boucher responded "no," and urged for a change in Cuban leadership.

By November, Castro surprised many when he suddenly stood up from his wheelchair during a state visit by Chinese President Hu Jintao, leaning on a metal cane with an arm support. The following month, he stood unassisted for several minutes during a visit by Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez.

Finally, cheered by hundreds of lawmakers, a smiling Fidel Castro walked in public for the first time since shattering his kneecap in the fall after only two months. Legislators looked stunned, then smiled and applauded, when Cuba's 78-year-old president entered the main auditorium of the Convention Palace on the arm of a uniformed schoolgirl to attend a year-end National Assembly meeting.

Because of his larger than life role in Cuba, his well-being has become a continual source of speculation, both on and off the island, as he has grown older. Castro's quick recovery from breaking his left kneecap into eight pieces was likely to dampen the latest round of rumors questioning his health.

In 2005 Forbes magazine listed Castro among the world's richest people, with an estimated net worth of $550 million. As a result Castro is considering filing a lawsuit against the magazine, saying the accusations are false and the article was meant to defame him.

See also

• List of national leaders

External links

• Fidel Castro History Archive at Marxists.org.
• Fidel Castro Biography
• Cuba: Socialism and Democracy by Peter Taaffe
• For a collection of Castro's speeches
• Zenith and Eclipse: A Comparative Look at Socio-Economic Conditions in Pre-Castro and Present Day Cuba, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, February 9, 1998
• Vitral magazine editorials - Magazine published in English and Spanish from Cuba by Cubans independent from Castro's government by the Service of the Civic and Religious Education Center of Pinar del Rio.
• Human Rights Watch - Publication by Human Rights Watch comments about Cuba.
• CIA Inspector General's Report on Plots to Assassinate Castro
• Opposition to Castro
• Political and other freedoms in Cuba - a report by US-based FreedomHouse.
• Cidob biography in Spanish

Footnotes

Jack Barnes, "Selected Speeches of Fidel Castro." New York: Pathfinder, pp. 11-40

San Francisco Chronicle, 29 October 1980, p.15

Covert Action Information Bulletin, No. 22, Fall 1984, the trial of Eduardo Victor Arocena Perez, Federal District Court for the Southern District of New York, transcript of 10 September 1984, pp. 2187-89

San Francisco Chronicle, 10 January 1977

• 1926 births
• Cold War people
• Cuban politicians
• Presidents of Cuba
• Communists
• Revolutionaries