This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Lauracismas (talk | contribs) at 02:50, 26 May 2005 (→Daco-Romanian continuity). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Revision as of 02:50, 26 May 2005 by Lauracismas (talk | contribs) (→Daco-Romanian continuity)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)The Romanians (and Vlachs) are a nation speaking Romanian, a Romance language and living in Central and Eastern Europe. The Origin of Romanians has been for a long time disputed and there are several theories:
- Daco-Romanian continuity;
- Dacians spoke a language close to Latin and they evolved into Romanians;
- Migration of Romanic peoples from the south.
The origin of Romanians is not only a scientific puzzle, but also a heated political controversy. Hungarian historians largely support the migration theory. Most Romanian historians support the theory of Daco-Romanian continuity and reject the migration theory. Thus each side claims that its nation settled down in Transylvania before the other.
Daco-Romanian continuity
After the Romans conquered Dacia in 106, a process of Romanization of the local populations took place, Dacians adopting the Roman language and customs. The Romans themselves eventually left Dacia (about 273), but Romanized Dacians stayed on, and have continuously lived in Dacia since. Modern Romanians are their descendants.
Arguments for:
- Extensive colonization of Dacia
- The colonists came from different provinces of the Roman empire. They had no common language except for Latin. In this multiethnic environment Latin, being the only common language of communication, might have quickly achieved the dominating position (American history furnishes similar examples).
- Dacian toponyms were kept (names of rivers: Samus - Someş, Marisia - Mureş, Porata - Prut, etc; names of cities: Petrodava - Piatra Neamt, Abruttum - Abrud) (It should be noted, however, that the preservation of toponyms only indicates continuous settlement, and not necessarily continuous settlement by the same people.)
- Similarity in current Vlachian traditional clothes and Dacian clothes as depicted on Trajan's Column
- Constantine the Great assumed the title Dacicus Maximus in 336 just like Trajan did in 106, suggesting the presence of Dacians in Dacia even after Aurelian Retreat of 270-275.
- Numerous archaeological sites prove the continuity of Latin settlement north of the Danube after the evacuation of 273.
- Dacians were an exploited population after they were conquered, rebelling frequently, so they wouldn't have been interested in following their oppressors when the Roman retreat ocurred (271); see Lactantius's -Of The Manner In Which The Persecutors Died chapter XXIII
Arguments against:
- The short time of occupation (only 165 years)
- Romans conquered only about 25% of the territories inhabitated by Romanians (parts of Transylvania and Oltenia); however, the Romanic people may have assimilated the Dacians after the Roman retreat
- Most colonists were brought from distant provinces of the Roman Empire and they could not have spoken a language as close to literary Latin as Romanian.
- After the Roman withdrawal, a Dacian tribe (the Carpians - living in Moldavia) conquered the abandoned areas and probably imposed their language.
- There are no written documents confirming that Romanic peoples lived in Dacia in the period between the Roman evacuation of Dacia and the 10th century.The Dacians had no literature, many countries did not have written documents at that time, yet nobody contests their existence for that. Objects and artifacts are also evidence.
- There are no traces of Teutonic influence in Romanian and we know that in the 5th and 6th centuries Dacia was inhabited by Teutonic tribes.
- Aurelian abandoned Dacia Traiana and reorganised a new Dacia Aureliana inside former Moesia Superior in 270-275 settling it with Romans (in order to increase taxation Caracalla decrees in 212 that all freemen throughout the Roman Empire become Roman Citizens) brought from the former Dacia Traiana - Eutropius book IX, 15.
Dacians spoke a language close to Latin
This theory says that the Dacians spoke a language very close to Latin, thus Romanization was achieved much faster.
Arguments for:
- It is thought that the Latins came to Italy in or around 1000 BC from the Danube region.
- Romanian grammar kept some Latin features (case system, neuter gender, etc) that cannot be found in any other Romance language (opponents say that these features may be from Dacian, but these features do not prove that Dacian was close to Latin).
- A parallel example would be the language of the Gauls. Though it was a Celtic language and not on the same Indo-European branch as Latin, Gaulish was rather close to Latin, and this similarity is what led to the Gauls adopting Latin so readily after the Roman conquest. The Gaulish language disappeared soon, and Gaul was quickly assimilated into the Roman empire.
- A linguist and Thracologist has proposed that Dacian was a centum language in its early period. Latin was also a centum language.
Arguments against:
- No ancient source claims that the language of Dacians is close to Latin (yet ancient sources often neglected to discuss indigenous languages).
- Many linguists consider that Dacian toponyms and personal names suggest that Dacian belonged to another branch of the Indo-European language tree, rather than to Italic (which includes Latin).
- A number of scholars believe that Dacian was a satem language.
Migration from South
A Romanic population came from the south in the Middle Ages and settled down in present-day Romania.
Arguments for:
- Common words with Albanian in Romanian, thought to be of Thracian or Illyrian origin (yet according to a number of Thracologists, the Proto-Albanian and Dacian languages were probably related and the common words could have come from the Dacian language).
- There are Vlachs living South of the Danube speaking a dialect of Romanian (in Greece, the Republic of Macedonia, etc). They used to live also in mountains of present-day Bulgaria. There are mentions of their presence there from the early Middle Ages. Languages of Southern Vlachs and Romanians are too close to suppose that they evolved independently through 1800 years.
- There are no traces of Teutonic influence in Romanian and we know that in the 5th and 6th century Dacia was inhabited by Teutonic tribes.
- There are no written documents confirming that Romanic peoples lived in Dacia in the period between the Roman evacuation of Dacia and the 10th century (opponents point out that there are very few records about this region in the Dark Ages). But many medieval sources indicate presence of Vlachs in areas south of the Danube. See also: History of Vlachs.
- Romanian toponyms in Albania and Bulgaria.
- Vlach shepherds migrated northwards with their herds in search of better pastures. For example they moved along the Carpathian Mountains to present day Poland and even to the Czech Republic. They influenced very significantly the culture and language of Polish and Ukrainian highlanders.
- According to Roman sources the population of Dacia was evacuated south of the Danube in 270-275 (opponents say that only a part of the population was evacuated).
Arguments against:
- Slavic languages exerted an enormous influence on Romanian. But linguistic analyses of Romanian show that these Slavic languages were dialects of the Bulgarian-Macedonian group. This narrows down our search for the place where Romanian developed to the Romanic-speaking parts of the Roman Empire which were subsequently inhabited by Bulgarian-Macedonian Slavic tribes. These parts are:
- Dacia (north of the Danube River);
- the lands situated between the Danube and the Stara Planina mountains (currently northern Bulgaria);
- the region of Skopje (currently northern Republic of Macedonia);
- Albania (between the Drin River and the Vjosa River). However Romanian is very different from Dalmatian, so they probably developed in distant regions. This suggests that Romanians could not have come from the western part of the Balkans (including Albania and Macedonia).
- Romanian lacks any Greek loanwords for religious terms. Romanians used Old Church Slavonic as their liturgical language, so Greek Orthodoxy was probably brought by Bulgarian Slavs. It shows there was a Slavic buffer zone between Greeks and Romanians.
- There was no Greek influence in the early Romanian, the influence only began in the Middle Ages. (there are some substratum Romanians words with ancient Greek cognates, but they are considered to be from the Dacian or Thracian languages, which may have shared characteristics with Greek)
- Dacian toponyms were kept (names of rivers: Samus - Someş, Marisia - Mureş, Porata - Prut, etc; names of cities: Petrodava - Piatra Neamţ, Abruttum - Abrud). (It should be noted, however, that the preservation of toponyms only indicates continuous settlement, and not necessarily continouos settlement by the same people.)
- A 12th century Hungarian chronicle, Gesta Hungarorum, affirms that when the Magyars arrived in Pannonia, surrounding areas were inhabited by Vlachs (Romanians). However, this chronicle was written 250 years after the described events and is not necessarily accurate.
- A chronicle by Venerable Nestor (1056 - 1136 AD) mentions Walachians fighting against Magyars north of the Danube in 6406 (898).
- No medieval chronicle mentions any large-scale migrations of Romanic peoples from the Balkans to Romania; contrary to a south to north movement, a chronicle indicates rather a North to South movement: according to Cecaumenos' Strategicon of 1066, the Wallachs of Epirus and Thessalia came from North of the Danube and from along the Sava.
See also
References
- Anonymous, "Gesta Hungarorum"
- Duridanov, Ivan. "The Language of the Thracians", (Ezikyt na trakite), Nauka i izkustvo, Sofia, 1976
- Georgiev, Vladimir. "Genesis of the Balkan People", The Slavonic and East European Review 44, no. 103, 1960, p. 285-297
- Ghyka, Matila, "A Documented Chronology of Roumanian History", Oxford: B. H. Blackwell Ltd. 1941.
- Iorga, Nicolae, "History of Romanian Church" (Istoria Bisericii Româneşti), Bucureşti, 1908 - Online text (in Romanian)
- Jirecek, Konstantin. "The history of the Serbians" (Geschichte der Serben), Gotha, 1911
- Nestor of Kyiv, Chronicles of Venerable Nestor, translated by George Skoryk
- Rosetti, Alexandru. "History of the Romanian language" (Istoria limbii române), 2 vols., Bucharest, 1965-1969.
- Mellish, Liz and Green, Nick Eliznik.org.uk: map of the Balkans: places with endings in "-eşti"
- About Galerius and his Dacian forefathers Lactantius's "De Mortibus Persecutorum"