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Exxon Mobil Corporation

Company type	Public (NYSE: XOM)
ISIN	US30231G1022
Industry	Oil and Gas
Founded	1999 (merger) 1911 (Standard Oil of New Jersey) 1911 (Standard Oil of New York) 1870 (Standard Oil)
Headquarters	Irving, Texas, USA
Key people	John D. Rockefeller, founder of the original Standard Oil Rex W. Tillerson, Chairman/CEO
Products	Fuels, Lubricants, Petrochemicals
Revenue	$347.254 Billion USD (2007)
Operating income	52,783,000,000 United States dollar (2023)
Net income	$39.500 Billion USD (2007) homepage = www.exxonmobil.com
Total assets	362,597,000,000 United States dollar (2019)
Number of employees	106,100 Including Company Operated Retail Sites ("CORS")

Exxon Mobil Corporation or ExxonMobil (NYSE: XOM), a multi-national American corporation and a direct descendant of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil company, is the largest publicly traded integrated petroleum and natural gas company in the world, formed on November 30, 1999, by the merger of Exxon and Mobil. ExxonMobil is the world's largest company by revenue, at $377.6 billion in its fiscal year of 2006. It is also the largest corporation by market capitalization, at $517.92 billion on July 20, 2007. It is the largest of the six oil supermajors with daily production of 6.5m boe (barrels of oil equivalent). Among all private oil companies ExxonMobil ranks first in the world in proven oil and gas reserves. Although the largest among corporate oil producers, ExxonMobil is still eclipsed by several of the largest state petroleum producers.

Organization

The Exxon Mobil Corporation global headquarters are located in Irving, a suburb of Dallas, Texas. ExxonMobil markets products around the world under the brands of Exxon, Mobil, and Esso. It also owns hundreds of smaller subsidiaries such as Imperial Oil Limited (66% ownership) (an oil retailer in Canada) and SeaRiver Maritime.

The corporation is bifurcated into a downstream division (marketing, refining, and retail operations) located in Fairfax, Virginia, an upstream division (oil exploration, extraction, shipping, and wholesale operations) located in Houston, Texas, and a Chemical division also located in Houston, Texas. Although most internal operations are divided along these lines, the company also has several ancillary divisions, such as Coal & Minerals, which stand alone and not part of either the Upstream or the Downstream segments.

The upstream division dominates the company's cashflow, accounting for approximately 70% of revenue. The company employs over 80,000 people worldwide, with approximately 4,000 employees in its Fairfax downstream headquarters and 27,000 people in its Houston upstream headquarters.

Operating divisions

ExxonMobil is organized functionally into a number of global operating divisions. These divisions are grouped into three categories for reference purposes:

• Upstream
• Downstream
• Chemical

Operating divisions by category are as follows:

• Upstream
  • ExxonMobil Exploration Company
  • ExxonMobil Development Company
  • ExxonMobil Production Company
  • ExxonMobil Gas and Power Marketing Company
  • ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company

• Downstream
  • ExxonMobil Refining and Supply Company
  • ExxonMobil Fuels Marketing Company
  • ExxonMobil Lubricants & Specialties Company
  • ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company

• Chemical
  • ExxonMobil Chemical Company

• ExxonMobil Global Services Company
  • ExxonMobil Information Technology
  • Global Real Estate and Facilities
  • Global Procurement
  • Business Support Centers

Upstream and Chemical operations are headquartered in Houston, Texas, and the downstream operations are headquartered at the heritage-Mobil headquarters in Fairfax, Virginia.

Corporate governance

The current Chairman of the Board and CEO of Exxon Mobil Corporation is Rex Tillerson. Tillerson assumed the top position on January 1, 2006, on the retirement of long-time chairman and CEO, Lee Raymond, who received a highly controversial retirement and severance package of approximately $400 Million.

Board of directors

As of January 29, 2007, the current Exxon Mobil board members are:

• Michael Boskin, professor of economics, Stanford University
• William W. George, professor of management practice, Harvard Business School
• James R. Houghton, Chairman of the Board, Corning Incorporated
• William R. Howell, Chairman Emeritus, J.C. Penney Company
• Reatha Clark King, former chairman, Board of Trustees, General Mills Foundation
• Philip E. Lippincott, retired Chairman of the Board, Scott Paper Company and Campbell Soup Company
• Henry A. McKinnell, Jr., Chairman of the Board and CEO, Pfizer
• Marilyn Carlson Nelson, Chairman and CEO, Carlson Companies
• Samuel J. Palmisano, Chairman of the Board, President and CEO, IBM Corporation
• Walter V. Shipley, retired Chairman of the Board, Chase Manhattan Corporation
• J. Stephen Simon, Senior Vice President, Exxon Mobil Corporation
• Rex W. Tillerson, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, Exxon Mobil Corporation

Joint Ventures and Other Strategic Alliances

• Aera Energy LLC is an E&P joint venture with Shell Oil, operating in California.
• Infineum is a joint venture between ExxonMobil and Royal Dutch/Shell for manufacturing and marketing lubricant and fuel additives.

Financial

Revenue and profits

In 2005, ExxonMobil replaced Wal-Mart as the world's largest publicly held corporation when measured by revenue, although Wal-Mart remains the largest by number of employees.ExxonMobil's $340 billion revenues in 2005 were a 25.5 percent increase over their 2004 revenues.

In 2006, Wal-Mart recaptured the lead with revenues of $348.7 billion against ExxonMobil's $335.1. ExxonMobil continues to lead the world in both profits ($39.5 billion in 2006), and market value ($410.7 billion).

Financial data

Largest shareholders

As of March 30, 2007:

History

The Exxon Mobil Corporation was formed in 1999 by the merger of two major oil companies, Exxon and Mobil. Both Exxon and Mobil were descendants of the John D. Rockefeller corporation, Standard Oil which was established in 1870. The reputation of Standard Oil in the public eye suffered badly after publication of Ida M. Tarbell's classic exposé The History of the Standard Oil Company in 1904, leading to a growing outcry for the government to take action against the company.

By 1911, with public outcry at a climax, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Standard Oil must be dissolved and split into 34 companies. Two of these companies were Jersey Standard ("Standard Oil Company of New Jersey"), which eventually became Exxon, and Socony ("Standard Oil Company of New York"), which eventually became Mobil.

In the same year, the nation's kerosene output was eclipsed for the first time by gasoline. The growing automotive market inspired the product trademark Mobiloil, registered by Socony in 1920.

Over the next few decades, both companies grew significantly. Jersey Standard, led by Walter C. Teagle, became the largest oil producer in the world. It acquired a 50 percent share in Humble Oil & Refining Co., a Texas oil producer. Socony purchased a 45 percent interest in Magnolia Petroleum Co., a major refiner, marketer and pipeline transporter. In 1931, Socony merged with Vacuum Oil Co., an industry pioneer dating back to 1866 and a growing Standard Oil spin-off in its own right.

In the Asia-Pacific region, Jersey Standard had oil production and refineries in Indonesia but no marketing network. Socony-Vacuum had Asian marketing outlets supplied remotely from California. In 1933, Jersey Standard and Socony-Vacuum merged their interests in the region into a 50-50 joint venture. Standard-Vacuum Oil Co., or "Stanvac," operated in 50 countries, from East Africa to New Zealand, before it was dissolved in 1962.

Mobil Chemical Company was established in 1960. As of 1999, its principal products included basic olefins and aromatics, ethylene glycol and polyethylene. The company produced synthetic lubricant base stocks as well as lubricant additives, propylene packaging films and catalysts. Exxon Chemical Company (first named Enjay Chemicals) became a worldwide organization in 1965 and in 1999 was a major producer and marketer of olefins, aromatics, polyethylene and polypropylene along with specialty lines such as elastomers, plasticizers, solvents, process fluids, oxo alcohols and adhesive resins. The company was an industry leader in metallocene catalyst technology to make unique polymers with improved performance.

In 1955, Socony-Vacuum became Socony Mobil Oil Co. and in 1966 simply Mobil Oil Corp. A decade later, the newly incorporated Mobil Corporation absorbed Mobil Oil as a wholly owned subsidiary. Jersey Standard changed its name to Exxon Corporation in 1972 and established Exxon as a trademark throughout the United States. In other parts of the world, Exxon and its affiliated companies continued to use its Esso trademark.

On March 24, 1989, shortly after midnight, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska and spilled more than 11 million gallons (42,000 m³) of crude oil. The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the second largest in U.S. history, and in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident, the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. The company still has to pay $300 billion to 11,000 affected people, $2.2 billion to clean up Prince William Sound, and $1 billion in government settlements. A $4.5 billion punitive ruling against Exxon is under appeal. Till this day, nothing has been paid yet.

In 1998, Exxon and Mobil signed a US$73.7 billion definitive agreement to merge and form a new company called ExxonMobil Corporation, the largest company on the planet. After shareholder and regulatory approvals, the merger was completed on November 30, 1999. The merger of Exxon and Mobil was unique in American history because it reunited the two largest companies of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil trust, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey/Exxon and Standard Oil Company of New York/Mobil, which had been forcibly separated by government order nearly a century earlier. As a result of the merger, it became largest merger in US Corporate History.

In 2000, ExxonMobil sold a refinery in Benicia, California and 340 Exxon-branded stations to Valero Energy Corporation, as part of an FTC-mandated divestiture of California assets. ExxonMobil continues to supply petroleum products to over 700 Mobil-branded retail outlets in California.

In 2005, ExxonMobil's stock price surged in parallel with rising oil prices, surpassing General Electric as the largest corporation in the world in terms of market capitalization. At the end of 2005, it reported record profits of US $36 billion in annual income, up 42% from the previous year (the overall annual income was an all-time record for annual income by any business, and included $10 billion in the third quarter alone, also an all-time record income for a single quarter by any business). The company and the American Petroleum Institute, the oil and chemical industry's lobbying apparatus, tried to downplay its success in order to avoid consumer criticism by putting up page-long ads in major American newspapers, such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, comparing oil industry profits to those of other large industries such as pharmaceuticals and banking. As an illustration, ExxonMobil's $36 billion in profits came on top of $370.6 billion in revenue, with a profit margin of 9.7%. In other words, Exxon netted 9.7 cents on each dollar of revenue it brought in. By contrast, Microsoft earned 30.8 cents for each dollar of revenue, and Google earned 23.9 cents for each dollar of revenue. Starbucks' profit margin was slightly lower than ExxonMobil's, at 7.8 cents for each dollar of revenue.

Marketing

Exxon's long-time mascot is a tiger; Mobil's mascot is a red pegasus, which dates back to the late 19th century and is one of the oldest marketing symbols still in use.

Sponsorships

ExxonMobil (through Mobil 1) is a major, long-term partner of Formula One constructor Team McLaren-Mercedes, Indy Racing League and NASCAR team Penske Racing.

Corporate citizenship

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Foreign business practices

Investigative reporting by Forbes Magazine raised questions about ExxonMobil's dealings with the leaders of oil-rich nations." ExxonMobil controls concessions covering 11 million acres (44,500 km²) off the coast of Angola that hold an estimated 7.5 billion barrels (1.2 km³) of crude. Forbes alleged that "ExxonMobil handed hundreds of millions of dollars to the corrupt regime of President José Eduardo dos Santos in the late 1990s.

In 2003, the Office of Foreign Assets Control reported that ExxonMobil engaged in illegal trade with Sudan and it, along with dozens of other companies, settled with the United States government for $50,000.

In March 2003, James Giffen of the Mercator Corporation was indicted, accused of bribing President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan with $78 million to help ExxonMobil win a 25 percent share of the Tengiz oilfield, the third largest in the world. On April 2, 2003, former-Mobil executive J. Bryan Williams was indicted on tax charges relating to this same transaction. The case is the largest under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. This series of events is depicted in the film Syriana.

In a U.S. Department of Justice release dated September 18, 2003, the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York announced that J. Bryan Williams, a former senior executive of Mobil Oil Corporation, had been sentenced to three years and ten months in prison on charges of evading income taxes on more than $7 million in unreported income, "including a $2 million kickback he received in connection with Mobil's oil business in Kazakhstan." According to documents filed with the court, Williams' unreported income included millions of dollars in kickbacks from governments, persons, and other entities with whom Williams conducted business while employed by Mobil. In addition to his sentence, Williams must pay a fine of $25,000 and more than $3.5 million in restitution to the IRS, in addition to penalties and interest.

Human rights

ExxonMobil is the target of human rights activists for actions taken by the corporation in the Indonesian territory of Aceh. In June 2001 a lawsuit against ExxonMobil was filed in the Federal District Court of the District of Columbia under the Alien Tort Claims Act. The suit alleges that the ExxonMobil knowingly assisted human rights violations, including torture, murder and rape, by employing and providing material support to Indonesian military forces, who committed the alleged offenses during civil unrest in Aceh. Human rights complaints involving ExxonMobil's relationship with the Indonesian military first arose in 1992; the company denies these accusations and has filed a motion to dismiss the suit, which as of 2006 is still pending.

The company does not provide domestic partnership benefits to same-sex couples, although former Mobil employees receive that benefit. According to a proxy statement from ExxonMobil, the company "has zero tolerance discrimination and harassment policies" on "discrimination and harassment for any reason, including sexual orientation." ExxonMobil scored a 0 out of 100 on the Corporate Equality Index 2006 for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people.

Environment

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Exxon Valdez oil spill

The March 24, 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill was considered one of the most devastating man made environmental disasters ever to occur at sea, although many larger spills have occurred. Exxon was widely criticized for its slow response to cleaning up the disaster and John Devens, the Mayor of Valdez, has said his community felt betrayed by Exxon's inadequate response to the crisis. Exxon later removed the name "Exxon" from its tanker shipping subsidiary, which it renamed "SeaRiver Maritime." The renamed subsidiary, though wholly Exxon-controlled, has a separate corporate charter and board of directors, and the former Exxon Valdez is now the SeaRiver Mediterranean. The renamed tanker is legally owned by a small, allegedly under capitalized, stand-alone company, which would have minimal ability to pay out on claims in the event of a further accident.

In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court let stand a $5 billion punitive damage verdict against ExxonMobil for the 1989 spill, rejecting without comment an appeal by the company on grounds of jury irregularities.

In 2006, U.S. Congressman Dave Reichert (WA-08) demanded ExxonMobil begin paying punitive damages it owes to 33,000 fishermen, businesses and affected communities waiting compensation agreed to by ExxonMobil as part of a 12-year old court case settling the damages.

Funding of global warming skeptics

ExxonMobil has drawn criticism as a major funder of organizations campaigning against the scientific opinion that global warming is caused by the burning of fossil fuels, and against the Kyoto Protocol. According to Mother Jones Magazine, the company was a leading member of one of the first such skeptic groups, the Global Climate Coalition, founded in 1989. According to The Guardian, ExxonMobil has funded, among other groups skeptical of global warming, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, George C. Marshall Institute, Heartland Institute, Congress on Racial Equality, TechCentralStation.com, and International Policy Network. ExxonMobil's support for these organizations has drawn condemnation from the Royal Society, the academy of sciences of the United Kingdom. The Union of Concerned Scientists released a report in 2007 which stated that "ExxonMobil has funneled nearly $16 million between 1998 and 2005 to a network of 43 advocacy organizations that seek to confuse the public on global warming science." The report argued that ExxonMobil used disinformation tactics similar to those used by the tobacco industry in its denials of the link between lung cancer and smoking, saying that the company used "many of the same organizations and personnel to cloud the scientific understanding of climate change and delay action on the issue." These charges are consistent with a purported 1998 internal ExxonMobil strategy memo, posted by the the environmental group Environmental Defense, stating

"Victory will be achieved when

• Average citizens 'understand' (recognize) uncertainties in climate science; recognition of uncertainties becomes part of the 'conventional wisdom' ...
• Industry senior leadership understands uncertainties in climate science, making them stronger ambassadors to those who shape climate policy
• Those promoting the Kyoto treaty on the basis of extant science appear out of touch with reality."

In August 2006, the Wall Street Journal revealed that a YouTube video lampooning Al Gore, titled Al Gore's Penguin Army, appeared to be astroturfing by DCI Group, a Washington PR firm with ties to ExxonMobil as well as the Republican Party.

In January 2007, the company appeared to change its position, when vice president for public affairs Kenneth Cohen said "we know enough now — or, society knows enough now — that the risk is serious and action should be taken." Cohen stated that, as of 2006, ExxonMobil had ceased funding of the Competitive Enterprise Institute and "'five or six' similar groups". While the company did not publicly state which the other similar groups were, a May 2007 report by Greenpeace does list the five groups it stopped funding as well as a list of 41 other climate skeptic groups which are still receiving ExxonMobil funds.

On February 13, 2007, ExxonMobil CEO Rex W. Tillerson acknowledged that the planet was warming while carbon dioxide levels were increasing, but in the same speech gave an unalloyed defense of the oil industry and predicted that hydrocarbons would dominate the world’s transportation as energy demand grows by an expected 40 percent by 2030. Tillerson stated that there is no significant alternative to oil in coming decades, and that ExxonMobil would continue to make petroleum and natural gas its primary products, saying: "I'm no expert on biofuels. I don't know much about farming and I don't know much about moonshine. ... There is really nothing can bring to that whole issue. We don't see a direct role for ourselves with today's technology."

ExxonMobil currently ranks sixth on the Toxic 100 list of corporate air polluters in the United States.

Popular culture

Current and former employees of note

• Philip Cooney - former staff member in the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush
• Lee R. Raymond - past Chairman and CEO and present Chair of the National Petroleum Council

Resources

References

1. http://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=XOM
2. "ExxonMobil history, from Kerosene to Gasoline". ExxonMobil Corporation. Retrieved 2007-07-21.
3. "Exxon Mobil Corporation Board of Directors". Exxon Mobil Corporation.
4. Associated Press (April 3, 2006). "Exxon dethrones Wal-Mart atop Fortune 500". MSNBC. Retrieved 2007-05-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
5. Associated Press (April 16, 2007). "Wal-Mart returns to top of the Fortune 500 list". MSNBC. Retrieved 2007-05-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
6. http://www.opesc.org/fiche-societe/fiche-societe.php?entreprise=EXXON
7. ExxonMobil. Press release.
8. Forbes Magazine. "Dangerous Liaisons." April 28, 2003.
9. In May 2002, human rights advocates began calling for an investigation of the role of US oil companies and the Bush administration in Angola’s "Arms for Oil" scandal. According to a report by the British-based non-governmental organization Global Witness, Bush and US oil interests had ties to some of the key figures in the arms-for-oil scandal. Global Witness alleged that in exchange for profitable off-shore oil concessions, ExxonMobil and other American and western European oil companies funded Angolan president Jose Eduardo dos Santos. After transferring an alleged $770 million in oil revenues to their own private bank accounts, dos Santos and his administration began a violent offensive against rebel groups in the country in which many human rights abuses were inflicted on the Angolan people. from Co-op America
10. Violation of the Bribes & Foreign Corrupt Practices Aact (ExxonMobil controls concessions covering 11 million acres (44,500 km²) off the coast of <Angola that hold an estimated 7.5 billion barrels (1.2 km³) of crude. from Search.com
11. Even though Angola is the most effective of Africa's oil producers at retaining a high percentage of its oil wealth, its people get the least benefit from it. Much of that wealth has been mortgaged to pay for a long and destructive civil war. The lack of transparency of Angola's Government and its oil corporation, Sonangol, with the complicity of big oil companies, causes the rest to disappear without leaving much trace among Angola's poor. from Africa Files
12. How Angolan State corruption and the lack of oil company and banking transparency has contributed to Angola's humanitarian and development catastrophe. from Africa Action
13. CNN. "Wal-Mart, NY Yankees, others settle charges of illegal trading." April 14, 2003.
14. Foley & Lardner, LLP. "SEC and DOJ Enforcement Actions and Opinions." May 30, 2003.
15. International Labor Rights Fund. "ExxonMobil: How the Company is Linked with Indonesian Military Killings, Torture and other Severe Abuse in Aceh, Indonesia."
16. http://money.cnn.com/2006/05/09/news/companies/pluggedin_fortune/index.htm
17. http://sec.edgar-online.com/2004/04/14/0001047469-04-011934/Section10.asp
18. Template:PDFlink
19. http://www.mallenbaker.net/csr/CSRfiles/crisis03.html
20. The Baltimore Sun. "Even Renamed, Exxon Valdez can't Outlive Stain on its Past." October 15, 2002.
21. | Supreme Court Rejects Appeal Bid by ExxonMobil
22. U.S. Congressman Dave Reichert. "Reichert Demands Compensation for Exxon Valdez Spill." March 24, 2006.
23. "Some Like It Hot". Mother Jones. May 2005. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
24. "Royal Society Letter to Exxon". The Guardian. September 20, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-18.
25. "Claims by think-tank outrage eco-groups". The Guardian. November 28, 2004. Retrieved 2007-01-16.
26. "Royal Society tells Exxon: stop funding climate change denial" (PDF). The Royal Society. September 4, 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
27. ^ "Scientists' Report Documents ExxonMobil's Tobacco like Disinformation Campaign on Global Warming Science" (Press release). Union of Concerned Scientists. January 3, 2006. Retrieved 2007-01-04. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
28. ExxonMobil. "Global Climate Science Communications." April 3, 1998. See also Environmental Defense commentary "Guess who's funding the global warming doubt shops?" and Cooperative Research history commons chronology of Exxon's PR efforts
29. Antonio Regalado and Dionne Searcey (August 3, 2006). "Where did that video spoofing Gore's film come from?". {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
30. Chris Ayres (August 5, 2006). "Slick lobbying is behind penguin spoof of Al Gore". The Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
31. "Exxon cuts ties to global warming skeptics". MSNBC. January 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
32. http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/assets/binaries/exxon-secrets-analysis-of-fun.pdf
33. "Exxon Chief Cautions Against Rapid Action to Cut Carbon Emissions". New York Times. February 14, 2007. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
34. "Exxon Mobil CEO: climate policy would be prudent". Reuters. February 13, 2007. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
35. Toxic 100 list http://www.peri.umass.edu/Toxic-100-Table.265.0.html

External links

General information

• ExxonMobil corporate website
  • Exxon USA website
  • Mobil global website
  • Esso global website
• History of Standard Oil spinoffs and their brands
• ExxonMobil's most recent conference call transcripts

Funding given by ExxonMobil

• ExxonMobil's list of funded organizations, 2005
• ExxonMobil's list of political contributions

Websites critical of ExxonMobil

• ExxonMobil at the History Commons (timeline)
• Exxonmobil entry at Knowmore.org
• Greenpeace UK's page on Esso
• ExxposeExxon by Defenders of Wildlife
• Exxonsecrets.org by Greenpeace
  • List of organizations funded by Exxon Mobil
• As the World Burns, a Mother Jones special report on Exxon and global warming
• http://www.worldoutofbalance.org New documentary released which exposes ExxonMobil's impact on Climate Change
• http://www.consumersforpeace.org Consumers for Peace initiated the ExxonMobil War Boycott

ExxonMobil responses to issues

• ExxonMobil Web Page on Business Ethics & Standards
• ExxonMobil Web Page on Climate Change
• ExxonMobil Web Page on Valdez Oil Spill

Bibliography

• Bender, Rob, and Tammy Cannoy-Bender. An Unauthorized Guide to: Mobil Collectibles — Chasing the Red Horse. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Company, 1999.
• Exxon Corporation. Century of Discovery: An Exxon Album. 1982.
• Gibb, George S., and Evelyn H. Knowlton. The Resurgent Years, 1911-1927: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1956.
• Hidy, Ralph W., and Muriel E. Hidy. Pioneering in Big Business, 1882-1911: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1955.
• Larson, Henrietta M., and Kenneth Wiggins Porter. History of Humble Oil & Refining Company: A Study in Industrial Growth. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1959.
• Larson, Henrietta M., Evelyn H. Knowlton, and Charles S. Popple. New Horizons, 1927-1950: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). New York: Harper & Row, 1971.
• McIntyre, J. Sam. The Esso Collectibles Handbook: Memorabilia from Standard Oil of New Jersey. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Company, 1998.
• Sampson, Anthony. The Seven Sisters: The 100-year Battle for the World's Oil Supply. New York: Bantom Books, 1991.
• Standard Oil Company (New Jersey). Ships of the Esso Fleet in World War II. 1946.
• Tarbell, Ida M. All in a Day’s Work: An Autobiography.. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1939.
• Tarbell, Ida M., and David Mark Chalmers. The History of the Standard Oil Company. New York: Harper & Row, 1966.
• Wall, Bennett H. Growth in a Changing Environment: A History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) 1950-1972 and Exxon Corporation (1972-1975). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988.
• Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.

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