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Hillary Rodham Clinton
United States Senator from New York
Incumbent
Assumed office January 3, 2001Serving with Charles Schumer
Preceded by	Daniel Patrick Moynihan
Succeeded by	Incumbent (2013)
First Lady of the United States
In office January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
Preceded by	Barbara Bush
Succeeded by	Laura Bush
Personal details
Nationality	American
Political party	Democratic
Height	174 cm
Spouse	Bill Clinton
Children	Chelsea Clinton
Alma mater	Wellesley College Yale University
Profession	Attorney, Politician
Signature

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (born October 26, 1947) is the junior United States Senator from New York, and a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 2008 presidential election. She is married to Bill Clinton—the 42nd President of the United States—and was the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

A native of Illinois, Hillary Rodham attracted national attention in 1969 when she delivered a controversial address as the first student to speak at commencement exercises for Wellesley College. She began her career as a lawyer after graduating from Yale Law School in 1973, moving to Arkansas and marrying Bill Clinton in 1975, following her career as a Congressional legal counsel; she was named the first female partner at Rose Law Firm in 1979 and was listed as one of the one hundred most influential lawyers in America in 1988 and 1991. She served as the First Lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992, was active in a number of organizations concerned with the welfare of children, and was on the board of Wal-Mart and several other corporate boards.

As First Lady of the United States, she took a prominent position in policy matters. Her major initiative, the Clinton health care plan, failed to gain approval by the U.S. Congress in 1994, but in 1997 she helped establish the State Children's Health Insurance Program and the Adoption and Safe Families Act. She became the only First Lady to be subpoenaed, testifying before a federal grand jury as a consequence of the Whitewater scandal in 1996. She was never charged with any wrongdoing in this or several other investigations during her husband's administration. The state of her marriage to Bill Clinton was the subject of considerable public discussion following the Lewinsky scandal in 1998.

Moving to New York, Clinton was elected to the United States Senate in 2000, the first time an American first lady ran for public office and the first female senator from that state. There she initially supported the George W. Bush administration on some foreign policy issues, which included voting for the Iraq War Resolution. She has subsequently opposed the administration on its conduct of the Iraq War and has opposed it on most domestic issues. She was re-elected by a wide margin in 2006. Long described as a polarizing figure in American politics, during 2007 she has consistently been the front-runner in polls for the 2008 Democratic nomination for president.

Early life and education

Early life

Hillary Diane Rodham was born at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, and was raised in a United Methodist family, first in Chicago, and then, from the age of three, in suburban Park Ridge, Illinois. Her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, was a son of Welsh and English immigrants and operated a small but successful business in the textile industry. Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell, of English, Scottish, French Canadian, Welsh, and possibly Native American descent, was a homemaker. She has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony.

As a child, Hillary Rodham was involved in many activities at church and at her public school in Park Ridge. She participated in tennis and other sports and earned awards as a Brownie and Girl Scout. She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in student council, the debating team and the National Honor Society. For her senior year she was redistricted to Maine South High School, where she was a National Merit Finalist and graduated in 1965. Her parents encouraged her to pursue the career of her choice.

Raised in a politically conservative household, at age thirteen she helped canvass South Side Chicago following the very close 1960 U.S. presidential election, finding evidence of vote fraud against Republican candidate Richard Nixon, and volunteered for Republican candidate Barry Goldwater in the U.S. presidential election of 1964. Her early political development was shaped most strongly by her energizing high school history teacher, like her father a fervent anti-communist, and by her Methodist youth minister, like her mother concerned with issues of social justice; with the minister she saw and met civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. in Chicago in 1962.

College

In 1965, Rodham enrolled in Wellesley College, where she majored in political science. She served as president of the Wellesley Young Republicans organization during her freshman year. However, due to her evolving views regarding the American Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War, she stepped down from that position; she characterized her own nature as that of "a mind conservative and a heart liberal." In her junior year, Rodham was affected by the death of Martin Luther King, Jr., and became a supporter of the anti-war presidential nomination campaign of Democrat Eugene McCarthy. Rodham organized a two-day student strike and worked with Wellesley's black students for moderate changes, such as recruiting more black students and faculty. In that same year she was elected president of the Wellesley College Government Association. She attended the "Wellesley in Washington" summer program at the urging of Professor Alan Schechter, who assigned Rodham to intern at the House Republican Conference so she could better understand her changing political views. Rodham was invited by Representative Charles Goodell, a moderate New York Republican, to help Governor Nelson Rockefeller’s late-entry campaign for the Republican nomination. Rodham attended the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami, where she decided to leave the Republican Party for good; she was upset over how Richard Nixon's campaign had portrayed Rockefeller and what Rodham perceived as the "veiled" racist messages of the convention.

Rodham returned to Wellesley, and wrote her senior thesis about the tactics of radical community organizer Saul Alinsky under Professor Schechter (which, years later while she was first lady, was suppressed at the request of the White House and became the subject of speculation as to its contents). In 1969, Rodham graduated with departmental honors in political science. Stemming from the demands of some students, she became the first student in Wellesley College history to deliver their commencement address. According to reports by the Associated Press, her speech received a standing ovation lasting seven minutes. She was featured in an article published in Life magazine, due to the response to a part of her speech that criticized Senator Edward Brooke, who had spoken before her at the commencement; she also appeared on Irv Kupcinet's nationally-syndicated television talk show as well as in Illinois and New England newspapers. That summer, she worked her way across Alaska, washing dishes in Mount McKinley National Park and sliming salmon in a fish processing cannery in Valdez (which fired her and shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthy conditions).

Law school

Rodham then entered Yale Law School, where she served on the Board of Editors of the Yale Review of Law and Social Action. During her second year, she worked at the Yale Child Study Center, learning about new research on early childhood brain development and working as a research assistant on the seminal work, Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). She also took on cases of child abuse at Yale-New Haven Hospital, and volunteered at New Haven Legal Services to provide free advice for the poor. In the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at Marian Wright Edelman's Washington Research Project, where she was assigned to Senator Walter Mondale's Subcommittee on Migratory Labor, researching migrant workers' problems in housing, sanitation, health and education; Edelman would become a significant mentor to her.

In the late spring of 1971, she began dating Bill Clinton, who was also a law student at Yale. That summer, she interned on child custody cases at the Oakland, California, law firm of Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein, which was well-known for its support of constitutional rights, civil liberties, and radical causes; two of its four partners were communists. The following summer, Rodham and Clinton campaigned in Texas for unsuccessful 1972 Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern. She received a Juris Doctor degree from Yale in 1973, having spent an extra year there in order to be with Clinton. Clinton first proposed marriage to her following graduation, but she declined at the time. She began a year of post-graduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center. Her first scholarly paper, "Children Under the Law", was published in the Harvard Educational Review in late 1973 and became frequently cited in the field.

Marriage and family, law career and First Lady of Arkansas

A key decision

During her post-graduate study, Rodham served as staff attorney for Edelman's newly-founded Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and as a consultant to the Carnegie Council on Children. During 1974 she was a member of the impeachment inquiry staff in Washington, D.C., advising the House Committee on the Judiciary during the Watergate scandal. Under the guidance of Chief Counsel John Doar and senior member Bernard Nussbaum, Rodham helped research procedures of impeachment and the historical grounds and standards for impeachment. The committee's work culminated in the resignation of President Richard Nixon in August 1974.

By then, Rodham was viewed as someone with a bright political future; Democratic political organizer and consultant Betsey Wright had moved from Texas to Washington the previous year to help guide her career; Wright thought Rodham had the potential to one day become a senator or president. Meanwhile, Clinton had repeatedly asked her to marry him, and she had continued to defer. However, helped by her having passed the Arkansas bar exam but having failed the District of Columbia bar exam, Rodham came to a key decision. As she later wrote, "I chose to follow my heart instead of my head." She thus followed Bill Clinton to Arkansas, rather than staying in Washington where career prospects were best. Clinton was at the time teaching law and running for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in his home state. In August 1974, she moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas, and became one of two female faculty members at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville School of Law, where Bill Clinton also taught. Even then, she still harbored doubts about marriage, concerned that her separate identity would be lost and her accomplishments would be viewed in the light of someone else's accomplishments.

Early Arkansas years

The couple bought a house in Fayetteville in the summer of 1975, and she finally agreed to marry him. Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton were married on October 11, 1975, in a Methodist ceremony in their living room. She kept her name as Hillary Rodham, later writing that she had done so to keep their professional lives separate and avoid seeming conflicts of interest, although it upset both their mothers. Bill Clinton had lost the Congressional race in 1974, but in November 1976 was elected Attorney General of Arkansas. This required the couple to move to the state capital of Little Rock. Rodham joined the venerable Rose Law Firm, a bastion of Arkansan political and economic influence, in February 1977, specializing in patent infringement and intellectual property law, while also working pro bono in child advocacy; she rarely performed litigation work in court.

Rodham co-founded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families, a state-level alliance with the Children's Defense Fund, in 1977. In late 1977, President Jimmy Carter (for whom Rodham had done 1976 campaign coordination work in Indiana) appointed her to the board of directors of the Legal Services Corporation, and she served in that capacity from 1978 through the end of 1981. For much of that time she served as the chair of that board, the first woman to do so. During her time as chair, funding for the Corporation was expanded from $90 million to $300 million, and she successfully battled against President Ronald Reagan's initial attempts to reduce the funding and change the nature of the organization.

Following the November 1978 election of her husband as Governor of Arkansas, Rodham became First Lady of Arkansas in January 1979, her title for a total of twelve years (1979–1981, 1983–1992). Clinton appointed her chair of the Rural Health Advisory Committee the same year, where she successfully obtained federal funds to expand medical facilities in Arkansas' poorest areas without affecting doctors' fees.

In 1979, she became the first woman to be made a full partner of Rose Law Firm. From 1978 until they entered the White House, she had a higher salary than her husband. During 1978 and 1979, while looking to supplement their income, Rodham made a spectacular profit from trading cattle futures contracts; her initial $1,000 investment generated nearly $100,000 when she stopped trading after ten months. The couple also began their ill-fated investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation real estate venture with Jim and Susan McDougal at this time.

On February 27, 1980, Rodham gave birth to a daughter, Chelsea, her only child. In November 1980, Bill Clinton was defeated in his bid for re-election.

Later Arkansas years

Bill Clinton returned to the Governor's office two years later by winning the election of 1982. During her husband's campaign, Rodham began to use the name Hillary Clinton, or sometimes "Mrs. Bill Clinton", in order to have greater appeal to Arkansas voters; she also took a leave of absence from Rose Law in order to campaign for him full-time. As First Lady of Arkansas, Hillary Clinton chaired the Arkansas Educational Standards Committee from 1982 to 1992, where she sought to bring about reform in the state's court-sanctioned public education system. One of the most important initiatives of the entire Clinton governorship, she fought a prolonged but ultimately successful battle against the Arkansas Education Association to put mandatory teacher testing as well as state standards for curriculum and classroom size in place. She introduced Arkansas' Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth in 1985, a program that helps parents work with their children in preschool preparedness and literacy. She was named Arkansas Woman of the Year in 1983 and Arkansas Mother of the Year in 1984.

Clinton continued to practice law with the Rose Law Firm while she was First Lady of Arkansas. She earned less than all the other partners, due to fewer hours being billed, but still made over $200,000 in her final year there. She continued to rarely do trial work, but was considered a "rainmaker" at the firm for bringing in clients, partly due to the prestige she lent the firm and to her corporate board connections. She was also very influential in the appointment of state judges. Bill Clinton's Republican opponent in his 1986 gubernatorial re-election campaign accused the Clintons of conflict of interest, because Rose Law did state business; the Clintons deflected the charge by saying that state fees were walled off by the firm before her profits were calculated. From 1987 to 1991 she chaired the American Bar Association's Commission on Women in the Profession, which addressed gender bias in the law profession and induced the association to adopt measures to combat it. She was twice named by the National Law Journal as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America, in 1988 and in 1991. When Bill Clinton thought about not running again for governor in 1990, Hillary Clinton considered running herself, but private polls were unfavorable and in the end he ran and was re-elected for the final time.

Clinton served on the boards of the Arkansas Children's Hospital Legal Services (1988–1992) and the Children's Defense Fund (as chair, 1986–1992). In addition to her positions with non-profit organizations, she also held positions on the corporate board of directors of TCBY (1985–1992), Wal-Mart Stores (1986–1992) and Lafarge (1990–1992). TCBY and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were also clients of Rose Law. Clinton was the first female member on Wal-Mart's board, added when chairman Sam Walton was pressured to name one; once there, she pushed successfully for the chain to adopt more environmentally-friendly practices, pushed largely unsuccessfully for more women to be added to the company's management, and was silent about the company's famously anti-labor union practices.

First Lady of the United States

An uncharacteristic First Lady

After her husband became a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination of 1992, Hillary Clinton received popular national attention for the first time. Before the New Hampshire primary, tabloid publications printed claims that Bill Clinton had had an extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers, an Arkansas lounge singer. In response, the Clintons appeared together on 60 Minutes, during which Bill Clinton denied the affair but acknowledged he had caused "pain" in their marriage. (Years later, he would admit that the Flowers affair had happened, but to lesser extent than she claimed.) Hillary Clinton made culturally dismissive remarks about Tammy Wynette and baking cookies and having teas during the campaign that were ill-considered by her own admission. Bill Clinton said that electing him would get "two for the price of one", referring to the prominent role his wife would assume.

When Bill Clinton took office as president in January 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the First Lady of the United States, and announced that she would be using that form of her name. She was the initial first lady to hold a post-graduate degree and to have her own professional career up to the time of entering the White House. She was also the initial first lady to take up an office in the West Wing of the White House, first ladies usually staying in the East Wing. She is regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history, save for Eleanor Roosevelt.

Some critics called it inappropriate for the First Lady to play a central role in matters of public policy. Supporters pointed out that Clinton's role in policy was no different from that of other White House advisors and that voters were well aware that she would play an active role in her husband's Presidency. Bill Clinton's campaign promise of "two for the price of one" led opponents to refer derisively to the Clintons as "co-presidents", or sometimes "Billary". The pressures of conflicting ideas about the role of a First Lady were enough to send Clinton into "imaginary discussions" with the also-politically-active Eleanor Roosevelt; from the time she came to Washington, she also found refuge in a prayer group of The Fellowship that featured many wives of conservative Washington figures. Triggered in part by the death of her father in April 1993, she publicly sought to find a synthesis of Methodist teachings, liberal religious political philosophy, and Tikkun editor Michael Lerner's "politics of meaning" to overcome what she saw as America's "sleeping sickness of the soul" and that would lead to a willingness "to remold society by redefining what it means to be a human being in the twentieth century, moving into a new millennium." Other segments of the public focused on her appearance, which had evolved over time from inattention to fashion during her days in Arkansas, to a popular site in the early days of the World Wide Web devoted to showing her many different, and much analyzed, hairstyles as First Lady, to an appearance on the cover of Vogue magazine in 1998.

Health care and other policy initiatives

In 1993, the president appointed his wife to head and be the chairwoman of the Task Force on National Health Care Reform, hoping to replicate the success she had in leading the effort for Arkansas education reform. The recommendation of the task force became known as the Clinton health care plan, a complex proposal that would mandate employers to provide health coverage to their employees through individual health maintenance organizations. The plan was quickly derided as "Hillarycare" by its opponents; some protesters against it became vitriolic, and during a July 1994 bus tour to rally support for the plan, she was forced to wear a bulletproof vest at times. The plan did not receive enough support for a floor vote in either the House or the Senate, although both chambers were controlled by Democrats, and proposal was abandoned in September of 1994. Clinton later acknowledged in her book, Living History, that her political inexperience partly contributed to the defeat, but mentioned that many other factors were also responsible. The First Lady's approval ratings, which had generally been in the high-50s percent range during her first year, fell to 44 percent in April 1994 and 35 percent by September 1994. Republicans made the Clinton health care plan a major campaign issue of the 1994 midterm elections, which saw a net Republican gain of fifty-three seats in the House election and seven in the Senate election, winning control of both; many analysts and pollsters found the plan to be a major factor in the Democrats' defeat, especially among independent voters. Opponents of universal health care would continue to use "Hillarycare" as a pejorative label for similar plans by others.

Along with Senator Ted Kennedy, she was a major force behind the State Children's Health Insurance Program in 1997, a federal effort that provided state support for children whose parents were unable to provide them with health coverage. She promoted nationwide immunization against childhood illnesses and encouraged older women to seek a mammogram to detect breast cancer, with coverage provided by Medicare. She successfully sought to increase research funding for prostate cancer and childhood asthma at the National Institutes of Health. The First Lady worked to investigate reports of an illness that affected veterans of the Gulf War, which became known as the Gulf War syndrome. Together with Attorney General Janet Reno, Clinton helped create the Office on Violence Against Women at the Department of Justice. In 1997, she initiated and shepherded the Adoption and Safe Families Act, which she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as First Lady. As First Lady, Clinton hosted numerous White House Conferences, including ones on Child Care (1997), Early Childhood Development and Learning (1997), and Children and Adolescents (2000), and the first-ever White House Conferences on Teenagers (2000) and Philanthropy (1999).

Hillary Clinton traveled to over eighty countries during this time, breaking the mark for most-travelled First Lady held by Pat Nixon. In a September 1995 speech before the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Clinton argued very forcefully against practices that abused women around the world and in China itself. She was one of the most prominent international figures at the time to speak out against the treatment of Afghan women by the Islamist fundamentalist Taliban that had seized control of Afghanistan. She helped create Vital Voices, an international initiative sponsored by the United States to promote the participation of women in the political processes of their countries.

Whitewater and other investigations

The Whitewater controversy was the focus of media attention from the publication of a New York Times report during the 1992 presidential campaign, and throughout her time as First Lady. The Clintons had lost their late-1970s investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation; at the same time, their partners in that investment, Jim and Susan McDougal, operated Madison Guaranty, a savings and loan institution that retained the legal services of Rose Law Firm and may have been improperly subsidizing Whitewater losses. Madison Guaranty later failed, and Clinton's work at Rose was scrutinized for a possible conflict of interest in representing the bank before state regulators that her husband had appointed; she claimed she had done minimal work for the bank. Independent counsels Robert Fiske and Kenneth Starr subpoenaed Clinton's legal billing records; she claimed to be unable to produce these records. The records were found in the First Lady's White House book room after a two-year search, and delivered to investigators in early 1996. The delayed appearance of the records sparked intense interest and another investigation about how they surfaced and where they had been; Clinton attributed the problem to disorganization that resulted from their move from the Arkansas Governor's Mansion and the effects of a White House renovation. After the discovery of the records, on January 26, 1996, Clinton made history by becoming the first First Lady to be subpoenaed to testify before a Federal grand jury. After several Independent Counsels investigated, a final report was issued in 2000 which stated that there was insufficient evidence that either Clinton had engaged in criminal wrongdoing.

Other investigations took place during Hillary Clinton's time as First Lady. Scrutiny of the May 1993 firings of the White House Travel Office employees, an affair that became known as "Travelgate", began with charges that the White House had used alleged financial improprieties in the Travel Office operation as an excuse to replace the office staff and give the White House travel business to Arkansas friends of theirs. Over the years the investigation focused more on whether Hillary Clinton had orchestrated the firings and whether the statements she made to investigating authorities regarding her role in the firings were true. The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found that there was substantial evidence that she was involved in the firings and that she had made "factually false" statements, but that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute her. Following deputy White House counsel Vince Foster's July 1993 suicide, allegations were made that Hillary Clinton had ordered the removal of potentially damaging files (related to Whitewater or other matters) from Foster's office on the night of his death. Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr investigated this, and by 1999 Starr was reported to be holding the investigation open, despite his staff having told him there was no case to be made. When Starr's successor Robert Ray issued his final Whitewater reports in 2000, no claims were made against Hillary Clinton regarding this. In March 1994 newspaper reports revealed her spectacular profits from cattle futures trading in 1978–1979; allegations were made of conflict of interest and disguised bribery, and several individuals analyzed her trading records, but no official investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing. An outgrowth of the Travelgate investigation was the June 1996 discovery of improper White House access to hundreds of FBI background reports on former Republican White House employees, an affair that some called "Filegate"; accusations were made that Hillary Clinton had requested these files and that she had recommended hiring an unqualified individual to head the White House Security Office. The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found no substantial or credible evidence that Hillary Clinton had any role or showed any misconduct in the matter.

Lewinsky scandal

In 1998, the Clintons' relationship became the subject of much speculation and gossip when it was revealed that the President had had an extramarital affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. Events surrounding the Lewinsky scandal eventually led to the impeachment of Bill Clinton. When the allegations against her husband were first made public, Hillary Clinton stated that they were the result of a "vast right-wing conspiracy", characterizing the Lewinsky charges as the latest in a long, organized, collaborative series of charges by Clinton political enemies, rather than any wrongdoing by her husband. She later said that she had been misled by her husband's initial claims that no affair had taken place. After the evidence of President Clinton's encounters with Lewinsky became incontrovertible and he admitted to her his unfaithful behavior, she issued a public statement reaffirming her commitment to their marriage, but privately was reportedly furious at him and was unsure if she wanted to stay in the marriage.

There was a mix of public reactions to Hillary Clinton after this: some women admired her strength and poise in private matters made public, some sympathized with her as a victim of her husband's insensitive behavior, others criticized her as being an enabler to her husband's indiscretions by not obtaining a divorce, while still others accused her of cynically staying in a failed marriage as a way of maximizing her own political power. Overall, her public approval ratings in the wake of the revelations shot upward to 71 percent, the highest they had ever been. In her 2003 memoir, she would attribute her decision to stay married to love: "No one understands me better and no one can make me laugh the way Bill does. Even after all these years, he is still the most interesting, energizing and fully alive person I have ever met."

Traditional duties

Clinton initiated and was Founding Chair of the Save America's Treasures program, a national effort that matched federal funds to private donations for the purpose of preserving and restoring historic items and sites, including the flag that inspired the Star Spangled Banner and the First Ladies Historic Site in Canton, Ohio. She was head of the White House Millennium Council, and initiated the Millennium Project with monthly lectures that discuss futures studies, one of which became the first live simultaneous webcast from the White House. Clinton also created the first Sculpture Garden there, which displayed large contemporary American works of art loaned from museums in the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden.

In the White House, Clinton placed donated handicrafts of contemporary American artisans, such as pottery and glassware, on rotating display in the state rooms. She oversaw the restoration of the Blue Room to be historically authentic to the period of James Monroe, the redecoration of the Treaty Room into the presidential study along nineteenth century lines, and the redecoration of the Map Room to how it looked during World War II. Clinton hosted many large-scale events at the White House, such as a St. Patrick's Day reception, a state dinner for visiting Chinese dignitaries, a contemporary music concert that raised funds for music education in public schools, a New Year's Eve celebration at the turn of the twenty-first century, and a state dinner honoring the bicentennial of the White House in November of 2000.

Senate election of 2000

The long-serving United States Senator from New York, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, announced his retirement in November 1998. Several prominent Democratic figures, including Representative Charles Rangel of New York, urged Clinton to run for Moynihan's open seat in the United States Senate election of 2000. When she decided to run, Clinton and her husband purchased a home in Chappaqua, New York, north of New York City in September 1999. She became the first First Lady of the United States to be a candidate for elected office. At first, Clinton was expected to face Rudy Giuliani, the Mayor of New York City, as her Republican opponent in the election. However, Giuliani withdrew from the race after being diagnosed with prostate cancer, and Clinton instead faced Rick Lazio, a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing New York's 2nd congressional district. Throughout the campaign and during debates, Clinton was accused of carpetbagging by her opponents, as she had never resided in New York nor participated in the state's politics prior to this race. However, there was precedent for her action: New York had elected Robert F. Kennedy senator in 1964 despite similar accusations. Clinton began her campaign by visiting every county in the state, in a "listening tour" of small-group settings. During the campaign, she devoted considerable time in traditionally Republican Upstate New York regions. Clinton vowed to improve the economic situation in those areas, promising to deliver 200,000 jobs to the state over her term. Her plan included specific tax credits to reward job creation and encourage business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. She called for personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care.

The contest drew national attention and both candidates were well-funded. Clinton secured a broad base of support, including endorsements from conservation groups and organized labor, but not the New York City police and firefighters' unions. By the date of the election, the campaigns of Clinton and Lazio, along with Giuliani's initial effort, had spent a combined $78 million. Clinton won the election on November 7, 2000, with 55 percent of the vote to Lazio's 43 percent. She was sworn in as United States Senator on January 3, 2001.

United States Senator

First term

Upon entering the United States Senate, Clinton maintained a low public profile while building relationships with senators from both parties, to avoid the polarizing celebrity she experienced as First Lady. Clinton also forged alliances with religiously-inclined senators by becoming a regular participant in the Senate Prayer Breakfast.

Clinton has served on five Senate committees: Committee on Budget (2001–2002), Committee on Armed Services (since 2003), Committee on Environment and Public Works (since 2001), Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions(since 2001) and Special Committee on Aging. She is also a Commissioner of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (since 2001).

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, Clinton sought to obtain funding for the recovery efforts in New York City and security improvements in her state. Working with New York's senior senator, Charles Schumer, she was instrumental in quickly securing $21.4 billion in funding for the World Trade Center site's redevelopment. She subsequently took a leading role in investigating the health issues faced by 9/11 first responders. Clinton voted for the USA Patriot Act in October 2001, as did all but one senator. In 2005, when the act was up for renewal, she worked to address some of the civil liberties concerns with it, before voting in favor of a compromise renewed act in March 2006 that gained large majority support.

As a member of the Senate Committee on Armed Services, Clinton strongly supported military action in Afghanistan, saying it was a chance to combat terrorism while improving the lives of Afghan women who suffered under the Taliban government. Clinton voted in favor of the October 2002 Iraq War Resolution, which authorized United States President George W. Bush to use military force against Iraq, should such action be required to enforce a United Nations Security Council Resolution after pursuing with diplomatic efforts. (However, Clinton voted against the Levin Amendment to the Resolution, which would have required the President to conduct vigorous diplomacy at the U.N., and would have also required a separate Congressional authorization to unilaterally invade Iraq. She did vote for the Byrd Amendment to the Resolution, which would have limited the Congressional authorization to one year increments, but the only mechanism necessary for the President to renew his mandate without any Congressional oversight was to claim that the Iraq War was vital to national security each year the authorization required renewal.)

After the Iraq War began, Clinton made trips to both Iraq and Afghanistan to visit American troops stationed there, such as the 10th Mountain Division based in Fort Drum, New York. On a visit to Iraq in February 2005, Clinton noted that the insurgency had failed to disrupt the democratic elections held earlier, and that parts of the country were functioning well. Noting that war deployments are draining regular and reserve forces, she co-introduced legislation to increase the size of the regular United States Army by 80,000 soldiers to ease the strain. In late 2005, Clinton said that while immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be a mistake, Bush's pledge to stay "until the job is done" is also misguided, as it gives Iraqis "an open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves." She criticized the administration for making poor decisions in the war, but added that it was more important to solve the problems in Iraq. This centrist and somewhat vague stance caused frustration among those in the Democratic party who favor immediate withdrawal. Clinton supported retaining and improving health benefits for veterans, and lobbied against the closure of several military bases.

Senator Clinton voted against the tax cuts introduced by President Bush, including the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, saying it was fiscally irresponsible to reopen the budget deficit.

Clinton voted in 2005 against the confirmation of John Roberts as Chief Justice of the United States, and in 2006 against the nomination of Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court; both were confirmed. In 2005, Clinton called for the Federal Trade Commission to investigate how hidden sex scenes showed up in the controversial video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. Along with Senators Joe Lieberman and Evan Bayh, she introduced the Family Entertainment Protection Act, intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. In July 2004 and June 2006, Clinton voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment that sought to prohibit same-sex marriage. The proposed constitutional amendment fell well short of passage on both occasions.

Looking to establish a "progressive infrastructure" to rival that of American conservatism, Clinton played a formative role in conversations that led to the 2003 founding of former Clinton administration chief of staff John Podesta's Center for American Progress; shared aides with Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, founded in 2003; advised and nurtured the Clintons' former antagonist David Brock's Media Matters for America, created in 2004; and following the 2004 Senate elections, successfully pushed new Democratic Senate leader Harry Reid to create a Senate war room to handle daily political messaging.

Reelection campaign of 2006

In November 2004, Clinton announced that she would seek a second term in the United States Senate. The early frontrunner for the Republican nomination, Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro, withdrew from the contest after several months of poor campaign performance. Clinton easily won the Democratic nomination over opposition from anti-war activist Jonathan Tasini. Clinton's eventual opponents in the general election were Republican candidate John Spencer, a former mayor of Yonkers, along with several third-party candidates. Throughout the campaign, Clinton consistently led Spencer in the polls by wide margins. She won the election on 7 November with 67 percent of the vote to Spencer's 31 percent, carrying all but four of New York's sixty-two counties. Clinton spent $36 million towards her reelection, more than any other candidate for Senate in the 2006 elections. She was criticized by some Democrats for spending too much in a one-sided contest, while some supporters were concerned she did not leave more funds for a potential presidential bid in 2008. In the following months she transferred $10 million of her Senate funds towards her now-official presidential campaign.

Second term

Clinton opposed the Iraq War troop surge of 2007 and supported a February 2007 non-binding Senate resolution against it, which failed to gain cloture. In March 2007 she voted in favor of a war spending bill that required President Bush to begin withdrawing troops from Iraq within a certain deadline; it passed almost completely along party lines but was subsequently vetoed by President Bush. In May 2007 a compromise war funding bill that removed withdrawal deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks for the Iraqi government passed the Senate by a vote of 80-14 and would be signed by Bush; Clinton was one of those that voted against it. Clinton responded to General David Petraeus's September 2007 Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief." In September 2007 she voted in favor of a Senate resolution calling on the State Department to label the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps "a foreign terrorist organization", which passed 76-22.

In March 2007, in response to the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy, Clinton called on Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to resign, and launched an Internet campaign to gain petition signatures towards this end. In May and June 2007, regarding the high-profile, hotly debated comprehensive immigration reform bill known as the Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007, Clinton cast a number of votes in support of the bill, which eventually failed to gain cloture.

Clinton has enjoyed high approval ratings for her job as senator within New York, reaching an all-time high of 72 to 74 percent approving (including half of Republicans) over 23 to 24 percent disapproving in December 2006, before her presidential campaign became active; by August 2007, after a half year of campaigning, it was still 64 percent over 34 percent.

Presidential campaign of 2008

Template:Future election candidate

Clinton had been mentioned as a potential candidate for United States President since at least October 2002. She has been ranked among the world's most powerful people by Forbes magazine and Time magazine's Time 100. On January 20 2007, Clinton announced on her Web site the formation of a presidential exploratory committee, with the intention to become a candidate for president in the United States presidential election of 2008. In her announcement, she stated, "I'm in. And I'm in to win." No woman has ever been nominated by a major party for President of the United States; Clinton is also the first wife of an American president to run for the office.

Clinton led the field of candidates competing for the Democratic nomination in opinion polls for the election throughout the first half of 2007. Most polls placed Senator Barack Obama of Illinois and former Senator John Edwards of North Carolina as Clinton's closest competitors in the early caucus and primary election states. Clinton set records for early fundraising, which Obama then topped in the following months before Clinton later regained the money lead; but Clinton generally maintained her lead in the polls. By September 2007, opinion polling in the first six states holding Democratic primaries or caucuses showed that Clinton was leading in all of them, with the races being closest in Iowa and South Carolina. By October 2007, national polls had Clinton far ahead of any Democratic competitor. At the end of October, Clinton suffered what writers for The Washington Post, ABC News, The Politico, and other outlets characterized as a rare poor debate performance as she was attacked by Obama, Edwards, and her other opponents.

In April 2007, the Clintons liquidated a blind trust that had been established when he became president in 1993, in order to avoid the possibility of ethical conflicts or political embarrassments in the trust as Hillary Clinton undertook her presidential race; later disclosure statements revealed that the couple's worth was now upwards of $50 million.

In late August 2007, a major contributor to, and "bundler" for, Clinton's campaign, called a "HillRaiser", Norman Hsu, was revealed to be a 15-years-long fugitive in an investment fraud case. He was also suspected of having broken campaign finance law regarding his bundling collections. The Clinton campaign first said it would donate to charity the $23,000 that Hsu personally contributed to her, then said it would refund to 260 donors the full $850,000 in bundled donations raised by Hsu. Hsu was subsequently indicted on new investment fraud charges.

Political positions

In terms of public perception of her views, in a Gallup poll conducted during May 2005, 54% of respondents considered Senator Clinton a liberal, 30% considered her a moderate, and 9% considered her a conservative.

Several organizations have attempted to scientifically measure her place on the political spectrum:

• National Journal's 2004 study of roll-call votes assigned Clinton a rating of 30 in the political spectrum, relative to the then-current Senate, with a rating of 1 being most liberal and 100 being most conservative.

• A 2004 analysis by three political scientists found her to be likely the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal Senator.

• The Almanac of American Politics, edited by Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen, rated her votes from 2003 through 2006 as liberal or conservative, with 100 as the highest rating, in three areas: Economic, Social, and Foreign; aggregated for the four years, the ratings are: Economic = 75 liberal, 23 conservative; Social = 83 liberal, 6 conservative; Foreign = 66 liberal, 30 conservative. Average = 75 liberal, 20 conservative.

Various interest groups have given Senator Clinton scores or grades as to how well her votes align with the positions of the group:

• Through 2006, she has a lifetime 96% "Liberal Quotient" from Americans for Democratic Action.
• ProgressivePunch gives her a 91.4% lifetime progressive rating, ranking her the 28th most progressive of current senators.
• Through 2006, she has a lifetime 9% rating from the American Conservative Union.
• She received an 'A' (excellent) on the Drum Major Institute's 2005 Congressional Scorecard on middle-class issues.
• The American Civil Liberties Union has given her a 75% lifetime rating through September 2007.
• NARAL Pro-Choice America consistently gave her a 100% pro-choice rating from 2002 to 2006.
• Americans for Better Immigration has given her a lifetime grade of 'D-' (very near failing) through October 2007 on their Immigration-Reduction Report Card.
• The National Rifle Association gave her an 'F' (failing) rating in 2006 for her stance on Second Amendment issues.

Writings and recordings

As First Lady of the United States, Clinton published a weekly syndicated newspaper column entitled "Talking It Over" from 1995 to 2000, distributed by Creators Syndicate. It focused on her experiences and those of women, children and families she encountered during her travels around the world.

In 1996, Clinton presented a vision for the children of America in the book It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us. The book was a New York Times Best Seller, and Clinton received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 1997 for the book's audio recording. The title refers to an African proverb that states "It takes a village to raise a child".

Other books released by Clinton when she was First Lady include Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998) and An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000). In 2001, she wrote the foreword to the children's book Beatrice's Goat.

In 2003, Clinton released a 562-page autobiography, Living History. In anticipation of high sales, publisher Simon & Schuster paid Clinton a record advance of $8 million. The book sold more than one million copies in the first month following publication and was translated into twelve foreign languages.

Clinton's audio recording of the book earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Spoken Word Album.

Cultural and political image

Observers have consistently characterized Hillary Clinton as a polarizing figure in American politics. By 1992, during her husband's presidential campaign, a reporter asked her, "Some people think of you as an inspiring female attorney mother, and other people think of you as the overbearing yuppie wife from hell. How would you describe yourself?" Political operatives said she could be easily seen as either a positive role model or a nagging "hall monitor" type. The polarized response to Clinton ran along both political and cultural lines. In 1995, after the failure of her health care reform initiative, New York Times reporter Todd Purdum labelled Hillary Clinton "a complex and polarizing figure in public opinion," and "the First Lady as Rorschach test;" the latter assessment was echoed by feminist writer and activist Betty Friedan.

In part, this led from her background and her new role. Colorado State University communication studies professor Karrin Vasby Anderson describes the First Lady position as a "site" for American womanhood, one ready made for the symbolic negotiation of female identity. In particular there has been a cultural bias towards traditional first ladies and a cultural prohibition against modern first ladies; by the time of Clinton, the First Lady position had become a site of heterogeneity and paradox. Nowhere was this paradox more evident than when Clinton achieved her highest approval ratings as First Lady late in 1998, not for any professional or political achievement of her own but for being seen as the victim of her husband's very public infidelity. University of Pennsylvania communications professor Kathleen Hall Jamieson saw Hillary Clinton as an exemplar of the double bind, who though able to live in a "both-and" world of both career and family, nevertheless "became a surrogate on whom we projected our attitudes about attributes once thought incompatible," leading to her being placed in a variety of no-win situations. The world of political cartoons also played in the symbolic negotiation: University of Indianapolis English professor Charlotte Templin found cartoonists using a variety of stereotypes such as gender reversal, radical feminist as emasculator, and the wife the husband wants to get rid of, to portray Hillary Clinton as violating gender norms.

Over fifty books and scholarly works have been written about Hillary Clinton, from many different angles. There has been a cottage industry in attack books against her, put out by Regnery Publishing and its brethren, with lurid subtitles such as Madame Hillary: The Dark Road to the White House, Hillary's Scheme: Inside the Next Clinton's Ruthless Agenda to Take the White House, and Can She Be Stopped? : Hillary Clinton Will Be the Next President of the United States Unless .... When she ran for Senate in 2000, a number of fundraising groups with dire-sounding names such as Save Our Senate and the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham Clinton sprang up. She was a reliable bogeyman of Republican and conservative fundraising letters, on a par with Ted Kennedy and the equivalent of Democratic beggings to fear about Newt Gingrich.

By the 2000s she had escaped the First Lady role for the Senate, but her polarizing image largely remained. In 2006, before her presidential campaign began in earnest, Time magazine's Ana Marie Cox said "she may be the most polarizing figure on the current political landscape," NPR's Daniel Schorr said that, in light of her qualities as a public figure and candidate, her polarizing force made her the "great political paradox of our time," and historian Gil Troy titled his biography of her Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady. A Time magazine cover that year showed a large picture of her, with two checkboxes labeled "Love Her", "Hate Her", while Mother Jones titled its Jack Hitt-written profile of her "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary". A typical public opinion poll reporting Hillary Clinton's favorability versus unfavorability showed large percentages in both camps, few undecided, and none who did not know who she is. By the time of her presidential campaign for 2008, however, there were a few signs that her polarizing quality be abating. Democratic netroots activists consistently rated Clinton very low in polls of their desired candidates, while some conservative figures such as Bruce Bartlett and Christopher Ruddy were declaring a Hillary Clinton presidency not so bad after all and an October 2007 cover of The American Conservative magazine was titled "The Waning Power of Hillary Hate".

Awards and honors

Clinton has received over a dozen awards and honors during her career, from both American and international organizations, for her activities concerning health, women, and children.

Electoral history

Further reading

See also

• Political positions of Hillary Rodham Clinton
• Hillary Rodham Clinton presidential campaign, 2008

Footnotes and references

1. In 1995, Hillary Clinton said her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, co-first-climber of Mount Everest, and that was the reason for the unusual "two L's" spelling. However, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. Critics have used the discrepancy as evidence that she is prone to fabrications. In October 2006, a Clinton spokeswoman said she was not in fact named after the mountain climber, rather "It was a sweet family story her mother shared to inspire greatness in her daughter, to great results I might add." See Danny Hakim (2006-10-17). "Hillary, Not as in the Mount Everest Guy". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help), and Rachel Alexander (2006-02-12). "How to Beat Hillary in 2008". Intellectual Conservative. Retrieved 2007-09-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
2. "Edgewater Hospital 1929–2001". Edgewater Historical Society. Summer 2003. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
3. Clinton, Hillary Rodham (2003). Living History. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2224-5., p. 7.
4. ^ Living History, p. 9.
5. Living History, p. 4.
6. Living History, p. 8.
7. Living History, p. 2.
8. ^ "Hillary Clinton's Education". Hillary-Rodham-Clinton.org. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
9. ^ Dr. Doug Kelly. "Hillary Clinton's High School Yearbook". Retrieved 2007-06-01.
10. ^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton". White House. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
11. ^ Brock, David (2006). "The Seduction of Hillary Rodham (excerpt from the book)". Retrieved 2007-02-05.
12. Gerth, Jeff (2007). Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-01742-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help), p. 19.
13. Middendorf, J. William (2006). Glorious Disaster: Barry Goldwater's Presidential Campaign And the Origins of the Conservative Movement. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04573-1. p. 266.
14. Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, pp. 18–21. The teacher, Paul Carlson, and the minister, Donald Jones, came into conflict with each in Park Ridge; Clinton would later see that "as an early indication of the cultural, political and religious fault lines that developed across America in the forty years." Living History, p. 23.
15. Hillary Rodham Clinton (1992-05-29). "Hillary Rodham Clinton Remarks to Wellesley College Class of 1992". Wellesley College. Retrieved 2007-06-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
16. ^ Living History, p. 31.
17. "Wellesley College Republicans: History and Purpose". 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2007-06-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Gives organization's prior name.
18. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 50. Bernstein states she believed this combination was possible and that no equation better describes the adult Hillary Clinton.
19. Living History, p. 32.
20. ^ Leibovich, Mark (2007-09-07). "In Turmoil of '68, Clinton Found a New Voice". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
21. Living History, p. 34.
22. ^ Rodham, Hillary D. (1969-05-31). "Wellesley College 1969 Student Commencement Speech". Wellesley College. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
23. Dedman, Bill (2007-03-02). "Reading Hillary Rodham's hidden thesis". MSNBC.com. Retrieved 2007-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
24. Living History, pp. 38–39.
25. "Brooke Speech Challenged by Graduate". Fitchburg Sentinel. 1969-06-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
26. "Brooke Speech Draws Reply". Nevada State Journal. 1969-06-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
27. Bernstein, Carl (2007). A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-3754-0766-9. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help), p. 70.
28. Living History, pp. 42–43. Clinton would later write, and repeat on the Late Show with David Letterman, that sliming fish was the best preparation she would ever have for living in Washington.
29. Morris, Roger (1996). Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America. Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-2804-8. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help), p. 139.
30. ^ "Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (1947–)". The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
31. ^ Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, pp. 42–43.
32. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 75.
33. The authors of Beyond the Best Interests of the Child were Center director Al Solnit, Yale Law professor Joe Goldstein, and Anna Freud.
34. Morris, Partners in Power, pp. 142–143.
35. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 71–74.
36. Gerth and Van Natta Jr., Her Way, p. 46.
37. Living History, pp. 54–55.
38. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 82–83.
39. Anti-Clinton writers such as Barbara Olson would later charge Hillary Clinton with never repudiating Treuhaft's ideology, and for retaining social and political ties with his wife and fellow communist Jessica Mitford. See Barbara Olson (1999). Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 0-89526-197-9. pp. 56–57.
40. Gerth and Van Natta Jr., Her Way, p. 48–49.
41. Living History, pp. 58–60.
42. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 89.
43. ^ "First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
44. Rodham, Hillary (1973). "Children Under the Law". Harvard Educational Review: 496. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
45. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 91–92.
46. "Adults Urge Children's Rights". The Arizona Sentinel. 1974-10-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
47. Living History, pp. 65–69.
48. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 94–96, 101–103.
49. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 62.
50. Maraniss, David (1995). First In His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-87109-9. {{cite book}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help) p. 277.
51. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 90, 120.
52. Living History, p. 64. According to Carl Bernstein's 2007 biography, two-thirds (551 of 817) of the takers of the D.C. exam had passed, and Rodham did not tell even close friends of the failure until revealing it thirty years later in her autobiography. See A Woman in Charge, p. 92.
53. Living History, p. 69.
54. Living History, p. 70.
55. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 62, 90, 117.
56. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 120.
57. Living History, p. 75.
58. Living History, pp. 91–92.
59. Living History, p. 78.
60. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 128. The firm was actually called Rose, Nash, Williamson, Carroll, Clay & Giroir at the time; it simplified its name to Rose Law Firm in 1980.
61. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 130.
62. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 133.
63. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 131–132.
64. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 154.
65. Living History, pp. 77–78.
66. "Jimmy Carter: Nominations Submitted to the Senate, Week Ending Friday, December 16th, 1977". American Presidency Project. Retrieved 2007-09-03.
67. "Ronald Reagan: Recess Appointment of Three Members of the Board of Directors of the Legal Services Corporation". American Presidency Project. 1982-01-22. Retrieved 2007-09-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
68. The dates are in dispute: from 1978 according to Barbara Olson, Hell to Pay: The Unfolding Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton, Regnery Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0-89526-197-9. p. 128; from 1979 according to National Equal Justice Library, Oral Histories: "First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton discussing her experiences as Chair of the Legal Services Corporation Board of Directors from 1979–80"; and through at least part of 1980, according to House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of State, Justice, Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1980, U.S. House of Representatives hearings. The Chair of the Legal Services Corporation from 1980–1981 was F. William McCalpin, according to his law firm biography. Bill Clinton says she became Board Chair when she was twenty-nine years old (i.e. before 1978).
69. Morris, Partners in Power, p. 225.
70. "Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton (NY)". Retrieved 2007-09-25.
71. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 147.
72. ^ Stephen Labaton (1994-02-26). "Rose Law Firm, Arkansas Power, Slips as It Steps Onto a Bigger Stage". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-20. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
73. "Hillary Rodham Clinton". Edwardsly.com. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
74. ^ Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, pp. 66–67.
75. Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, pp. 73–76.
76. Bill Clinton's advisors thought her separate name to be one of the reasons behind his 1980 gubernatorial re-election loss. During the following winter, Vernon Jordan suggested to Hillary Rodham that she start using Clinton as her name, and she began to do so publicly with Bill Clinton's February 1982 campaign announcement. She later wrote that "I learned the hard way that some voters in Arkansas were seriously offended by the fact that I kept my maiden name." Living History, pp. 91–93; see also Morris, Partners in Power, p. 282.
77. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 166.
78. "Hillary Chairs Arkansas Educational Standards Committee · 1982 - 1992". Retrieved 2007-09-25.
79. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 170–175. Bernstein states that "the political battle for education reform ... would be her greatest accomplishment in public life until she was elected to the U.S. Senate."
80. "Hillary Clinton Guides Movement to Change Public Education in Arkansas". The Arkansas News. Spring 1993. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
81. Kearney, Janis F. (2006). Conversations: William Jefferson Clinton, from Hope to Harlem. Writing Our World Press. ISBN 0976205815. p. 295.
82. "Hillary Rodham Clinton". Scholastic Press. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
83. Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, p. 63.
84. Gerth, Van Natta Jr., pp. 80–81.
85. ^ Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, pp. 82–84.
86. ^ "Hillary Clinton: A political fighter". BBC News. 2000-10-25. Retrieved 2007-09-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
87. "Clinton, Hillary Rodham". 300 Women who Changed the World. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
88. Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, p. 85.
89. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 187–189.
90. "Hon. Hillary Rodham Clinton". FindLaw. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
91. "Board of Directors Emeritus". Children's Defense Fund. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
92. "Hillary Rodham Clinton". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-05-30. Bio entry.
93. ^ Harkavy, Ward (2000-05-24). "Wal-Mart's First Lady". The Village Voice. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
94. Picard, Ken (2005-05-04). "Vermonters to Hillary: Don't Tread on Us". Seven Days. Retrieved 2007-05-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
95. ^ Michael Barbaro (2007-05-20). "As a Director, Clinton Moved Wal-Mart Board, but Only So Far". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
96. "Clintons to Rebut Rumors on "60 Minutes"". The New York Times. 1992-01-25. Retrieved 2007-03-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
97. "In 1992, Clinton Conceded Marital 'Wrongdoing'". The Washington Post. 1992-01-26. Retrieved 2007-03-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
98. "Paula Jones challenges Clinton to debate". CNN. 2004-06-30. Retrieved 2007-09-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
99. During the political damage control over the Gennifer Flowers episode during the 1992 campaign, Hillary Clinton said in a joint 60 Minutes interview, "I'm not sitting here as some little woman 'standing by my man' like Tammy Wynette. I'm sitting here because I love him and I respect him, and I honor what he's been through and what we've been through together." The seemingly sneering reference to country music provoked immediate criticism that Clinton was culturally tone-deaf, and Tammy Wynette herself did not like the remark because her classic song "Stand by Your Man" is not written in the first person. See "2000: Hillary Clinton is first First Lady in Senate". BBC. 2000-11-07. Retrieved 2007-10-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Wynette further said that Clinton had "offended every true country music fan and every person who has 'made it on their own' with no one to take them to a White House." See "Tammy Wynette, country music's first lady, dies at 55". CNN.com. 1998-04-07. Retrieved 2007-10-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) A few days later, on Prime Time Live, Clinton apologized to Wynette. Clinton would later write that she had not been careful in her choice of words and that "the fallout from my reference to Tammy Wynette was instant — as it deserved to be — and brutal." See Living History, p. 108. The two women patched things up, with Wynette appearing later at a Clinton fund raiser.
100. Less than two months after the Tammy Wynette remarks, Hillary Clinton was facing questions about whether she could have avoided possible conflicts of interest between her Governor husband and work given to the Rose Law Firm, when she remarked, "I've done the best I can to lead my life ... You know, I suppose I could have stayed home and baked cookies and had teas, but what I decided to do was fulfill my profession, which I entered before my husband was in public life." See Living History, p. 109. The "cookies and teas" part of this prompted even more culture-based criticism, objecting to Clinton's apparent distaste for women who had chosen a homemaker role in life. See "Hillary Clinton". Miller Center of Public Affairs. University of Virginia. Retrieved 2007-10-01. Clinton subsequently offered up some cookie recipes as a way of making amends, and would later write of her chagrin: "Besides, I've done quite a lot of cookie baking in my life, and tea-pouring too!" Living History, p. 109.
101. "First Lady: Biography". AmericanPresident.org. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
102. Anthony York (1999-07-08). "On her own". Salon magazine. Retrieved 2007-07-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Her announcement was parodied by the May 1993 film spoof Hot Shots! Part Deux, in which all the female characters were given the middle name "Rodham"; see IMDB entry.
103. First post-graduate degree through regular study and scholarly work. Eleanor Roosevelt had been previously awarded a post-graduate honorary degree. Clinton's successor Laura Bush became the second first lady with a post-graduate degree.
104. ^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton", Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved on August 22, 2006.
105. Rajghatta, Chidanand (1st quarter 2004). "First Lady President?". Verve magazine. 12 (1). {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
106. Peart, Karen N. "The First Lady: Homemaker or Policy-Maker?". Scholastic Press. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
107. Greenberg, Paul (1999-07-15). "Israel's new friend: Hillary, born-again Zionist". Jewish World Review. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
108. "A perilous portmanteau?". Language Log. 2005-11-01. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
109. The Eleanor Roosevelt "discussions" were first reported in 1996 by Washington Post writer Bob Woodward; they had begun from the start of Hillary Clinton's time as First Lady. See "Adviser downplays Hillary Clinton's conversations with Eleanor Roosevelt". CNN.com. 1996-06-24. Retrieved 2007-10-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Following the Democrats' loss of congressional control in the 1994 elections, Clinton had engaged the services of self help expert Jean Houston, who allegedly sometimes dabbled in psychic experiences, spirits, trances, and hypnosis. Houston encouraged Clinton to pursue the Roosevelt connection, and while none of these psychic techniques were used with Clinton, critics and comics immediately suggested that Clinton was holding séances with Eleanor Roosevelt. The White House stated that this was merely a brainstorming exercise, and a private poll later indicated that most of the public believed these were indeed just imaginary conversations, with the remainder believing that communication with the dead was actually possible. See Francis Wheen (2000-07-26). "Never mind the pollsters". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-10-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) In her 2003 autobiography, Clinton titled an entire chapter "Conversations with Eleanor", and stated that holding "imaginary conversations actually a useful mental exercise to help analyze problems, provided you choose the right person to visualize. Eleanor Roosevelt was ideal ." See Living History, pp. 258–259.
110. ^ Kathryn Joyce and Jeff Sharlet (September/October 2007). "Hillary's Prayer: Hillary Clinton's Religion and Politics". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2007-10-10. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
111. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 313–314.
112. Michael Kelly (1993-05-23). "St. Hillary". The New York Times Magazine. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
113. Priscilla Painton (1993-05-31). "The Politics of What?". Time. Retrieved 2007-10-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
114. Living History, pp. 110–111.
115. Postrel, Virginia (2004). The Substance of Style: How the Rise of Aesthetic Value Is Remaking Commerce, Culture, and Consciousness. HarperCollins. ISBN 0060933852. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)CS1 maint: year (link) pp. 72–73.
116. "Forget the Primaries: Vote for Hillary's Hair". Associated Press. 1996-03-02. Retrieved 2007-09-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
117. "Fashionable first lady — Hillary strikes a pose for Vogue". CNN. 1998-11-24. Retrieved 2007-09-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
118. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 400–402.
119. Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, pp. 139–140.
120. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 240, 380, 530. The Whitewater investigations were also a factor in her decline.
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123. Klein, Joe (2005-12-04). "The Republican Who Thinks Big on Health Care". Time. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
124. Beth Fouhy (2007-10-05). "Hillary Claims Credit for Child Program". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-10-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
125. "Remarks by First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton at Medicare Mammography Awareness Campaign Kick-off". The White House. 1995-05-01. Retrieved 2007-03-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
126. "Clinton, Hillary Rodham: Address to the White House Conference on Child Care". 1997-10-23. Retrieved 2007-09-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
127. "Remarks by the President and the First Lady at White House Conference on Early Child Development and Learning". 1997-04-17. Retrieved 2007-09-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
128. "White House Conference on Children and Adolescents". 2000-04-26. Retrieved 2007-09-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
129. "White House convenes conference on teen-agers". CNN. 2000-05-02. Retrieved 2007-09-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
130. Hillary Rodham Clinton (1999-10-27). "Talking It Over". Creators Syndicate. Retrieved 2007-09-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
131. David Jackson (2007-10-09). "First ladies often involved in husband's foreign policy". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
132. "First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon". National First Ladies' Library. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
133. Patrick Tyler (1995-09-06). "Hillary Clinton, In China, Details Abuse of Women". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-03-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
134. "Feminist Majority Joins European Parliament's Call to End Gender Apartheid in Afghanistan". Feminist Majority. Spring 1998. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
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136. "Vital Voices — Our History". 2000. Retrieved 2007-03-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
137. ^ Jeff Gerth (1992-03-08). "Clintons Joined S.& L. Operator In an Ozark Real-Estate Venture". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-04-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
138. ^ Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, pp. 72–73.
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141. ^ Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, pp. 158–160.
142. Living History, p. 331
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145. "Cast of Characters". CNN. 1997-07-04. Retrieved 2007-01-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
146. "Ray: Insufficient evidence to prosecute Clintons in Whitewater probe". CNN. 2000-09-20. Retrieved 2007-09-26. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
147. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 327–328.
148. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 439–444.
149. Jane Hughes (2000-06-23). "Hillary escapes 'Travelgate' charges". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-08-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
150. "Opening the Flood Gates?". NewsHour. 1996-06-18. Retrieved 2007-09-26. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
151. Bob Woodward (1999-06-15). "A Prosecutor Bound by Duty". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-09-26. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
152. "Statement by Independent Counsel on Conclusions in Whitewater Investigation". The New York Times. 2000-09-21. Retrieved 2007-10-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
153. Jeff Gerth, others (1994-03-18). "Top Arkansas Lawyer Helped Hillary Clinton Turn Big Profit". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
154. ^ Claudia Rosett (2000-10-26). "Hillary's Bull Market". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2007-07-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
155. ^ "Independent counsel: No evidence to warrant prosecution against first lady in 'filegate'". CNN. 2000-07-28. Retrieved 2007-09-26. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
156. "'Filegate' Depositions Sought From White House Aides". CNN. 1998-04-01. Retrieved 2007-09-26. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
157. "Starr Report: Nature of President Clinton's Relationship with Monica Lewinsky". U.S. G.P.O. 1998-09-08. Retrieved 2007-01-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
158. "Hillary Clinton: 'This Is A Battle'". CNN. 1998-01-27. Retrieved 2006-08-29. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
159. Clinton was referring to the Arkansas Project and its funder Richard Mellon Scaife, Kenneth Starr's connections to Scaife, Regnery Publishing and its connections to Lucianne Goldberg and Linda Tripp, Jerry Falwell, and others. See Walter Kirn (1998-02-09). "Persecuted or Paranoid? A look at the motley characters behind Hillary Clinton's 'vast right-wing conspiracy'". Time. Retrieved 2007-10-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
160. "Interview with Hillary Rodham Clinton". Larry King Live. CNN. 2003-06-10. Retrieved 2007-09-26. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
161. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 517.
162. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, pp. 512, 518.
163. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 521.
164. Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, p. 195.
165. Anthony York (2000-11-02). ""Get on your broomstick and go home!"". Salon.com. Retrieved 2007-10-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
166. ^ Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, p. 195.
167. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 530.
168. "Hillary and Bill: "It Works"". AdvisorTeam.com. Retrieved 2006-08-29.
169. "Save America's Treasures — About Us". Retrieved 2007-03-23.
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171. "Remarks By First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton at The Sculpture Garden Reception". The White House. 1996-01-05. Retrieved 2007-03-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
172. Graff, Henry Franklin (2002). The Presidents: A Reference History. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684312263. p. liii.
173. ^ Lindsay, Rae (2001). The Presidents' First Ladies. R & R Writers/Agents. ISBN 0965375331. pp. 248–249.
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175. "Clinton Is Welcome in Harlem". Congressman Charles Rangel, Washington D.C. Office. 2001-02-14. Retrieved 2007-03-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
176. Adam Nagourney (1999-09-03). "With Some Help, Clintons Purchase a White House". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-06-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
177. Adam Nagourney (2000-09-10). "In a Kennedy's Legacy, Lessons and Pitfalls For Hillary Clinton; Carpetbagger Issue Has Echoes of '64, But Differences Could Prove Crucial". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
178. Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, p. 210.
179. ^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton scores historic win in New York". CNN. 2000-11-08. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
180. For example, the Sierra Club Randal C. Archibold (2000-09-06). "Hillary Clinton Is Endorsed By Sierra Club as Better Ally". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
181. Steven Greenhouse (2000-09-10). "Hillary Clinton Stars, Unrivaled, at Labor Day Parade". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
182. Elisabeth Bumiller (2000-09-08). "Police Union Backs Lazio, Citing First Lady's Statement". Retrieved 2007-10-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
183. "Clinton wins endorsement of city's firefighter unions". Associated Press. 2006-04-19. Retrieved 2007-10-06. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
184. "Federal Elections 2000: U.S. Senate results". Federal Election Commission. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
185. Chaddock, Gail Russell (2003-03-10). "Clinton's quiet path to power". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
186. Hunt, Albert R. (2001-04-07). "A Tale of Two Clintons". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
187. Kuhn, Martin (2001-07-26). "Sen. Clinton Stresses Chronic Disease Needs". National Press Club. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
188. Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 548.
189. ^ "Senate Temporary Committee Chairs". University of Michigan Documents Center. 2001-05-24. Retrieved 2007-05-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
190. ^ Jeff Gerth, Don Van Natta, Jr. (2007-05-29). "Hillary's War". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2007-05-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
191. "Committees". Official Senate web site. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
192. "About the Commission: Commissioners". Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
193. "Senate, House appoint Helsinki commissioners". The Ukrainian Weekly. 2001-05-20. Retrieved 2007-09-29. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
194. Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, pp. 231–232.
195. Bernstein, A Woman In Charge, p. 548.
196. William C. Thompson, Jr. (2002-09-04). "Remarks Prepared for Delivery Association for a Better New York". Retrieved 2007-04-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
197. For example, "Senator Clinton Calls on President Bush to Sign Emergency Designation to Provide Aid to Ground Zero Workers and Volunteers". Official Senate web site. 2002-08-05. Retrieved 2007-10-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
198. "Statement of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton on the USA Patriot Act Reauthorization Conference Report". Official Senate web site. 2005-12-16. Retrieved 2007-09-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
199. "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 109th Congress - 2nd Session ... On the Conference Report (H.R. 3199 Conference Report)". United States Senate. 2006-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
200. Clinton, Hillary (2001-11-24). "New Hope For Afghanistan's Women". Attacks on World Trade Center/Pentagon. Time. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
201. "Clinton says insurgency is failing". Associated Press. 2005-02-19. Retrieved 2006-08-29. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
202. Turner, Douglas (2005-07-14). "Clinton wants increase in size of regular Army". The Buffalo News. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help) (no longer free)
203. Fitzgerald, Jim (2005-11-21). "Hillary Clinton says immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be 'a big mistake'". Associated Press. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
204. Balz, Dan (2005-12-12). "Hillary Clinton Crafts Centrist Stance on War". The Washington Post. p. A01. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
205. Meadows, Susannah (2005-12-12). "Hillary's Military Offensive". Newsweek. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
206. "Statement of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton on the Nomination of John Roberts to be Chief Justice of the United States". Clinton.Senate.gov. 2005-09-22. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
207. Groppe, Maureen (2006-01-31). "Alito filibuster fails; Bayh, Lugar split". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
208. "Clinton wades into GTA sex storm". BBC News. 2005-07-14. Retrieved 2006-08-29. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
209. Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, p. 401.
210. Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, p. 313.
211. ^ Noel Sheppard (2007-10-01). "Hillary Clinton Told YearlyKos Convention She Helped Start Media Matters". NewsBusters. Retrieved 2007-10-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
212. ^ Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, pp. 267–269.
213. Hirschkorn, Phil (2005-12-21). "Sen. Clinton's GOP challenger quits race". CNN. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
214. "GOP Primary Turnout Was Lowest In More Than 30 Years". Newsday. 2006-09-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
215. "New York State Board of Elections, General Election Results" (PDF). New York State. 2006-12-14. Retrieved 2006-12-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
216. "Is America Ready?". Newsweek. 2006-12-25. Retrieved 2007-09-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
217. Anne E. Kornblut and Jeff Zeleny (2006-11-21). "Clinton Won Easily, but Bankroll Shows the Toll". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) page A1.
218. ^ "Record millions roll in for Clinton White House bid". CNN. 2007-04-01. Retrieved 2007-04-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
219. "Senate GOP foils debate on Iraq surge". Associated Press. 2007-02-17. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
220. "Senate passes war spending bill with withdrawal deadline". CNN.com. 2007-03-29. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
221. "Bush to sign war funding bill Friday". Boston Globe. 2007-05-25. Retrieved 2007-05-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
222. Eli Lake (2007-09-12). "Clinton Spars With Petraeus on Credibility". The New York Sun. Retrieved 2007-10-07. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
223. "Senate Approves Symbolic Rebuke of Iran". Fox News. 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-10-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
224. "Hillary Clinton Calls for Gonzales' Resignation". ABC News. 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2007-03-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
225. "Hillary Launches Web Effort to Oust Gonzales". Newsmax.com. 2007-03-14. Retrieved 2007-03-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
226. "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Proceed to Consider S.1639)". U.S. Senate. 2007-06-26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
227. "Clinton Approval At All-Time High". Quinnipiac Poll. 2006-12-14. Retrieved 2007-09-28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
228. "Results of SurveyUSA News Poll #11487". SurveyUSA. 2006-12-20. Retrieved 2007-01-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
229. "Results of SurveyUSA News Poll #12488". SurveyUSA. 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2007-09-28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
230. Dowd, Maureen (2002-10-02). "Can Hillary Upgrade?". The New York Times. p. A27. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) (preview only)
231. "The 100 Most Powerful Women". Forbes magazine. 2006-08-31. Retrieved 2007-09-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
232. Karen Tumulty (2007). "The TIME 100: Hillary Clinton". Time. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
233. Roberts, John (2007-01-22). "Hillary Clinton launches White House bid: 'I'm in'". CNN. Retrieved 2007-02-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
234. Graham, Jed (2007-01-05). "McCain, Giuliani Fare Well Vs. Top Dems, While Edwards Might Be Toughest Rival". Investors.com. Retrieved 2007-02-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
235. Langer, Gary (2007-01-21). "Clinton Leads '08 Dems; No Bounce for Obama". ABC News. Retrieved 2007-02-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
236. Jeff Zeleny (2007-07-01). "Obama Raised $32.5 Million in Second Quarter". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-07-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
237. Dan Morain (2007-10-02). "Clinton leads the field in campaign fundraising". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2007-10-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
238. Schneider, Bill (2007-05-07). ""Poll: Liberals moving toward Clinton; GOP race tightens"". CNN. Retrieved 2007-05-08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
239. "Rasmussen Reports". 2007-05-07. Retrieved 2007-05-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
240. "Hillary Clinton Leaps Ahead In Latest Democratic Poll". Fox News. 2007-10-03. Retrieved 2007-10-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
241. Anne E. Kornblut and Dan Balz (2007-11-01). "Clinton Regroups As Rivals Pounce". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-11-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
242. Jake Tapper (2007-10-31). "Hillary Gets Poor Grades at Drexel Debate". Political Punch. ABC News. Retrieved 2007-11-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
243. Roger Simon (2007-10-31). "Obama, Edwards attack; Clinton bombs debate". The Politico. Retrieved 2007-11-02. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
244. Patrick Healy (2007-06-15). "To Avoid Conflicts, Clintons Liquidate Holdings". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
245. ^ Tim Middleton (2007-09-04). "Hillary Clinton: Midas touch at work". MSN.com. Retrieved 2007-09-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
246. Mike McIntire, Leslie Wayne (2007-08-30). "Clinton Donor Under a Cloud In Fraud Case". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
247. "Big Source of Clinton's Cash Is an Unlikely Address". Wall Street Journal. 2007-08-28. Retrieved 2007-08-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
248. Jim Kuhnhenn (2007-08-29). "Clinton to Give Away Fundraiser's Cash". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-09-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
249. Lara Jakes Jordan (2007-09-10). "Clinton to return $850,000 raised by Hsu". Associated Press. {{cite news}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
250. "Poll: Mixed messages for Hillary Clinton". CNN. 2005-05-26. Retrieved 2007-02-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
251. Curry, Tom (2005-07-14). "Clinton burnishes hawkish image". MSNBC.com. Retrieved 2006-08-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
252. Clinton, Joshua D.; Jackman, Simon; Rivers, Doug (October 2004). ""The Most Liberal Senator"? Analyzing and Interpreting Congressional Roll Calls" (PDF). Political Science & Politics: 805–811.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
253. See Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen (2006). The Almanac of American Politics. National Journal. p. 1152. and Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen (2008). The Almanac of American Politics. National Journal. p. 1126.. The scores for individual years are : 2003: Economic = 90 (7), Social = 85 (0), Foreign = 79 (14). Average = 85 (7). 2004: Economic = 63 (36), Social = 82 (0), Foreign = 58 (41). Average = 68 (26). 2005: Economic = 84 (15), Social = 83 (10), Foreign = 66 (29). Average = 78 (18). 2006: Economic = 63 (35), Social = 80 (14), Foreign = 62 (35). Average = 68 (28).
254. "ADA Voting Records". Americans for Democratic Action. Retrieved 2007-09-23. Average consists of a 95 in 2001 through 2004 and 2006, and a 100 in 2005.
255. "Progressive Punch Rating". Retrieved 2007-10-27.
256. "2006 U.S. Senate Votes". American Conservative Union. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
257. "Clinton SENATE VOTING SUMMARY". Drum Major Institute. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
258. "ACLU Congressional Scorecard". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 2007-10-15. Breakdown is 3/5 60% for 2001–2002, 7/9 78% for 2003–2004, 10/12 83% for 2005–2006, 4/6 67% for 2007– , for a total of 24/32 75%.
259. "Senator Hillary Clinton (D-NY)". NARAL Pro-Choice America. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
260. "Immigration Voting Report Card for Sen. Hillary Clinton". Americans for Better Immigration. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2007-11-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
261. Dave Kopel (2006-11-02). "Second Thoughts". National Review Online. Retrieved 2007-10-15. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
262. "Hillary Rodham Clinton - Talking It Over". Creators Syndicate. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
263. ^ Bernstein, A Woman in Charge, p. 446.
264. "Hillary Clinton's Book Sales Top a Million". People's Daily. 2003-07-10. Retrieved 2007-04-08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
265. "About Hillary". Hillaryclinton.com. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
266. ^ Maureen Dowd (1992-05-18). "Hillary Clinton as Aspiring First Lady: Role Model, or a 'Hall Monitor' Type?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
267. Todd S. Purdum (1995-07-24). "The First Lady's Newest Role: Newspaper Columnist". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
268. ^ Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (1995). "Hillary Clinton as Rorschach Test". Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership. Oxford University Press. pp. 22–25. ISBN 0195089405.
269. ^ Anderson, Karrin Vasby (2003). "The First Lady: A Site of 'American Womanhood'". In Molly Meijer Wertheimer (ed.). Inventing a Voice: The Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 21. ISBN 0742529711.
270. Templin, Charlotte (1999). "Hillary Clinton as Threat to Gender Norms: Cartoon Images of the First Lady". Journal of Communication Inquiry. 23 (1): 20–36. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
271. Ben Smith (2006-03-12). "Da Hillary Code". The New York Observer. Retrieved 2007-10-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
272. Clifford J. Levy (2000-10-27). "Clinton Rivals Raise Little Besides Rage". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-29. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
273. Don Van Natta, Jr. (1999-07-10). "Hillary Clinton's Campaign Spurs A Wave of G.O.P. Fund-Raising". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
274. Cox, Ana Marie (2006-08-19). "How Americans View Hillary: Popular but Polarizing". Time. Retrieved 2007-02-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
275. Daniel Schorr (2006-07-16). Hillary Clinton's Polarizing Force as a Candidate (audio). NPR. Retrieved 2007-02-05. {{cite AV media}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
276. Troy, Gil (2006). Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1488-5. {{cite book}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
277. "The Presidential Ambitions of Hillary Clinton". Time. 2006-08-26. Retrieved 2007-09-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
278. Jack Hitt (January/February 2007). "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2007-10-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
279. Amy Sullivan (July/August 2005). "Hillary in 2008?". Washington Monthly. Retrieved 2007-09-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
280. David Brooks (2007-09-25). "The Center Holds". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
281. Bruce Bartlett (2007-05-01). "Get Ready for Hillary". Creators Syndicate. Retrieved 2007-09-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
282. David D. Kirkpatrick (2007-02-19). "As Clinton Runs, Some Old Foes Stay on Sideline". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
283. "Contents: October 22, 2007 Issue". The American Conservative. 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2007-10-29. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

External links

• Official U.S. Senate site
• Genealogy of Hillary Rodham Clinton
• HillPAC Clinton's Leadership PAC
• HillaryClinton.com Hillary Clinton for President Exploratory Committee Official Web Site
• Official White House Biography of First Lady Clinton

• Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
• Profile at Vote Smart
• Template:Dmoz

v t e Hillary Clinton
11th Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast (2020–present) 67th United States Secretary of State (2009–2013) US Senator from New York (2001–2009) First Lady of the United States (1993–2001) First Lady of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992)
Secretary of State	Tenure as Secretary Foreign trips Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review Foreign policy of the Obama administration Hillary Doctrine Email controversy UN Security Council Resolution 1888 UN Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict
US senator	Senate career Family Entertainment Protection Act Flag Protection Act of 2005
First Lady	Tenure as First Lady 1993 health care reform Hillaryland Travel office controversy FBI files controversy "Vast right-wing conspiracy" Vital Voices Save America's Treasures State Children's Health Insurance Program Adoption and Safe Families Act Foster Care Independence Act White House Millennium Council
Arkansas	Legal career Career in corporate governance Tenures as First Lady of Arkansas Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families Rose Law Firm Legal Services Corporation Whitewater controversy Cattle futures controversy
Philanthropic	Clinton Foundation State Department controversy Onward Together
Speeches and policies	Political positions "Women's Rights Are Human Rights" (1995) "Basket of deplorables" (2016)
Writings	Bibliography Senior thesis (1969) It Takes a Village (1996) Dear Socks, Dear Buddy (1998) An Invitation to the White House (2000) Living History (2003) Hard Choices (2014) Stronger Together (2016) What Happened (2017) The Book of Gutsy Women (2019) State of Terror (2021)
Electoral history	Senatorial elections 2000 US Senate election in New York 2006 US Senate election in New York 2008 Democratic presidential primaries Campaign Endorsements Debates Convention 2016 US presidential election Campaign Endorsements political non-political screen and stage performers other celebrities Democratic primaries debates running mate selection convention Democratic opposition General election debates Hillary Victory Fund
Legacy	Awards and honors Books about Public image Clinton National Airport
Popular culture	Hillary 1984 Saturday Night Live parodies Hillary Clinton: The Power of Women (2015 documentary) Hillary and Clinton (2016 play) Hillary (2020 documentary)
Family	Bill Clinton (husband presidency) Chelsea Clinton (daughter) Hugh E. Rodham (father) Dorothy Howell Rodham (mother) Hugh Rodham (brother) Tony Rodham (brother) Socks (cat) Buddy (dog) Whitehaven (residence)
Other	Situation Room (2011 photograph) Activities after 2016

v t e Bill Clinton
42nd President of the United States (1993–2001) 40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992)
Presidency (timeline)	Transition 1st inauguration 2nd inauguration Timeline 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 January 2001 Economic policy AmeriCorps Health care plan North American Free Trade Agreement Balanced Budget Foreign policy International trips Clinton Doctrine Oslo I Accord Israel–Jordan peace treaty Dayton Agreement 2000 Camp David Summit Cruise missile strikes on Iraq 1993 1996 Operation Infinite Reach Bombing of Yugoslavia Bombing of Iraq (1998) National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 Transportation Equity Act One America Initiative Riegle-Neal Act Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Regulation Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996 Telecommunications Act of 1996 Communications Decency Act Section 230 Nannygate Lincoln Bedroom for contributors controversy Commerce Department trade mission controversy 1996 United States campaign finance controversy Clinton–Lewinsky scandal Starr Report Impeachment efforts inquiry trial White House Millennium Council Pardons list Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations Presidential transition of George W. Bush
Life and legacy	Childhood home Early life and career Governorships of Arkansas Presidential Library Post-presidency Clinton Foundation Clinton School of Public Service Clinton Bush Haiti Fund Chairman, National Constitution Center Honors and awards Public image Troopergate Sexual misconduct allegations Whitewater controversy
Speeches	Joint session of Congress (1993) Joint session of Congress (health care reform) (1993) State of the Union addresses 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Elections	U.S. House 1974 Gubernatorial 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1990 Presidential 1992 campaign "Make America Great Again" primaries running mate selection convention debates election theme song 1996 campaign primaries convention debates election
Books	Between Hope and History (1996) My Life (2004) Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World (2007) Back to Work (2011) The President Is Missing (2018) The President's Daughter (2021) Citizen: My Life After the White House (2024)
Namesakes	William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building Bill Clinton Boulevard Clinton National Airport
Popular culture	Saturday Night Live parodies of Bill Clinton The War Room (1993 documentary) The Silence of the Hams (1994 film) Primary Colors (1998 film) The Final Days (2000 short film) The Hunting of the President (2004 film) The Special Relationship (2010 film) Clinton (2012 film) Hillary and Clinton (2016 play) Impeachment: American Crime Story (2021 miniseries) The American Presidency with Bill Clinton (2022 documentary series)
Family	Hillary Rodham Clinton (wife) Chelsea Clinton (daughter) William Jefferson Blythe Jr. (father) Virginia Clinton Kelley (mother) Roger Clinton Sr. (first stepfather) Roger Clinton Jr. (brother) Jeff Dwire (second stepfather) Socks (cat) Buddy (dog) Whitehaven (residence)
← George H. W. Bush George W. Bush → Category

v t e Current United States senators
President: ▌ Kamala Harris (D) ‧ President pro tempore: ▌ Patty Murray (D)
AL: ▌ Tuberville (R)⎣ ▌ Britt (R) AK: ▌ Murkowski (R)⎣ ▌ Sullivan (R) AZ: ▌ Sinema (I)⎣ ▌ Kelly (D) AR: ▌ Boozman (R)⎣ ▌ Cotton (R) CA: ▌ Padilla (D)⎣ ▌ Schiff (D) CO: ▌ Bennet (D)⎣ ▌ Hickenlooper (D) CT: ▌ Blumenthal (D)⎣ ▌ Murphy (D) DE: ▌ Carper (D)⎣ ▌ Coons (D) FL: ▌ Rubio (R)⎣ ▌ R. Scott (R) GA: ▌ Ossoff (D)⎣ ▌ Warnock (D) HI: ▌ Schatz (D)⎣ ▌ Hirono (D) ID: ▌ Crapo (R)⎣ ▌ Risch (R) IL: ▌ Durbin (D)⎣ ▌ Duckworth (D) IN: ▌ Young (R)⎣ ▌ Braun (R) IA: ▌ Grassley (R)⎣ ▌ Ernst (R) KS: ▌ Moran (R)⎣ ▌ Marshall (R) KY: ▌ McConnell (R)⎣ ▌ Paul (R) LA: ▌ Cassidy (R)⎣ ▌ Kennedy (R) ME: ▌ Collins (R)⎣ ▌ King (I) MD: ▌ Cardin (D)⎣ ▌ Van Hollen (D) MA: ▌ Warren (D)⎣ ▌ Markey (D) MI: ▌ Stabenow (D)⎣ ▌ Peters (D) MN: ▌ Klobuchar (D)⎣ ▌ Smith (D) MS: ▌ Wicker (R)⎣ ▌ Hyde-Smith (R) MO: ▌ Hawley (R)⎣ ▌ Schmitt (R) MT: ▌ Tester (D)⎣ ▌ Daines (R) NE: ▌ Fischer (R)⎣ ▌ Ricketts (R) NV: ▌ Cortez Masto (D)⎣ ▌ Rosen (D) NH: ▌ Shaheen (D)⎣ ▌ Hassan (D) NJ: ▌ Booker (D)⎣ ▌ Kim (D) NM: ▌ Heinrich (D)⎣ ▌ Luján (D) NY: ▌ Schumer (D)⎣ ▌ Gillibrand (D) NC: ▌ Tillis (R)⎣ ▌ Budd (R) ND: ▌ Hoeven (R)⎣ ▌ Cramer (R) OH: ▌ Brown (D)⎣ ▌ Vance (R) OK: ▌ Lankford (R)⎣ ▌ Mullin (R) OR: ▌ Wyden (D)⎣ ▌ Merkley (D) PA: ▌ Casey (D)⎣ ▌ Fetterman (D) RI: ▌ Reed (D)⎣ ▌ Whitehouse (D) SC: ▌ Graham (R)⎣ ▌ T. Scott (R) SD: ▌ Thune (R)⎣ ▌ Rounds (R) TN: ▌ Blackburn (R)⎣ ▌ Hagerty (R) TX: ▌ Cornyn (R)⎣ ▌ Cruz (R) UT: ▌ Lee (R)⎣ ▌ Romney (R) VT: ▌ Sanders (I)⎣ ▌ Welch (D) VA: ▌ Warner (D)⎣ ▌ Kaine (D) WA: ▌ Murray (D)⎣ ▌ Cantwell (D) WV: ▌ Manchin (I)⎣ ▌ Capito (R) WI: ▌ Johnson (R)⎣ ▌ Baldwin (D) WY: ▌ Barrasso (R)⎣ ▌ Lummis (R)
▌ Republican: 49 ▌ Democratic: 47 ▌ Independent: 4

v t e United States senators from New York
Class 1	Schuyler Burr Schuyler Hobart North Watson Morris Bailey Armstrong Mitchill German Sanford Van Buren Dudley Tallmadge Dickinson Fish P. King Morgan Fenton Kernan Platt Miller Hiscock Murphy Depew O'Gorman Calder Copeland Mead Ives Keating Kennedy Goodell Buckley Moynihan H. Clinton Gillibrand
Class 3	R. King Laurance Armstrong D. Clinton Armstrong Smith R. King Sanford Marcy Wright Foster Dix Seward Harris Conkling Lapham Evarts Hill Platt Root Wadsworth Wagner Dulles Lehman Javits D'Amato Schumer

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