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...be gentle to all, apt to teach, patient, in meekness instructing those that oppose themselves... 2 Tim 2:24-5
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nobs in his prime

Carter Doctrine

The Carter Doctrine was proclaimed by President Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on 23 January 1980. In it he said:

Let our position be absolutely clear: An attempt by any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the United States of America, and such an assault will be repelled by any means necessary, including military force.

A 1980 pledge by Secretary of State Edmund Muskie went even further, putting the gulf states on notice that the United States would not allow anyone to interfere with oil tanker traffic through the Strait of Hormuz. At the time, Carter's statement was widely considered to encompass the use of nuclear weapons in response to a Soviet advance into Iran. In February 1980, details of a Pentagon report emerged indicating that the United States might have to use tactical nuclear weapons in response to any Soviet military advance toward the Gulf. To add muscle to these pronouncements, the Carter administration began to build up the Rapid Deployment Force, what would eventually become CENTCOM. In the interim, the president relied heavily on naval power. Carter expanded the naval presence of the United States in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean

This redirection of U.S. national security policy was matched by an intellectual renaissance in the U.S. military. All the services began rethinking their strategy, operational concepts, tactics, and doctrine. By the early 1980s, the navy had developed what it termed the Maritime Strategy, a highly controversial concept even though it embraced the established post World War II practices of forward, offensive operations by carrier, amphibious, and attack submarine forces.

Initially this doctrine aimed at deterring the Soviet Union after its invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, but its application has been the result of different events and contexts. The Carter Doctrine has been applied twice; in 1990 during the First Gulf War and in 2003 for the Second Gulf War.

The Carter Doctrine was drafted to address the security of the Persian Gulf has grown in relevance after more than 50 years of American military presence in the region. President Clinton's Defense Secretary William Perry said in remarks to the Council on Foreign Relations: "Roosevelt was the first U.S. president to declare that the United States has vital interests in the region."


Elements of the Carter Doctrine

  • any outside force was deliberately ambiguous; does it refer to outside the region or outside collective security agreements.
  • any means necessary means not restricted to conventional warfare, i.e. the United States was prepared to use nuclear warfare if necessary to safeguard its vital interests in the Persian Gulf.

Though the foreign policy statement warned any outside force, it was widely regarded as directed at the Soviet Union, prompted by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan the previous December. The major articulation of American strategic foreign policy interests also was intended to assure American allies in the Persian Gulf of American protection.

The problem at the time was a retracted U.S. force structure as a result of the Vietnam build down, and there was concern the United States did not have the military forces necessary to counterman a movement upon the oil wells or disruption of shipping within the region. Also the question of whether the NATO alliance was prepared or willing to participate in actions outside of Europe. If Amercian forces were withdrawn from Europe to counterbalance a threat in the Gulf, that would leave Europe vulnerable to Soviet expansion. Thus it became alarmingly clear that American vital interests, alliance commitments, and fighting capability was almost solely dependent on nuclear weapons moreso than conventional fighting capability.

Use

So a consensus emerged to rebuild America's conventional fighting capability, beginning with a Rapid Deployment Force, the forerunner of CENTCOM which could be deployed from the United States to the Persian Gulf in the event of an emergency, without drawing down manpower from the NATO frontline.

Subsequent presidents have used the Carter Doctrine to safeguard America's vital interests since it was first articulated.

References


Category:Foreign policy doctrines Category:U.S. history of foreign relations

St. John Philby

Harry St. John Bridger Philby (3 April 1885 – 1960), also known as Jack Philby, also Sheikh Abdullah, was an Arabist, explorer, writer, and British colonial office intelligence operative. He was born at St. John's, Badulla, Ceylon and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied oriental languages under E. G. Browne and was a friend of classmate of Jawaharlal Nehru, later prime Minister of India. Philby's son Kim Philby became famous for being a British intelligence agent who was a double agent for the Soviet Union.

As he states in his autobiography, he "became something of a fanatic" and "the first Socialist to join the Indian Civil Service", and was posted to Lahore in the Punjab in 1908. He acquired fluency in Urdu, Punjabi, Baluchi, Persian, and eventually Arabic languages. Philby married his first wife in September 1910, with his distant cousin Bernard Montgomery or "Monty", later commander-in-chief of Allied armies during World War II, as best man.

Arab Revolt

Philby is one of the lesser known but most influential persons in the modern history of the Middle East. In late 1915 Percy Cox, chief political officer of the small British Mesopotamian expeditionary force, recruited Philby as head of the finance branch of the British administration in Baghdad, a job which included fixing compensation for property and business owners. Their mission was twofold: (1) organize the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Turks; (2) protect the oilfields near Basra and the Shatt al Arab, which was the only source of oil for the Royal Navy. The revolt was organized with the promise of creating a unified Arab state, or Arab Federation, from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen. Gertrude Bell of the British Military Intelligence Department was his first controller and taught him the finer arts of espionage. In 1916 he became officiating Revenue Commissioner for Occupied Territories.

File:Http://www.terra.es/personal7/jqvaraderey/190523ar.gif
Arabia 1905-1923

In November 1917 Philby was sent to the interior of the Arabian peninsula as head of a mission to Ibn Saud. The Wahabbi chieftan and bitter enemy of Sherif Hussein was sending terrorist raids against the Hashemite ruler of the Hejaz, leader of the revolt. For more than 700 years the non-Turkic Hashemite dynasty held title as Sharif of Mecca.

Philby secretly began to favour Ibn Saud over Sherif Hussein as "King of the Arabs", a difference with British policy, which was promising support for the Hashemite dynasty in the post-Ottoman world. On return Philby completed the crossing from Riyadh to Jeddah by the "backdoor" route, thus demonstrating Ibn Saud was in control of the Arabian highlands, whereas Sherif Hussein could not guarantee safe passage. Later he was awarded the Royal Geographical Society Founders Gold Medal for the desert journey. Back in Jeddah he met with an embarassed Sherif Hussein.

On 7 November 1918, four days before the Armistice, Britain and France issued the Anglo-French Declaration to the Arabs assuring self-determination. Philby felt the betrayal of this assurance, along with the Balfour Declaration and other diplomatic manouvres broke faith with the promise of a single unified Arab nation in exchange for aligning themselves with the Allies in the war against the Ottoman Turks and Central Powers.

Philby argued that Ibn Saud was a "democrat" guiding his affairs "by mutual counsel" as laid out in the Koran (Surah XLII. 37), in contrast to Lord Curzon's "Hussein policy". British policy on Arab affairs was wracked by rivalries between the Foreign Office and the India Office.

After the Great Iraqi Revolution of 1920 Philby was appointed Minister of Internal Security in the British Mandate of Iraq. He roughed out a democratic constitution complete with elected assembly and republican president.

In November 1921 Philby was named chief head of the Secret Service for Transjordan, or what is now all of Jordan and Palestine. He worked with T. E. Lawrence for a while, but did not share Lawrence's views on the Hashemites. Here he met his American counterpart, Allen Dulles, who was stationed in Istanbul. At the end of 1922 Philby travelled to London for extensive meetings with all involved in the Palestinian question. They were Winston Churchill, King George, the Prince of Wales, Baron Rothschild, Wickham Steed, and Chaim Weizmann, the head of the Zionist movement.

Ibn Saud adviser

Philby was of the view that both British and the Saudi families interests would be best served by uniting the Arabian peninsula under one government from the Red Sea to the Persian Gulf, with the Saudis supplanting the Hashemites as Islamic "Keepers of the Holy Places" while protecting shipping lanes on the Suez–Aden–Bombay route of the British Empire. Philby was forced to resign his post in 1924 on differences of allowing Jewish immigration to Palestine. He was found to be in unauthorized correspondence with Ibn Saud, which carried with it the connotation of espionage, sending information he gained in his post to Ibn Saud. He had "gone native". The Secret Service, however, continued to pay Philby for another five years.

Shortly after his resignation, Ibn Saud began to call for the overthrow of the Hashemite dynasty. Philby was able to advise Ibn Saud how far he could go in occupying all Arabia without incurring the wrath of the British government, then the principal power in the Middle East. By 1925, in the words of Philby, Ibn Saud brought unprecedented order into Arabia. Philby was put in charge of arranging Ibn Saud's coronation as king of the newly created state of Saudi Arabia.

Philby settled in Jeddah and became partners in a trading company. Over the next few years he became famous as an international writer and explorer. Philby personally mapped on camelback what is now the Saudi–Yemeni border on the Rub' al Khali where 126 degree daytime temperatures are not uncommon.

In his unique position he became Ibn Saud's chief adviser in dealing with the British Empire and Western powers. He converted to Islam in 1930.

In 1931 Philby invited Charles R. Crane to Jeddah to facilitate exploration of the kingdom's subsoil assets. Crane was accompanied by noted historian George Antonius, who acted as translator. In May 1933 Standard Oil of California (SOCAL) concluded negotiations with Philby for a 60-year contract to obtain the exclusive concession for exploration and extraction of oil in the Hasa region along the Persian Gulf. This marked the beginning of the decline of British influence in the region and the start of American influence. The personal contacts between the United States and Saudi Arabia were largely channeled through the person of Philby.

Meanwhile at Cambridge Philby's son, Kim, was being recruited by the OGPU of the Soviet Union. In recent years the theory has been propounded that Kim was recruited in particular to spy on his father, who had such powerful influence over the founder of the Saudi state and its connections with Britain and with American oil interests.

By 1934, in an effort to safeguard the port of Aden, Britain had no fewer than 1,400 "peace treaties" with the various tribal rulers of the hinterlands of what became Yemen. Philby undermined British influence in the region, however, by facilitating the entry of United States commercial interests, followed by a political alliance between the United States and the Saud dynasty.

In 1936 SOCAL and Texaco pooled their assets together "East of Suez" into what later became ARAMCO (Arabian–American Oil Company). The United States State Department describes ARAMCO as the richest commercial prize in the history of the planet. Philby represented Saudi interests.

In 1937 when the Spanish Civil War broke out, Philby arranged for his son, Kim Philby, to become a war correspondent for The Times. The same year Philby began quiet negotiations with Ben-Gurion to allow unlimited Jewish immigration to Palestine under Ibn Saud's protection.

Later Philby began secret negotiations with Germany and Spain concerning Saudi Arabia's role in the event of a general European war. These discussions would have allowed neutral Saudi Arabia would sell oil to neutral Spain which then would be transported to Germany. John Loftus, who worked in the United States Department of Justice Office of Special Investigations Nazi-hunting unit, claims Adolf Eichmann, while on a mission to the Middle East, met with Philby "during the mid-1930s".

Philby Plan

At a February 1939 meeting in London with Ben-Gurion and Weizman, Philby offered substantial Jewish immigration to Palestine if they would support Ibn Saud's son and eventual successor, Faisal, as King of Palestine. Months later, accompanied by Saudi foreign affairs official Fuad Bey Hamza, Philby proposed to Weizmann and Moshe Shertok (later Sharett) that they pay Ibn Saud £20 million to be used to resettle Palestinian Arabs. Weizman said he would discuss the plan with President Roosevelt. Kim Philby also was present at this meeting.

According to Philby the Zionist leadership accepted the "Philby Plan" in early October. However because of the kingdom's special status as home of the Islamic holy places, the plan was denied when Philby leaked it. The matter was not taken up again for another three years.

Meanwhile Philby ran for election to the House of Commons for the British People's Party declaring, "no cause whatever is worth the spilling of human blood" and "protection of the small man against big business". He lost and soon thereafter the war began. Because of his activities he was arrested when he travelled to Bombay on 3 August 1940 under the Defense of the Realm Act Regulation 18b, and was taken to England.

Friends such as John Maynard Keynes intervened, and after seven months he was released without prosecution. It is not known precisely who arranged for release. Shortly thereafter Jack Philby recommended his son Kim to Valentine "Vee Vee" Vivian, MI6 deputy chief, who recruited him into the British secret service.

When Harold Hoskins of the U.S State Department visited Ibn Saud in August 1943, he asked if the king would be willing to have an intermediary meet with Chaim Weizmann. In anger Ibn Saud responded he was insulted by the suggestion that he could be bribed for £20 million to accept resettlement of Arabs from Palestine. Hoskins reports the king said Weizmann told him the promise of payment would be "guaranteed by President Roosevelt." A month later Weizmann, in a letter to Sumner Welles wrote: "It is conceived on big lines, large enough to satisfy the legitimate aspirations of both Arabs and Jews, and the strategic and economic interests of the United States; . . . properly managed, Mr. Philby's scheme offers an approach which should not be abandoned."

When the war ended he returned to Arabia. In 1945 at the age of sixty he purchased his second wife, a 16-year-old girl, from the slave market at Taif, about forty miles south of Mecca. He continued work with ARAMCO. Talk in the king's circle was that Philby was an agent of British Secret service, a Zionist spy, and a communist. Philby began to provoke a series of spectacular arguments with the king. He claimed the disagreements were caused by the corruption and decadence that oil money brought the kingdom.

From Philby ARAMCO learned a great deal about Arabia framed in a manner to strike a sympathetic response in the American people. ARAMCO and the CIA became a revolving door for the same personnel. There were no other sources of information about that country available to the American public. Saudi Arabia was portrayed as "a mirror image of the Old West, a wide, unfenced land where nature was unsubdued, religion was simple and fundamental, and the law of the gun prevailed—the desert of Arabia, as America's last frontier." Little was said of the fanatical nature of Wahhabism or its dark and bloody excesses.

Suez Crisis

After Ibn Saud's death in 1953 Philby openly criticized the successor King Faisal, saying the royal family's morals were being picked up "in the gutters of the West". He was exiled to Lebanon in 1955. In exile he wrote:

". . . the true basis of Arab hostility to Jewish immigration into Palestine is xenophobia, and instinctive perception that the vast majority of central and eastern European Jews, seeking admission . . . are not Semites at all. . . . Whatever political repercussions of their settlement may be, their advent is regarded as a menace to the Semitic culture of Arabia . . . the European Jew of today, with his secular outlook . . . is regarded as an unwelcome intruder within the gates of Arabia".

While in Beirut he reconciled with Kim, and the two lived together. The son was reemployed by MI6 as an outside informer on retainer, with the assignment to spy on his father.

Jack Philby helped further his son's career by introducing him to his extensive network of contacts in the Middle East. Jack introduced him to President Camille Chamoun of Lebanon. Both were sympathetic to Nasser during the Suez Crisis of August 1956. Between Jack's access to ARAMCO and Kim's access to British intelligence there was little they did not know about Operation Musketeer, the French and British plan to capture the Suez Canal. The Soviet Union exposed the entire plan in the United Nations and threatened Britain and France with "long-range guided missiles equipped with atomic warheads."

In 1955 Jack reconciled with the royal family and returned to live in Riyadh. In 1960, on a visit to Kim in Beirut, while in bed with Kim at his side, he said "God, I'm bored" and died. He is buried in the Muslim cemetery in Beirut.

External Links

Sources

  • Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press (2004)
  • Arabian Jubilee, H. StJ. B. Philby, Robert Hale, (1952)
  • Philby of Arabia, Elizabeth Monroe, Pitman Publishing (1973)
  • The Secret War Against the Jews, John Loftus and Mark Aarons, St. Martin's Press (1994)
  • Arabia, the Gulf and the West Basic Books (1980)
  • The House of Saud, David Holden and Richard Johns, Holt Rinehart and Winston (1981)
  • The Philby Conspiracy, Bruce Page, David Leitch and Phillip Knightley, Doubleday (1968)
  • Saudi Arabia and the United States, 1931-2002 by Josh Pollack (2002)


Philby, St. John Philby, St. John St. John Philby Philby, St. John Philby, St. John Philby, St. John Philby, St. John Philby, St. John

List of Americans in Venona Papers

Jacob Golos

Russian-born Jacob Golos (birth name Jacob Rasin or Jacob Raisin) (died 1943) was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet secret police operative in the USSR. He was also a longtime senior official of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) involved in covert work and cooperation with Soviet intelligence agencies. During World War II he developed several large espionage networks of secret Communist party members who worked for the United States government and linked them to the Soviet intelligence. They are commonly referred to as the "Golos ring" of Soviet espionage agents. Jacob Golos was the "main pillar" of the NKVD intelligence network and they disliked his refusal to allow them contact with his sources. The code name "Sound" appears in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source and was identified as Jacob Golos.

Golos was not merely a CPUSA official assisting the NKVD (an agent or “probationer” in KGB slang) but held official rank in the NKVD. The reference to Golos in the Venona decrypts as an “illegal colleague” corroborates Elizabeth Bentley's testimony.

The term “nelegal’ny sotrudnik” can be translated as “illegal colleague,” “illegal associate” or “illegal operative,” was Soviet espionage terminology for a Soviet officer or professional agent who operated without the protection of diplomatic or official status with a Soviet embassy, consulate or agency and usually with false documents. Soviet officers with the latter status were said to be “legal.” Golos also worked for the Society for Technical Aid to Soviet Russia and was head of a company called World Tourists, which while posing as a travel agency actually facilitated international travel to and from the United States by Soviet agents and CPUSA members. World Tourists was also deeply involved in passport fraud.

The NKVD suspected him of Trotskyism and tried to lure him to Moscow, where he could be arrested. The US government got to him first, prosecuting him in 1940 for being an unregistered foreign agent. But even then, he would not surrender his agents.

In the fall of 1942, a Communist cell of engineers was turned over to Golos for Soviet espionage purposes and Julius Rosenberg was the contact between Golos and the group. Golos believed this cell, the XY Line of engineers was capable of development. The XY Line began enormous efforts to penetrate the Manhattan Project, code-named ENORMOUS (ENORMOZ).

Golos lover, Elizabeth Bentley then took over the operation after Golos's sudden death in November 1943 (thus the reference in the decrpyts to him as a “former” colleague).



Helen Silvermaster

Helen Witte Silvermaster nee Vera Lavrow was born 19 July 1899 in Russia. Her father was a councelor to the Czar and acted as advisor the Mongolian government. After the Russian Revolution she travelled to China and married a Russian becoming Vera Ivanova Witte about 1923. They emmigrated to San Francisco in 1924 where their only son, Anatole Volkov was born. Soom thereafter they divorced and she began living with Greg Silvermaster whom she married about 4 years later.

Harry Dexter White (agent Jurist)

Harry Dexter White (left) and John Maynard Keynes (right) at the Bretton Woods Conference

Harry Dexter White was positively identified as agent Jurist in an FBI memorandum dated 16 October 1950.

White became involved with Soviet intelligence espionage in May of 1941. One of the most valuable assets to Soviet intelligence was his ability to infiltrate the United States Department of the Treasury with persons the Silvermaster spy ring wanted to have assinged there. Among the other American citizens and government employees acting as Soviet agents were Lud Ullman, William Henry Taylor, and Sonia Gold.

On December 4, 1945, the FBI transmitted to the White House a report entitled "Soviet Espionage in the United States." The report summarized White's espionage activities. Copies of the report were sent to Attorney General Tom Clark also. The evidence indicated a substantial spy ring operating within the Government and involving White. Given the secrecy of the Venona project materials, the president went ahead six weeks later and nominated White for appointment to head the newly created International Monetary Fund.

White was summoned before the House Un-American Activities Committee in August of 1948. Elizabeth Bentley told the FBI White that had been involved in espionage activities on behalf of the Soviet Union during World War II. Whittaker Chambers earlier had testified of his association with White in the Communist underground secret apparatus up to 1938. White, recovering from a series of heart attacks, proclaimed his lifelong commitment to the principles of democracy and the ideals of President Roosevelt's New Deal. He died of a heart attack three days later and HUAC. The positive identification of Harry Dexter White as agent Jurist came two years after his death.

Below is the text of that memorandum from the FBI's Venona project file released under the Freedom of Information Act.

- ==Jurist==

Office Memorandum ° UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT


DATE: October 16, 1950


TO: The Director
FROM: Mr. Ladd
SUBJECT: ESPIONAGE - R


PURPOSE: To advise you of the positive identification of agent Jurist (the cover name of a Soviet agent operating in 1944 and named by Venona project) as Harry Dexter White, deceased. White was formerly the Administrative Assistant to former Secretary of the Treasury Morgenthau.


DETAILS: You have previously been advised of information obtained from regarding Jurist who was active during 1944. According to the previous information received from indicates that Jurist and Morgenthau were to make a trip to London and Normandy and leaving the United States on August 5, 1944.
On the basis of the foregoing, the tentative identification of Harry Dexter White as Jurist appears to be conclusively established inasmuch as Morgenthau and White left the United States on a confidential trip to the Normandy beachhead on August 5, 1944, and they returned to the United States on August 17, 1944.
You may recall that Harry Dexter White was named by Whittaker Chambers in his statements as having been a source of information for Chambers in his work in Soviet espionage until Chambers broke with the Soviets in 1938. Chambers produced a handwritten memorandum that White had given him and our Laboratory established this memorandum as being in White's handwriting. The Treasury Department advised that parts of the material were highly confidential, coming to the Treasury Department from the Department of State.
In addition to the foregoing, Elizabeth T. Bentley in November, 1945, advised that she had learned through Nathan Gregory Silvermaster that White was supplying Silvermaster with information which was obtained by White in the course of his duties as Assistant to the Secretary of the of the Treasury.


RECOMMENDATION:
There is attached hereto a blind memorandum which has been prepared for the information and assistance of setting forth this identification. There is also attached a memorandum to the Field giving them the new information from which establishes conclusively the identity of White as Jurist.


Attachment

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This anonymous user refuses to do postings in continuous order and seeks to dismember evidence presented in a NPOV dispute with Anonymous edits disrupting the body of textural material. He has been asked politiely on numerous occassions to confine his comments in a logical consistent order, nevertheless it has the effect of breaking the coherency of the discussion. Continuous reversion to the disrupted page.

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American League for Peace and Democracy (American league for peace and democracy), 268 Fourth Avenue, New York town center; Chairman: Dr. Harry F. Ward, R. M. Lovett, Earl Browder (General Secretary of the CPUSA), Clarence Hathaway.

Amalgamated Clothing Workers, CIO (union of the workers of the Bekleidungsindustire), 15 union Square, New York town center, president: Sidney Hillmann, Jacob F. Potofsky.

American Association for Social Security (American combination for social welfare assistance), 41 union Square, New York town center, Secretary-General: Abraham Epstein, Bishop F. J. McConnell.

American Civil Liberties Union (American combination for the basic liberties), 31 union Square, New York town center

Dr. Henry F. Ward, Roger N. Baldwin, Arthur Garfield Hays, Robert W. Duenn.

American Federation OF Teachers, Local No. 5 (American teacher combination), 114 East Sixteenth Street, New York town center; Chairman: CJ. Hendly, chairman of the national federation: Rev. Jerome Davis, Dr. Bernhard Stern.

American Committee for the Protection of the Foreign Born (American committee for the protection abroad of the bearing), 100 Fifth Ave., New York town center; Chairman: Rev. Hermann F. Reissig, Charles Right, Carol White King.

American Friends Of the Chinese People (American friends of the Chinese people), 168 west Twenty third Street, New York town center; Chairman: M.S. Stewart, M. Forsyth, Professor R.M. Lovett, George S. Counts.

American Friends Of the Soviet Union (American friends of the Soviet Union), 461 Fourth Avenue, New York town center; Corliss Lamont, treasurer: A.A. More brightly.

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American Youth Congress, 55 west Forty second Street, New York town center (organize from the communist youth league), chairmen: W. Hinckley, Joseph P. Lash.

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Communist Worker's School, 31 East Twelfth Street, New York town center; Director: A. Markoff, J.R. Brodsky, Dr. H. Selsan, L Boudin, H. Sacker, Irving Schwab

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Communist Party of the United States of America, 35 East Twelfth Street, New York town center; Chairman: W.Z. Foster, Secretary-General: Earl Browder. H. Benjamin, W. Weiner, J.W. Ford, A.W. Berry, A. Markoff

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China Aid Council (advice for China assistance), 268 Fourth Avenue, New York town center; M. Forsyth, J. Waterman Wise, Rabbi S.S. Wise, M. Stewart, Joseph P. Lash, J.P. Davis, O. Lattimore

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Daily Worker ("DAILY Worker"), 50 East Thirteenth, Street New York town center; Herausgeberin: Larence Hathaway

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International Labor Defense (Moscow intimate), (international combination to the Verteidung of the workers), 112 East Nineteenth Street, New York town center; Chairman: Vito Marcantonio, J. Brodsky

International Ladies Garment Workers Union (international trade union of the female workers of the clothing industry), 2 west Sixteenth Street, New York town center; Chairman: David Dubinsky

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Labor Research Association (research council of the trade unions), 80 Fifth Avenue, New York town center; Director: R.W. Thinly (rear supports) from the country

International Workers Order (community of the international workers), 80 Fifth Avenue, New York town center; Chairman: W. Weiner, attorney J. Brodsky

League for Mutual Aid (league for mutual assistance) 104 Fifth Avenue New York town center; Acting Secretary-General: A. School child, J. Davis, J. Baker

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League Of Women Shoppers, 220 Fifth Avenue, New York town center; E. Preston (Mrs. R.N. Baldwin), M. Forsyth

Methodist Federation for Social Service (combination of the Methodists for social services), 150 Fifth Avenue, New York town center; Bishop F.J. McConnell

National Committee for People's Rights (national committee for international law), 150 Fifth Avenue, New York town center; Chairman: R. Kent, M. Gold

National Lawyers Guild (combination of the national lawyers), 31 Union Square, New York town center

National Maritime Union (CIO), (national shipping trade union), 126 Eleventh Avenue, New York town center; Chairman: J. Curran

National Mooney Billings Committee, 112 haste Nineteenth Street, New York town center; Rabbi S.S. Wise

National Negro Congress (national congress of the Afroamerikaner), 35 East Twelfth Street, New York town center; Chairman: A.P. Randolph, J.W. Ford, A. Herndon, J.P. Davis

National Urban League (national city league), 1133 Broadway, New York town center; Rev. L Hollingsworth Wood, W.C. Poletti

National Women's Trade Union League (national league that trade unionist inside), 247 Lexington Avenue, New York town center; R. Schneiderman, A. Nestor, M. Schwartz

Negro Youth Congress (congress for black young people), 35 haste Twelfth Street, New York town center; Chairman: W.F. Richardson, Secretary-General: E.E. Strong

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Edge School OF Social Science (socialist), 7 East Fifteenth Street, New York town center; D Alexander, Norman Thomas

Social Economic Foundation Inc. (donation for social science) directors: Corliss Lamont, A.A. Heller, C Recht, M. van Kleek

Social Work Today (magazine), 112 East Nineteenth Street, New York town center; B. Goldman, S.M. Issacs, L Merrill, M. van Kleek

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Southern Tenant Farmers Union (CIO), (trade union of dependent Farmer of the Southern States), 112 East Nineteenth Street/50 East Twelfth Street, New York town center; H. Kester

Transport Workers Union (CIO), (transport worker trade union), 80 East Eleventh Street, New York town center; Chairman: M. Pour, to A. Hogan, T. Santo

United Christian Council for Democracy, 150 Fifth Avenue, New York town center; Chairman: W.F. Cochran, R. Niebuhr

United Office and Professional Workers OF America (CIO) 30 East Twentieth Street New York town center of chairmen: J. Merrill

Workers LIBRARY Publishers Inc., 39 haste Twelfth Street, New York town center; (experts for propaganda in the CPUSA)

Workers Defense League (league for the defense of the rights of the workers), 112 East Nineteenth Street, New York town center; J. Davis, R. Morss Lovett, M. Shapiro, Norman Thomas

Workers Alliance, New York State section, 781 Broadway, New York town center; Chairman: S. Weisman, D Lasser

Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (international woman league for peace and liberty), 150 Fifth Avenue, New York town center

Young Pioneers (boy of pioneers), 80 Fifth Avenue, New York town center (member of the CPUSA)

Zookniga corporation, 245 Fifth Avenue, New York town center

As is the case for the second list in the appendix it concerns also with this an official list, which was published on 1 August 1939 and on realizations FBI as well as other intelligence services been based. The second list was presented 1948 and supplemented until always 1953 again. All communist groups, which emerge both in the Vorkriegs and the postwar list, are marked by one "". In the meantime some trade unions communists had excluded other openly communist groups from their membership lists, were aufge

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solves, partially also by government resolution. Although Roosevelt had forbidden hearing messages between the Soviet Union and America and/or Canada, the secret services did not adhere to it. The fact that someone was member at a federation, a committee or a Soviet group of supports, did not mean still for a long time that this person was an active communist or a feeler gauge. Thousands of humans with an inclination for liberal thinking became members, without being or the ideas of communism support thereby communists. The variety of these groups shows however completely clearly that Moscow infinitely set up many traps for the harmless ones and the sympathizers, in order to then recruit from this humans their feeler gauges. These even one said that they give up the kompromi tierende membership and into the underground go should, what even mean could the fact that they become members of conservative groups and openly had to criticize their former friends.

List of the 1948 as communist classified organizations:

Abraham Lincoln Brigade Abraham Lincoln School, Chicago, Illinois Action Committee to Free Spain Now Alabama People's Educational Association American Association for Reconstruction in Yugoslavia Inc. American Branch of the Federation of Greek Maritime Unions American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born American Committee for Spanish Freedom American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birbidjan, Inc. American Committee for Yugoslav Relief Inc. American Committee to Survey Labor Conditions in Europe American Committee for a Democratic Greece American Council on Soviel Relations American Jewish Labor Council American League Against War and Fascism American League for Peace and Democracy American Peace Crusade American Peace Mobilization American Poles for Peace American Polish Labor Council American Polish League American Rescue Ship Mission American Russian Institute (aka American Russian Institute for Relations with the Soviel Union) American Russian Institute, Philadelphia American Russian Institute of San Francisco American Russian Institute of Southern California, Los Angeles American Slav Congress American Women for Peace American Youth Congress American Youth for Democracy Armenian Progressive League of America Benjamin Davis Freedom Committee Boston School for Marxist Studies, Boston, Massachusetts Bridges-Robertson-Schmidt Defense Committee Bulgarian American People's League of the United States of America California Emergency Defense Committee California Labor School Inc. 321 Dvisadero Street, San Francisco, Kalifornien Carpatho-Russian People's Society Cervantes Fraternal Society China Weifare Appeal Inc. Chopin Cultural Center Citizens Committee for Harry Bridges Citizens Committee of the Upper West Side (New York City = Citizens Committee to free Earl Browder Citizens Emergency Defense Committee Citizens Protective League Civil Liberties Sponsoring Committee of Pittsburgh Civil Rigths Congress and its affiliated organizations including: Civil Rigths Congress for Texas Veterans Against Discriminations of Civil Rights Congress of New York Comite Coordinador Pro Republica Espanola Comite Pro Derechos Civiles Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy Committee for Constitutional and Political Freedom Committee for Peace and Brotherhood Festival in Philadelphia Committee for the Defense of the Pittsburgh Six Committee for the Negro in the Arts Committee for the Protection of the Bill of Rights Committee for World Youth Friendship and Cultural Exchange Committee to Abolish Discrimination in Maryland Committee to Defend the Rights and Freedom of Pittsburgh's Political Prisoners Committee to Uphold the Bill of Rights Commonwealth College, Mena, Arkansas Communist Party, USA, its subdivisions, subsidiaries and affiliates including: Alabama People's Educational Association Florida Press and Educational League Oklahoma League for Political Education People's Educational and Press Association of Texas Virginia League for People's Education Congress against Discrimination Congress of American Revolutionary Writers Congress of American Women Congress of the Unemployed Connecticut Committee to aid Victims of the Smith Act Connecticut Ste Youth Conference Council for Jobs, Relief and Housing Council for Pan-American Democracy Council of Greek American Council on African Affairs Daily Worker Press Club Dennis Defense Committee Detroit Youth Assembly East Bay Peace Committee Emergency Committee to Save Spanish Refugees Everybody's Committee to Outlaw War Families of the Baltimore Smith Act Victim Families of the Smith Act Victims Finish-American Mutual Aid Society Frederick Douglas Educational Center Freedom Stage, Inc. Friends of the Soviet Union George Washington Carver School, New York City Harlem Trade Union Council Hawaii Civil Liberties Committee Hellenic-American Brotherhood Hollywood Writers Mobilization for Democracy Hungarian-American Council for Democracy Hungarian Brotherhood Idaho Pension Union Independant Party, Seattle, Washington Industrial Workers of the World International Labor Defense International Workers Order, its subdivisions, subsidiaries and affiliates* Jewish Culture Society Jewish People's Committee Jewish People's fraternal Order Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee Joseph Weydemeyer School of Social Science, St. Louis, Missouri Labour Council for Negro Rights Labor Research Association Inc.* Labor Youth League League for Common Sense League of American Writers* Macedoman-American People's League Maritime Labor Committee to Defend AI Lannon Massachusetts Committee for the Bill of Rights Massachusetts Minute Women for Peace Maurice Braverman Defense Committee Michigan Civil Rights Federation Michigan Council for Peace Michigan School of Social Science National Association of Mexican Americans National Committee for Freedom of the Press National Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners National Committee to Win Amnesty for Smith Act Victims National Committee to Win the Peace National Conference on American Policy in China and the Far East National Council for American-Soviet Friendship National Federation for Constitutional Liberties National Labor Conference for Peace National Negro Congress* National Negro Labor Council Nature Friends of America Negro Labor Victory Committee New Committee for Publications North American Committee to Aid Spanish Democracy* North American Spanish Aid Committee North Philadelphia Forum Ohio School of Social Sciences Oklahoma Committee to Defend Political Prisoners Pacific Northwest Labor School, Seattle, Washington Palo Alto Peace Club, Palo Alto, Kalifornien Peace Information Center Peace Movement of Ethopia People's Drama, Inc. People's Educational Association (Los Angeles Educational Center) People's Institute of Applied Religion People's Programs (Seattle, Washington) People's Radio Foundation, Inc. Philadelphia Labor Committee for Negro Right* Philadelphia School of Social Science and Art Photo League Pittsburgh Art Club Political Prisoners' Welfare Committee Polonia Society of the IWO Proletarian Party of America Protestant War Veterans of the USA Inc. Provisional Committee of Citizens for Peace, Southwest Area Provisional Committee on Latin American Affairs Quad City Committee for Peace Queensborough Tenants League Revolutionary Workers League Romanian-American Fraternal Society Russian American Society, Inc. Samuel Adams Scholl, Boston, Massachusetts Santa Barbara Peace Forum, Santa Barbara, Kalifornien Schappes Defense Committee Schneiderman-Darcy Defense Committee School of Jewish Studies Seattle Labor School, Seattle, Washington Serbian-American Fraternal Society Serbian Vidovidan Council Slavic Council of Southern California Slovak Workers Society Slovenian-American National Council Socialist Workers Party, including American Committee for European Workers' Relief Southern Negro Youth Congress Syracuse Women for Peace Tom Paine School of Westchester, New York Trade Union Committee for Peace Trade Unionists for Peace Tn-State Negro Trade Union Council Ukrainan-American Fraternal Union Union of New York Veterans United American Spanish Aid Committee United Committee of Jewish Societies and Landsmannschaft United Committee of South Slavic American United Defense Council of Southern California United Harlem Tenants and Consumers Organization United May Day Committee United Negro and Allied Veterans of America United World Federalists Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Virginia League for People's Education Voice of Freedom Committee Walt Whitman School of Social Science, Newark, New Jersey Washington Bookshop Association Washington Committee for Democratic Action Washington Committee to Defend the Bill of Rights Washington Commonwealth Federation Washington Pension Union Wisconsin Conference on Social Legislation Workers Alliance Yiddisher Kultur Farband Young Communist League* Yugoslav-American Cooperative Home, Inc. Yugoslav Seamen's Club, Inc.

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