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| Samjeondo Monument | |
| Hangul | 삼전도비 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 三田渡碑 |
| Revised Romanization | Sam-jeon-do-bi |
| McCune–Reischauer | Sam-jŏn-do-bi |
The Samjeondo Monument (South Korean Historic site no. 11) is a monument marking Korea's submission to China's Qing Dynasty in 1636. It is located in Seokchon-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea today. The formal name is:
Names
- in Manchu: Daicing gurun-i Enduringge Han-i gung erdemui bei (
) - in Mongolian: Dayičing ulus-un Boɤda Qaɤan-u erdem bilig-i daɤurisɤaɤsan bei
- in Chinese: Daqing Huangdi Gongde Bei (大清皇帝功德碑)
which can be translated as "the stele to the merits and virtues of the August Sovereign of Qing."
History
Following the siege of Namhansanseong, the Joseon Dynasty surrendered to and was forced to accept vassal status to the Manchu Empire in 1636. The following year, Hong Taiji, Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, ordered Korea to put up a monument in honor of the excellent virtues of the Manchu Emperor. In 1639 it was erected at Samjeondo, where the ceremony of surrender had been conducted. Inscriptions were written in Manchu and Mongolian on the front side and in Chinese on the back; they have almost identical contents. The Chinese version was composed by Yi Gyeongseok (李景奭), and the rest seem to have been translated from it.
Samjeondo, meaning "crossing of the three fields", was located near the Sambatnaru, a major crossing point of the Han River in early Joseon times. The Sambatnaru way was the shortest route to the stronghold of Gwangju and the southern provinces. It was also the one most often used to visit the tomb of King Taejong at the foot of Mt. Daemosan.
The monument was buried after the Qing army was wiped out during the Sino-Japanese War but was re-erected in 1895. In 1956 the South Korean ministry of culture and education reinterred the monument, considering it a record of national humiliation. It was unearthed in 1963 however due to a flood, and was eventually registered as a cultural property, in recognition that even shameful events in history must be remembered. In 1983 the city of Seoul built a small park around the monument. Understandably, the South Korean government has done little besides this to attract attention to the site, which is generally considered shameful by patriotic Koreans.
Contents
Both the Manchu and Koreans saw the inscription as the litmus test for Korea's attitude toward the Manchu Emperor, so King Injo frayed his nerves to it. As a result, it greatly flattered the Manchus; namely, the inscription narrates how the king of Korea came to attach himself to the virtue of the Manchu Emperor from a Korean point of view. Although one-sided, it provides a concise account of the Manchu-Korean relationship.
The inscription starts with the description of the second Manchu campaign against Korea in 1636. The Manchu army besieged the Namhan fortress, where King Injo took refuge. He admitted his guilt, accepted the imperial edict and surrendered at Samjeondo. Since Hong Taiji felt compassion for the king, he mercifully sent the king back to the capital and rapidly withdrew the army without doing harm to the people.
In the next paragraph, the inscription traces the history back to the Battle of Sarhū in 1619. The Korean army, led by Gang Hong-rip, put on the appearance of supporting the Ming Dynasty but surrendered to the Manchus. However, all of the soldiers except the high-ranking ones were released by Nurhaci, and the inscription emphasizes the merciful act. Since Korea still displayed disobedient behavior, Hong Taiji commenced the first Manchu invasion of Korea in 1627. He did not overthrow the kingdom but established a Confucian "elder brother-younger brother" relationship. The inscription then goes on to describe the second Manchu campaign. When Hong Taiji declared the new dynasty of Qing in 1636, Korea did not accept it even though the Empire announced a war. The inscription stressed his benevolent acts during the war.
Next, the inscription explains the background of erection of the monument. It says that the king voluntarily erected the monument at Samjeondo to let the excellent virtue of the Emperor be known around the world.
Finally, the inscription summarizes the entire course of events in verse.