Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by VSrugbyfan (talk | contribs) at 15:27, 13 September 2008. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

The British National Party (BNP) is a far-right and whites only political party in the United Kingdom. It claims to have around 100 councillors in local government in England (including parish councillors) - although the BBC estimates only 58 at May 2008, some of whom appear to have split from the main party. The party holds a London-wide seat on the London Assembly, but is not represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. In the 2005 UK general election, the BNP received 0.7% of the popular vote, giving them the eighth largest share of the vote (however they only contested English seats, and came 5th in these). In the 2007 Welsh Assembly Election, they came fifth in terms of votes for the regional lists with 4.3% of the vote, winning no seats, also finishing fifth in the 2008 London mayoral election with 5.23% of the popular vote.

According to its constitution, the BNP is "committed to stemming and reversing the tide of non-white immigration and to restoring, by legal changes, negotiation and consent the overwhelmingly white makeup of the British population that existed in Britain prior to 1948." The BNP also proposes "firm but voluntary incentives for immigrants and their descendants to return home."

It advocates the repeal of all anti-discrimination legislation, and restricts party membership to "indigenous British ethnic groups deriving from the class of ‘Indigenous Caucasian’". The BNP also accepts white immigrants that are assimilated into one of those ethnicities.

The BNP asserts that there are biological racial differences that determine the behaviour and character of individuals of different races, although they do not regard whites as superior to other ethnic groups. The party claims that preference for one's own ethnicity is a part of human nature. Their publicity has often conflated Islam with Marxism, due to both systems aiming to put all the world's people under a common system, and has suggested that mainstream politicians with Marxist pasts are partially responsible for this.

Historically, under John Tyndall's leadership, the BNP was overtly anti-Semitic; however, under the current leadership of Nick Griffin, the BNP has focused on criticism of Islam. The party has said that they do not consider the Jewish, Hindu or Sikh religions to have a significantly detrimental or threatening effect, although they don't accept practicing Sikhs, Jews and Hindus as culturally or ethnically British. The party does however have members with Jewish ancestry. The BNP has been known to work with extremist Hindu and Sikh groups opposing Islam,and has actively tried to win Jewish votes, although the BNP rejects a foreign policy that would support Israel.

The BNP is rebuked and ostracized by mainstream politicians, and the party has been strongly criticised by Conservative Party leader David Cameron, former Liberal Democrats leader Sir Menzies Campbell, former Labour Party Prime Minister Tony Blair, and current Labour Party Prime Minister Gordon Brown.

History

Founding of the modern BNP

The current BNP has its roots in the New National Front, founded in 1980 by John Tyndall, a former chairman of the National Front (NF). In 1982, the New National Front and a faction of the then-disintegrating British Movement led by Ray Hill merged to form the new British National Party. Tyndall was elected leader and Hill became his deputy, with much of the early funding provided by Tyndall's father-in-law, Charles Parker.

In 1983, in its first general election, the party sponsored 53 candidates; three more than was required to obtain a Party Election Broadcast on television. The broadcast was transmitted on 31 May and consisted of Tyndall, flanked by two Union Flags, speaking to a camera. Images of the Brixton riot were shown as Tyndall's speech attempted to encourage nationalism over racism. One observer noted that the "emphasis was less heavily anti-black... than the National Front's". The giving of television time to the BNP was controversial, and was debated on Right to Reply on Channel 4. During the campaign, Tyndall stated that the only significant differences between the BNP and the National Front lay in the fact that his party would bar homosexuals from high office, and he said that he was hopeful that the two parties could reunite.

The party's candidates won 14,621 votes in that election. The BNP's average vote was less than the National Front, and in the two constituencies where both parties stood candidates, the NF was clearly more popular. However, unbeknown to the BNP, Ray Hill was actually working for the group Searchlight, and observers have suggested that the party's relatively low profile in its early years may have been related to his sabotage.

The increase in the deposit required of parliamentary candidates hindered the party during the 1987 general elections, when it had only two candidates. The first time that the BNP attracted widespread attention was the Dewsbury riot of Summer 1989. Around a thousand people took part in a 'Rights for Whites' demonstration after some white parents in Dewsbury had been trying to withdraw their children from racially-mixed schools.

1990s

After some financial troubles, the party's national headquarters were established at Welling in south-east London in 1989. In the early 1990s, the party saw a growth in popularity mainly in London and the urban south east, and especially in the borough of Tower Hamlets where perceived increasing immigration from Bangladesh in an area of housing pressure led to the campaign "Defend Rights for Whites" (a campaign directed by Eddy Butler). At two local council by-elections in 1990, the party came in third, and on 1 October 1992 the party won 20% of the vote in the Millwall ward.

A second by-election in Millwall in September 1993 saw a renewed BNP campaign to take the seat. The party obtained its first councillor, Derek Beackon, by a majority of seven votes. Although Beackon was able to achieve little on the council before the full council elections (in which he lost his seat, after a successful anti-fascist campaign), the by-election win led to a great increase in publicity for the party.

The party headquarters site became a venue for anti-fascist protesters who linked its presence to racial crimes in the surrounding area. A near-riot ensued on 16 October 1993 when the police forced a 15,000 anti-BNP protest march to change its route away from outside the party building. 31 people were arrested and 19 police officers were injured.

Anti-semitism and Holocaust denial

The BNP, its former leaders and present leader, Nick Griffin, have promoted anti-semitism and Holocaust denial or revisionism in the past. In 1996, writing in his own publication, The Rune, Griffin stated that: "I am well aware that orthodox opinion is that six million Jews were gassed and cremated or turned into soup and lampshades. I have reached the conclusion that the 'extermination' tale is a mixture of Allied wartime propaganda, extremely profitable lie, and latter witch-hysteria." The following year, during a Cook Report documentary he stated: "There is no doubt that hundreds, probably thousands of Jews were shot to death in Eastern Europe, because they were rightly or wrongly seen as communists or potential partisan supporters. That was awful. But this nonsense about gas chambers is exposed as a total lie."

In 1988, The Sunday Times revealed that Holocaust News, a publication that claimed the holocaust was an "evil hoax", was being published by the BNP's then deputy leader, Richard Edmonds, on behalf of a BNP front organisation, the Centre for Historical Review, and distributed by members. John Tyndall, the party's leader, said he was not involved in the publication but that it had his full support.

The 2002 Channel 4 documentary Young, Nazi and Proud featured hidden-camera footage of the then BNP youth leader Mark Collett stating his admiration for Adolf Hitler, and stating "I'd never say this on camera, the Jews have been thrown out of every country including England. It's not just persecution. There's no smoke without fire." It also featured footage of visitors to the party's annual 'Red White and Blue' festival, some of whom wore the legend "88" (code for HH, "Heil Hitler"). Collett resigned from the party after the documentary's filming, but rejoined shortly afterwards, with Nick Griffin's approval, on the condition that Collett changed his views on the subject.

In 2006, the party's deputy chairman Scott McLean was shown on the TV documentary "Nazi Hate Rock" making Hitler salutes at a white-supremacist cross-burning ceremony where intensely racist songs were sung and jokes made about Auschwitz.

The BNP claims that it has now "cast off the leg-iron ... of anti-semitism" and states that the party has Jewish members, and one of its councillors, Pat Richardson (Epping Forest), is herself Jewish. Nick Griffin has also clarified his position on the Holocaust: "several of the leftists try to sidetrack the debate down the Holocaust road although that does at least allow me to set the record straight and deal with the combination of Misplaced Pages lies and out-of-context propaganda and to put on record the fact that – while I used to be very angry at (and rude about) the way the left-liberals use the Holocaust as a moral club to silence debate on the key issues of our time – I have never denied the fact that the Nazis murdered huge numbers of Jews in one of the great crimes of a century of terrible inhumanity." However, Nick Griffin has never rescinded his view that the gas chambers are a fabrication.

Under Nick Griffin

Nick Griffin joined the BNP in 1995. In 1999, he replaced Tyndall as BNP leader after a contested leadership election. Once comfortably in position, Griffin began a programme of modernising the BNP's image, rephrasing the policy of the compulsory repatriation of non-whites and rewording it as a "firm encouragement" for voluntary repatriation.

In the 2002 local elections, the BNP won 3 seats in Burnley and averaged 20% of the votes where it positioned councillors. The party was accused, however, of exploiting the high tensions in areas that had recently undergone racially-motivated riots.

Increasing electoral success led to increased scrutiny from the press. In The Secret Agent, a BBC documentary broadcast on 15 July 2004, filmmaker Jason Gwynne went undercover and joined the BNP for six months. His secret filming recorded party leader Nick Griffin calling Islam a "wicked, vicious faith". In his speech, Griffin also stated that "For saying that, I tell you, I will get seven years if I said that outside", referring to the maximum sentence for the criminal offence of incitement to racial hatred.

The day after the documentary was broadcast, Barclays Bank froze, then suspended, the BNP's bank accounts. The BNP's response to the programme was that it had featured "the loudest and most hot-headed BNP activists were deliberately plied with drink and subject to suggestive provocation". Griffin did not apologise for his own comments, stating that "it's still not illegal to criticise Islam". He and BNP member Mark Collett were subsequently tried and acquitted of incitement to racial hatred.

In September 2007 The Daily Telegraph newspaper reported that Hitwise, the online competitive intelligence service, said that the

. . .website run by the far right British National Party is the most visited website of any UK political party, with more hits than all other parties put together, a survey has found.

2000s

The party has positioned itself against Islam, which Griffin has repeatedly called "wicked and vicious". In the wake of the 7 July 2005 London bombings, the BNP released leaflets featuring images of the bombed Route 30 bus and the slogan "Maybe now it's time to start listening to the BNP." This move was criticised by the conservative Daily Mail as playing on people's high emotions and grief following a horrendous attack.

On 21 July 2005, Griffin and BNP activist Mark Collett pleaded not guilty at Leeds Crown Court to four and eight charges, respectively, of incitement to racial hatred. The charges resulted from the BBC documentary The Secret Agent (see above). Preparing for a possible conviction, Griffin nominated West Midlands organiser Simon Darby as his temporary replacement if he were imprisoned. John Tyndall died three days before he was due to give evidence in court. Eventually, Griffin and Collett were each acquitted of half of the charges against them with no verdict delivered on the remaining charges. The Crown Prosecution Service announced that they would pursue a retrial on the remaining charges; Griffin and Collett were also cleared of these. They used the result of the trial to criticise the BBC. Following the trial, the possibility of tightening race hate laws has been discussed.

After the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, the BNP republished one of the cartoons of Muhammad on a leaflet, accompanied by a photo of Muslim demonstrators holding placards bearing murderous anti-British slogans and a "Which one do YOU find offensive?" caption.

Events in the run up to the 2006 local elections seemed to show an increase in support for the BNP, with research carried out by the Joseph Rowntree Charitable Trust, showing that, in the parts of England where the BNP put most of their resources, one in four voters was considering voting BNP with the figure at one in five in parts of London.

A government minister in the Department for Work and Pensions, Margaret Hodge, also highlighted the increase in support by saying that eight out of ten white working class people in her London constituency of Barking were "tempted" to vote for the BNP. The increase in support for the BNP was described by some as a protest vote due to voter alienation with the three mainstream parties (Labour, Conservatives, and the Liberal-Democrats). The increase in support for the BNP was notably demonstrated by a poll released by YouGov, a British polling firm, that indicated that the BNP vote had reached 7% in the wake of media attention, a more than tenfold increase over the previous general election.

A YouGov poll in April 2006 found that the majority of Britons agreed with many BNP policies, when unaware they were associated with the BNP. 59% supported the halting of all further immigration, and average support for the BNP propositions cited in the poll among those who did not know they were associated with the BNP was 55%. Most of the statements put, however, coincided with views also put forward by other political parties. There were also certain BNP propositions which were strongly opposed by those polled, including non-white citizens being inherently "less British", and the party's policy of encouraging the "repatriation" of ethnic minorities. Support also fell among those who were told that the policies were those of the BNP.

On 5 May 2006, the results of the 2006 local elections were reported by the BBC and showed a marked increase for the BNP. Before the elections, the BNP was estimated to have held only about 20 local political seats, but the party presented about 350 candidates, of which 33 were initially declared to be winners and a further 70 were placed second. This more than doubled the seats held by the BNP on district, borough and city councils, taking the total to 46 (out of around 21,000 such seats in the UK). It also gained a handful of seats on parish councils, giving it a total of around 53 all told. Also noteworthy is the fact that the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham became, according to many newspapers, the first council in the United Kingdom to have the BNP as the second-biggest party.

In the run-up to local elections in May 2007, the BNP predicted that it would again double its councillors, which would have taken the total to around 100. However, in the event it made only small gains and also suffered significant losses, so that the net increase was only one seat. From this peak of 47 councillors on local authorities, the number of BNP councillors fell slowly through the rest of 2007 due to resignations and expulsions, several of them associated with a failed leadership challenge in the summer. By the end of the year the number had sunk to around 42.

The Guardian's infiltration

On 21 December 2006 the Guardian newspaper revealed that one of its journalists, Ian Cobain, had worked undercover in the BNP for seven months, and had become the party's Central London organiser. Amongst the accusations made by the paper was that the BNP used "techniques of secrecy and deception... in its attempt to conceal its activities and intentions from the public". It asserted that the BNP operated with a "network of false identities" and organised rendezvous points to allow members to be directed to "clandestine meetings" elsewhere. Members of the party were directed to avoid "any racist or anti-semitic language in public". Cobain also claimed that the membership in central London had expanded beyond the party's traditional range, now including "dozens of company directors, computing entrepreneurs, bankers and estate agents, and a handful of teachers".

In the aftermath of The Guardian’s report, campaign group Unite Against Fascism called for the 'BNP ballerina' Simone Clarke to be sacked from the English National Ballet, with UAF vice-chair Weyman Bennett claiming her views on immigration were "incompatible with a leading arts institution such as the English National Ballet" and that she had "used her position to support a party which fosters division". However, Clarke defends her personal political opinion, stating that "the BNP is the only party to take a stand ".

The BNP was being investigated by the Electoral Commission on 12 April 2007 after The Guardian revealed that senior figures in the BNP had set up a front organisation in an attempt to raise money from sympathisers in the United States.

2007 split

In December 2007, an internal dispute led to the resignation or expulsion of more than 60 of the party's local and national officials.

Several of its leading officials including Councillor Sadie Graham and Kenny Smith (Head of Administration) had pressed for some months for the expulsion of three other senior officials, John Walker (National Treasurer), Dave Hannam (Deputy Treasurer) and Mark Collett (Director of Publicity), who they accused of having brought the BNP into disrepute (the BNP later accused Graham and Smith of being "far left" infiltrators). In December, frustrated by the failure of disciplinary proceedings, Graham and Smith launched a blog called 'enoughisenoughnick' detailing their complaints against the trio. In response, Graham and Smith were swiftly sacked from their positions by Nick Griffin. During the dispute which followed, members of BNP Security seized a computer from Graham's home; Griffin claimed that they were recovering party property, while Graham claimed that it was her own.

A large number of BNP officials then resigned in support of Smith and Graham or were expelled. These included the head of the Young BNP , the head of BNP Security Training, the National Fundraiser Bev Scott, the head of the party's merchandising operation Excalibur, the editor of the party's website and 5 out of the 13 regional committees of the BNP. The leadership of the BNP asserted that the significance of the dispute was exaggerated and that it would quickly blow over. In late December 2007, the rebels began to refer to themselves as the 'Real BNP'. They claimed that they would stay within the BNP and campaign for a change of leaders. However, in January 2008, in an apparent change of tactics, they launched a new website called 'Voice of Change' announcing that "Voice of Change is an umbrella group to assist candidates who wish to stand as independent nationalists in the local elections in May 2008 and in any local by-elections throughout the year."

Policies

Since Griffin took over its leadership, the BNP has become less publicly extreme, promoting similar policies to the Euronationalist approach adopted by a number of far right European counterparts, such as the Austrian Freedom Party set up by Jörg Haider. This is cited as a factor in such parties' increased electoral successes in the 1990s and 2000s. The BNP proposes to reintroduce corporal punishment. Capital punishment will be available for paedophiles, terrorists and murderers. In addition to increasing military defence spending, the BNP plans to reintroduce compulsory national service. The BNP proposes that citizens should keep a rifle and ammunition in their homes. The BNP proposes "to end the conflict in Ireland by welcoming Eire as well as Ulster as equal partners in a federation of the nations of the British Isles". Central to the BNP's domestic policies are greater share ownership and the establishment of worker co-operatives. The party advocates the provision of extra resources for "especially gifted children" and the reversal of closures of special needs schools.

Racial policies

At its founding, the BNP was explicitly racist. In October 1990, the BNP was described by the European Parliament's committee on racism and xenophobia as an "openly Nazi party... whose leadership have serious criminal convictions". When asked in 1993 if the BNP was racist, its deputy leader Richard Edmonds said, "We are 100 per cent racist, yes". Founder John Tyndall proclaimed that "Mein Kampf is my bible". When Nick Griffin became chairman in 1999, the party began to change its stance with regard to racial issues. Griffin claims to have repudiated racism, instead espousing what he calls "ethno-nationalism". He claims that his core ideology is "concern for the well-being of the English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish ethnic nations that compose the United Kingdom".

The BNP publicly disavows any interest in white supremacy. Its detractors argue that its definition of white supremacy as the "wish to rule over foreign peoples" is too narrow. The BNP requires that all members must be members of the "Indigenous Caucasian" racial group. The party does not regard non-white people as being British, even if they have been born in the UK and are naturalized British citizens. Instead, Griffin has stated that "non-Europeans who stay", while protected by British law, "will be regarded as permanent guests".

The BNP is opposed to mixed-race relationships on the stated ground that racial differences must be preserved; it claims that when a white person produces a mixed-race child, "a white family line that stretches back into deep pre-history is destroyed." The party does however have a half-Turkish Cypriot half-English councillor in Lawrence Rustem. In 2006, Sharif Abdel Gawad, a grandson of an Armenian refugee (also of partial Greek ancestry), was chosen as a council candidate in Bradford. The selection was reported to have caused some dissent within parts of the BNP, however, it was defended by the BNP leadership who said "ordinary members can rest assured that Sharif Gawad is not a racial alien. Sharif, despite his name, is white and British and the British National Party is staying true to its core principles". "Mr Gawad fulfilled the BNP criteria of being "a member of the white European race of people", they affirmed.

Nick Griffin stated: "... while the BNP is not racist, it must not become multi-racist either. Our fundamental determination to secure a future for white children is restated, and an area of uncertainty is addressed and a position which is both principled and politically realistic is firmly established. We don't hate anyone, especially the mixed race children who are the most tragic victims of enforced multi-racism, but that does not mean that we accept miscegenation as moral or normal. We do not and we never will". Griffin's use of the phrase "secure a future for white children" is similar to the white nationalist "Fourteen Words".

The BNP supported Leeds University lecturer Dr. Frank Ellis, who was suspended from his post after stating that the Bell Curve theory "has demonstrated to me beyond any reasonable doubt there is a persistent gap in average black and white average intelligence". Ellis called the BNP "a bit too socialist" for his liking and described himself as "an unrepentant Powellite" who would support "humane" repatriation. In April 2006, Sky News confronted the party's national press officer, Phil Edwards (it has been claimed that this is a pseudonym for Stuart Russell,) with a tape of a telephone conversation the previous year. On the tape, Russell could be heard to say that "the black kids are going to grow up dysfunctional, low IQ, low achievers that drain our welfare benefits and the prison system and probably go and mug you." He responded: "If I thought I was going to be recorded ... I would not have used such intemperate language, but let’s be honest about it, the facts are there".

As the party now states on its website: "The British National Party believes in telling the truth, even if it is sometimes uncomfortable to hear or offensive to those who would rather bury their heads in the sand than face real problems in our society. But while we often pass quite critical comment on the impact of immigration, multi-culturalism and alien religions on the indigenous people of our lands, we have no animosity towards immigrants, their descendants or the followers of non-native religions. Nor do we intend to encourage others to feel such animosity, or believe that anything we have to say is likely to 'stir up hatred' against anyone.

In fact, we believe that by providing a peaceful and Constitutional outlet for the anger and the frustration felt by millions of our people over the undemocratic transformation of our country by our political masters, the BNP actually defuses tensions. Where there is 'hate' we seek to turn it into righteous anger and political action against the only people who deserve to be hated - the politicians who use our taxes to turn our country into a place where we often feel like strangers in our own land."

Anti-Islam focus

The party states that "The BNP has moved on in recent years, casting off the leg-irons of conspiracy theories and the thinly veiled anti-semitism which has held this party back for two decades. The real enemies of the British people are home grown Anglo-Saxon Celtic liberal-leftists ... and the Crescent Horde – the endless wave of Islamics who are flocking to our shores to bring our island nations into the embrace of their barbaric desert religion". They have described this as the "islamification" of Great Britain.

Consequently, the party has shifted allegiance in conflicts involving Israel. Its head of legal affairs, Lee Barnes, wrote on the party's website about the 2006 Lebanon War: "As a Nationalist I can say that I support Israel 100% in their dispute with Hezbollah. In fact, I hope they wipe Hezbollah off the Lebanese map and bomb them until they leave large greasy craters in the cities where their Islamic extremist cantons of terror once stood."

Nick Griffin has made it clear that this shift in emphasis is designed to increase the party's appeal. On one occasion, he stated, "We should be positioning ourselves to take advantage for our own political ends of the growing wave of public hostility to Islam currently being whipped up by the mass media". In a speech to local party activists in Burnley in March 2006, he said:

"We bang on about Islam. Why? Because to the ordinary public out there it's the thing they can understand. It's the thing the newspaper editors sell newspapers with. If we were to attack some other ethnic group — some people say we should attack the Jews ... But ... we've got to get to power. And if that was an issue we chose to bang on about when the press don't talk about it ... the public would just think we were barking mad. They'd just think oh, you're attacking Jews just because you want to attack Jews. You're attacking this group of powerful Zionists just because you want to take poor Manny Cohen the tailor and shove him in a gas chamber. That's what the public would think. It wouldn't get us anywhere other than stepping backwards. It would lock us in a little box; the public would think "extremist crank lunatics, nothing to do with me." And we wouldn't get power."

Suggested policies to help police this "threat to all of us" include a Muslim no fly policy. This would dictate that Muslims would be banned from flying in and out of the UK. The BNP conducted a demonstration outside the offices of the National Union of Journalists (NUJ) to highlight what it regarded as biased coverage of the case of Gavin Hopley, a 19-year-old white who was mugged and kicked to death by Asian Muslims in the street in Glodwick, Oldham, Greater Manchester, in February 2002. The police and the NUJ have rejected the BNP's criticism.

Anti-homosexuality

The BNP has a policy of tolerance to homosexuality in private, but states that homosexuality "should not be promoted or encouraged". According to Gay.com in 2006, they support the re-criminalisation of homosexuality. The BNP opposed the introduction of civil partnerships in the United Kingdom. BNP spokesman Phil Edwards said homosexuality "is unnatural" and "does not lead to procreation but does lead to moral turpitude and disease". Alongside their suggestion that homosexuality "undermines social/marital cohesion by adding confusion", the BNP would make it unlawful to promote homosexuality and "return it to the closet where it belongs". The BNP is particularly worried about the possibility of homosexuality being promoted in schools.

In the run-up to the 2005 general election, it was reported that Richard Barnbrook, the BNP candidate for Barking, had produced and directed a homoerotic student art film in 1989. The story was picked up by the mainstream press after the 2006 local elections, when Barnbrook became a councillor and the BNP's London leader. Although some portrayed this as gay pornography, Barnbrook and the BNP claimed that the film was artistic, and about "sexuality, not homosexuality".

Mark Collett, former chairman of the Young BNP, described homosexuals as "AIDS Monkeys", "bum bandits" and "faggots" and said the idea of homosexuality was a "sickening thought". There have been allegations that Nick Griffin has been involved in homosexual relationships with other BNP members, although he vehemently denies it.

Electoral performance

National parliament

For full details of candidates and votes in parliamentary elections, see British National Party election results

The BNP has contested seats in England, Wales and Scotland. Since 2002 the party has expressed interest in contesting elections in Northern Ireland and previously promised to stand candidates in the 2003 Assembly Election, 2004 European Election and 2005 local council elections but in each case failed to put forward candidates. No BNP candidate has ever won a seat as a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons. It has been noted that the UK's first-past-the-post system causes electoral difficulties for smaller parties such as the BNP whose support is not geographically concentrated in specific constituencies.

In the 2005 General Election, the British National Party stood 119 candidates across England, Scotland and Wales. Between those candidates the BNP polled 192,850 votes, gaining an average of 4.2% across the several seats they stood in, and 0.7% nationwide — more than treble their percentage at the 2001 election. In those seats which the BNP stood in they were the 4th largest party. However, they did not stand nationwide, meaning that their national share of the vote was substantially lower than that of other minor parties and exit poll predictions of 3%.

In the 21st century, their electoral successes have generally come from winning former Labour voters and former Labour council seats.

General election performance

Local government

Like other minority parties in the UK, the majority of the BNP's electoral success has come in local government elections. The BNP's first electoral success came in September 1993, when Derek Beackon was returned as councillor for Millwall (in London) on a low turnout. He lost his seat in further elections the next year.

In the council elections of May 2002, three BNP candidates gained seats on Burnley council. This was interpreted in some quarters as an indicator of the mood of the British electorate. The BNP had fielded 68 candidates nationwide. In the council elections of May 2003, the BNP increased its Burnley total by five seats, thus briefly becoming the second-largest party and official opposition on that council, a position it narrowly lost soon afterwards after the resignation of a BNP councillor who had been disciplined by the party after unruly behaviour at the party's annual 'Red, White and Blue' festival. The BNP lost the subsequent by-election to the Liberal Democrats.

During these 2003 elections, the BNP contested a record 221 seats nationwide (just under 4% of the total available). They won 11 council seats in all, though Nick Griffin was unsuccessful in his attempt to gain a place on Oldham Metropolitan Council. In some areas, such as Sunderland, it contested all wards and failed to get a seat; in others areas such as Essex, parts of the Black Country in the West Midlands and in Hertfordshire it gained council seats.

Prior to the 2004 elections to the European Parliament, the BNP had stated that it believed it could win "between one and three seats" in the 2004 European Parliamentary elections. In fact, although their share of the vote increased to 4.9% (placing them as the sixth biggest party overall), they failed to win a single seat. The Party also hoped to pick up an increased share of the vote in the South West of England, where its strongly eurosceptic policies were believed to be most popular. However, in that region it gained only 3.0% of the vote. Given that parties with other lower total percentages of the vote, but a higher regional concentration of support, gained seats, their lack of a geographical stronghold can be seen as a disadvantage against the party.

The party's biggest election success to date was a gain of 52% of the vote in the Goresbrook ward of Barking on 16 September 2004. However, the turnout was just 29%, and the councillor Daniel Kelley retired just 10 months later, claiming he had been an outcast within the council. A new election was held on 23 June 2005, in which this time the Labour candidate gained 51% of the vote, and the BNP came second with 32%.

In the local elections on 4 May 2006, the BNP more than doubled its number of councillors, increasing the number from 20 to 52. The biggest gain was in Barking and Dagenham where the BNP won 11 of the 13 seats it contested. A twelfth seat was awarded to the BNP, following a High Court petition. The BNP also won 3 seats in Epping Forest, 3 in Stoke-on-Trent, 3 in Sandwell, 2 seats in Burnley, 2 in Kirklees, and single seats in Bradford, Havering, Solihull, Redditch, Redbridge, Pendle and Leeds. They were initially declared to have won the Birmingham seat of Kingstanding but this was due to a counting error and subsequently overturned in court.

In 10 August 2006 the BNP gained their first parish councillor in Wales when Mike Howard of Rhewl Mostyn, Flintshire, previously an Independent, joined the BNP. Hence as of 10 August 2006, the party had 53 councillors in local government.

In the 2007 Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly elections the BNP fielded candidates. In the Welsh elections the party fielded 20 candidates, four in each of the five regional lists with party chairman Nick Griffin standing in the South Wales West region. It came fifth behind the major parties in some areas. They did best in north east Wales, polling 9% in Wrexham and 7% in both Alyn and Deeside and in Clwyd South. However, they did not get any seats in the Welsh assembly.

In the Scottish Parliament election the party fielded 32 candidates which entitled the BNP to public funding for its campaign and an election broadcast, prompting criticism from various groups. The BNP got about 1% of the vote and no seats.

In the UK local elections which took place on the same day as the Scottish and Welsh elections, the BNP fielded a record 754 council candidates, more than double the number the previous year. It won increased support in Windsor and Maidenhead but did not increase its number of councillors in Sandwell from 4 and saw its seats in Burnley reduced from seven to four. It won both Hugglescote and Whitick - the first seats to be won by the BNP in Leicestershire. Before the poll, the BNP's declared aim was to double its number of elected councillors to around a hundred. In the event, it increased its net representation by just one councillor.

London Assembly and mayoral election, 2008

The Evening Standard reported at the beginning of April 2008 that Nick Eriksen, second on the candidates list for the London Assembly election and the party's chief London organiser, is the author of a far-right blog 'Sir John Bull'. On his blog, Eriksen says rape is a "myth" and claims women are like gongs as "they need to be struck regularly". Eriksen was removed as a BNP candidate because of these comments, but his position as a party official remains unclear.

BNP candidate Richard Barnbrook gained a seat in the London Assembly in May 2008, after gaining 5.3% of the vote in the mayoral election. Nationally, the BNP won over one hundred seats throughout the United Kingdom in the May 2008 local elections, which is less than 1% of the total number of seats available.

See also: Elections in the United Kingdom

Councillors' Achievements

From their ranks of up to 55 councillors the BNP have lost a substantial proportion through resignations expulsions and splits. The BNP councillors have particular disadvantages which many other councillors do not have. Instances of various misdemeanours are closely watched by opponents and widely advertised- although all councillors will face scrutiny from opposing parties locally. When the first BNP councillor, Derek Beackon was elected in the Isle of Dogs, local council staff staged a mass walkout. He found himself isolated from officers and councillors, most of whom refused to speak to him at all, making it especially difficult to understand the workings of the council and impaired his effectiveness. Others have had similar experiences, which has often resulted in exceptionally poor attendance records and disillusionment. Some have been obstructed by official actions against them and been prevented from fulfilling their dutues by suspension or by bail conditions. However as the party increases its pool of experienced councillors this could be improved from their point of view, although the actions of existing councillors have not produced any positive role models as yet.

The internal party democracy of the BNP has been criticised by members for giving too much power to the Chairman and for not being widely available for the membership to consult. In 2007 a leadership challenge to Griffin by Colin Auty and previously by Colin Jackson resulted in resignations and expulsions of their supporters and 67 senior activists including many councillors resigning the whip after Councillor Nina Brown claimed that BNP Security had misled her into giving them the key to the home of fellow BNP councillor Sadie Graham in order to ransack it, searching for evidence of her support for Auty's leadership bid.

Others, such as Daniel Kelly in Barking & Dagenham or Angela Clarke in Keighley, have resigned due to "not understanding what was going on" . Some have been suspended from the council. Luke Smith (a Burnley councillor) was expelled for glassing another BNP reveller at the 2003 Red. White And Blue Festival and was banned from being a councillor by the Standards Board for England, following his being banned from football matches for hooliganism. (Luke Smith later hanged himself in 2008).

Smith's uncle Simon Smith was himself suspended for the racialist content of his website, before leaving the BNP in support of Sadie Graham. He said of Luke Smith,(who was awaiting sentencing for beating up a barman before he hanged himself outside the pub).

“He was a lovely, lovely lad who, like a lot of people, was just too sensitive to exist in what is effectively an extremely cruel world."

Terry Farr, a councillor in Epping, resigned to spend more time with his family after a suspension for writing abusive letters to Trevor Phillips

John Rowe, a Burnley councillor, has been excluded from meetings due to his bail conditions after setting off fire alarms.

Others have become disenchanted with the BNP itself. In September 2007, Robin Evans, a BNP councillor in Blackburn, walked out of the party, then wrote a letter to his former colleagues denouncing them as a party of drug-dealers and football hooligans. He remains a councillor, describing himself as a "national socialist".

Another Burnley councillor Maureen Stowe, resigned from the BNP in 2004 claiming that they had concealed their fascist nature from her.

James Lloyd, a BNP councillor in Sandwell was suspended for not attending enough council meetings. He attributed this to business difficulties following the closure of his pub, a favourite with BNP activists due to his non cooperation with police investigations into repeated violent incidents.

As the BNP has yet to gain power in any locality, it has not yet had the opportunity to show its policies in action. However any policy explicitly based on treating ethnic minorities less favourably would have to comply with national legislation designed to prevent such policies, which would constrain the freedom of action of such a council.

Structure

The chairman of the BNP has final say in all policy matters. There are then fifteen further members of the 'party leadership', who have responsibility for various areas of its operations. These executive positions work alongside the Advisory Council, the party's senior policy body. This group meets at least three times a year. Its role is to "inspect the party's accounts, ensuring proper conduct of the party's finances, and to act as a forum for the party's leadership to discuss vital issues and carve out the party's agenda". The Trafalgar Club is the party's fundraising arm.

The party is organised on a regional basis, with 12 regions, based upon the European Parliament constituencies within the UK, each with an organiser . The party also organises four groups that deal with specific areas of activity i.e. Land and People (which deals with rural affairs), Pensioners' Awareness Group, the Friends of European Nationalism (a New Zealand-based organisation) and the Ethnic Liaison Committee, which co-ordinates work with non-whites. The BNP also has 16 specifically defined party officials, with the current holders of the major offices being as follows:

• Chairman - Nick Griffin
• Deputy Chairman/National Press Officer - Simon Darby
• Director of Administration - Kenny Smith
• National Treasurer - John Walker
• Editor of Identity - John Bean
• Editor of Voice of Freedom - Martin Wingfield
• Head of Publicity - Mark Collett
• Head of Young BNP - Danny Lake

Claims of repression of free speech

The BNP claims that the mainstream media in the UK do not mention BNP policies, or make reference to statements made by the BNP, though this claim ignores their modest level of support at the national level. The BNP argues that NUJ guidelines on reporting racist organizations forbid journalists who are NUJ members from reporting uncritically on the party.

Owing to campaigning by anti-fascist groups, the BNP has encountered difficulties finding a company prepared to print their monthly publication Voice of Freedom. The Party acquired a printing press in the run up to the 2005 general election, thereby removing its dependency on external printing houses. In September 2005, 60,000 copies of Voice of Freedom, which had been printed in Slovakia, were seized by British police at Dover. The police later admitted this was a mistake and released the impounded literature shortly thereafter.

Party members sometimes conceal their affiliation, which can be deemed unacceptable by employers, unions and co-workers. Police officers are not allowed to be members of the BNP "or similar organisation whose Constitution, aims, objectives or pronouncements may contradict the duty to promote equality". The prison service likewise prohibits membership of the BNP and similar organisations, because it considers them racist. A similar policy has been discussed in the Fire Brigades and Civil Service. On 24 April 2007 an election broadcast (which was scheduled to air at 9:55PM) was pulled by BBC Radio Wales' lawyers, who believed that the broadcast was defamatory of the Chief Constable of North Wales Police, Richard Brunstrom. The broadcast was made available to download from the BNP's website.

Relations with neo-Nazi, terrorist and paramilitary groups

While Griffin was still a leading figure in the National Front, he was a close associate of Roberto Fiore, an Italian who, having fled to London, was convicted in absentia of belonging to the Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari, a terrorist group that was alleged to have carried out the Bologna massacre, which killed 85 people and injured 200 others in a railway station.. However, no connection to the bombing was ever proven, and the case is still open.

The terrorist group Combat 18 (C18), was formed in 1992 (although not originally under this name), to act as stewards for BNP rallies, which were often attacked by groups such as Anti-Fascist Action. C18's first publicly-acknowledged terror action was an incendiary attack on a Communist Party premises in March 1992. The BNP did not repudiate the attack until nearly two years later, when John Tyndall did so in an Organisers Bulletin on 14 December 1993. In his bulletin, Tyndall acknowledged that C18 had set itself up as "the disciplinary enforcement apparatus of the BNP", and claimed that C18 had been infiltrated by state informers. In 2002, Adrian Marsden was elected as a councillor for the BNP, having previously had his house raided by the Special Branch in raids on Combat 18 supporters in 1999.

When Tyndall was still chairman, the BNP's 1995 national rally was addressed by William Pierce, the then-head of the US National Alliance. Pierce wrote the novel The Turner Diaries, allegedly an inspiration for Timothy McVeigh to carry out the Oklahoma city bombing which killed 168 people. The American Friends of the BNP, a party offshoot headed by Mark Cotterill, was still having extensive contacts with the National Alliance as recently as 2003; as documented at length by Nick Ryan in his book Homeland: Into A World of Hate.

Redwatch, a website that publicises the names and addresses of left-wing and anti-fascist activists — and which has led to death threats, harassment and a knife attack — was set up by ex-BNP member Simon Sheppard in 2001. The BNP has warned its members not to use the website.

David Copeland, who exploded nail bombs in the diverse communities of Brick Lane in the East End and Brixton and at the Admiral Duncan pub in the heart of London's homosexual community in Soho, was a former BNP member. Although the BNP distanced itself from Copeland, Griffin wrote in the aftermath of the bombing that homosexuals protesting against the murders were "flaunting their perversion in front of the world's journalists, showed just why so many ordinary people find these creatures disgusting".

The BNP has been accused of having links with Loyalist paramilitaries in Northern Ireland.

Griffin has urged white nationalists to join the BNP and use the ballot box instead of violence to achieve political aims.The openly neo-Nazi British Peoples Party, Blood and Honour, and the November 9th Society actively oppose the BNP, which they consider too moderate.

Violence and criminal behaviour

Historically the BNP has been associated in the public mind with violent protest and clashes with anti-BNP organisations. Critics of the BNP assert that a significant minority of elected BNP politicians have criminal records and that the party is more tolerant of the criminal actions of some of its members than other parties would be.

In the past, Nick Griffin has defended the threat of violence in furthering the party's aims. After the BNP won its first council seat in 1993, he wrote: "The electors of Millwall did not back a postmodernist rightist party, but what they perceived to be a strong, disciplined organisation with the ability to back up its slogan 'Defend Rights for Whites' with well-directed boots and fists. When the crunch comes, power is the product of force and will, not of rational debate." In 1997, believing he was addressing members of the French Front National, he said: It is more important to control the streets of a city than its council chambers." In January 1986, when Griffin was Deputy Chair of the NF, he advised his audience at an anti-IRA rally to use the "traditional British methods of the brick, the boot and the fist."

The BNP defends itself by arguing that over 20% of the working population has some criminal record or another and that a large proportion of MPs, councillors and activists in the other three main parties also have unstaisfactory past records.

A BBC Panorama programme reported on a number of BNP members who have had criminal convictions, some racially motivated. The BBC's list is extensive. Some of the more notable convictions include:

• In 1998, Nick Griffin was convicted of violating section 19 of the Public Order Act 1986, relating to incitement to racial hatred. He received a nine-month prison sentence, suspended for two years, and was fined £2,300.
• Kevin Scott, the BNP's North East regional organiser, has two convictions for assault and using threatening words and behaviour.
• Joe Owens, now expelled but previously a BNP candidate in Merseyside and former bodyguard to Nick Griffin, has served eight months in prison for sending razor blades in the post to Jewish people and another term for carrying CS gas and knuckledusters.
• Tony Wentworth, former BNP student organiser, was convicted alongside Mr Owens for assaulting demonstrators at an anti-BNP event in 2003.
• Colin Smith, BNP South East London organiser has 17 convictions for burglary, theft, stealing cars, possession of drugs and assaulting a police officer.

Tony Lecomber cases

Tony Lecomber was jailed for possessing explosives in 1985, after a nail bomb exploded while he was carrying it to the offices of the Workers' Revolutionary Party; and again for three years in 1991, for assaulting a Jewish teacher who was removing a BNP sticker at a London Underground station. He was Propaganda Director of the BNP at the time of the latter conviction. He was Nick Griffin's key deputy in the party from 1999 until January 2006.) Nick Griffin has written of the latter conviction is that "in reality he defended himself after being attacked by a far-left thug who was a close comrade of the IRA 'active service unit' that planted the Harrod's Bomb" and that "Tony Lecomber is no longer even a member of the British National Party". Martin Webster and Joe Owens have both asserted that Lecomber's departure from the party followed his failed attempt to recruit Owens to murder members of the political establishment. (See article on Tony Lecomber for details).

Robert Cottage case

In October 2006, Robert Cottage, a BNP candidate earlier in the year for election to represent Colne on Pendle Council, "was arrested under the Explosives Act on suspicion of possessing chemicals that may be capable of making an explosion." Cottage was also reported as having possessed the largest quantity of explosives of its type ever found in this country. Cottage's party membership was said to have lapsed at the time of the arrest. An associate of Cottage, David Bolus Jackson, whom he had met at a BNP meeting was also arrested at this time.

The case came before Manchester Crown Court on February 12, 2007 where it was claimed by the prosecution that Cottage had plans to assassinate Tony Blair and Liberal Democrat peer Lord Greaves. Cottage pleaded guilty to one count of the possession of explosives, but denied the count pertaining to conspiracy to cause an explosion. Jackson pleaded not guilty. In a statement read in court by the prosecution counsel, Cottage's wife said that he believed that "civil war" was imminent in the UK.

The jury in the trial was unable to reach verdicts and the case was set for retrial in July 2007, when, once again, the jury failed to reach a verdict. The prosecution indicated that it would not seek a further retrial. On 31 July 2007, Cottage was sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment for the charge he had admitted of possessing explosives.

Opposition

The BNP is condemned by many sections of the mainstream media, including right-wing newspapers, such as the Daily Mail, which share much of the party's opinion of immigration. Representatives of the three major mainstream political parties all condemn the BNP, although the party has taken council seats from them all in various areas. High-ranking politicians from each of the mainstream parties have, at various times, called for their own supporters to vote for anyone but the BNP.

Following pressure from Trevor Phillips, Chairman of the Commission for Racial Equality, the major parties stand candidates in seats that they are unlikely to win. This is designed to enhance the choice available to voters in the expectation that this will reduce the BNP vote.

In the run up to the May 2006 local council elections, Labour employment minister Margaret Hodge claimed that 8 out of 10 voters in her constituency were thinking of voting for the BNP. When the BNP subsequently took 12 seats out of 13 contested in her Barking constituency, local Labour activists responded by blaming Hodge, crediting her with generating hundreds of extra votes for the BNP.

Amongst the most visible and vocal opponents of the BNP and other far right-wing groups are Unite Against Fascism and Searchlight. Unite Against Fascism, which aims to unite the broadest possible spectrum to oppose the BNP and the far-right, includes the Anti-Nazi League (ANL), the National Assembly Against Racism (NAAR), and the Student Assembly Against Racism (SAAR). It also includes faith and community leaders and politicians from the Labour Party, the Conservative Party, RESPECT, the Liberal Democrats, the Green Party, the Socialist Workers Party and the United Kingdom Independence Party. Searchlight magazine has monitored the activities of the BNP and its members for many years, and has published many articles highly critical of them.

Some opponents of fascism call for no positive coverage to be given to groups or individuals enunciating what they describe as "hate speech". Such a tactic states that the BNP and similar parties should be ignored by both rival politicians and the media. A more militant position is that of "No Platform", which seeks to deny perceived fascist hate speech any sort of platform. The policy is most commonly associated with university student unions and debating societies, but has also resulted in BNP candidates being banned from speaking at various hustings meetings around the country.

Examples of the "no platform" policy being operated include:

• Complaints directed at the Leeds Student newspaper after it published a full-page article/interview with Nick Griffin. The Leeds Unite Against Fascism (LUAF) group accused the publication of breaching Leeds University Students' Union 'No Platform' policy, whereby extremist organisations are prohibited from expressing their views on campus.
• An invitation to Nick Griffin by the University of St Andrews Union Debating Society to participate in a debate on multiculturalism was condemned, then withdrawn after protests and threats against the organisers.

Examples of more direct action against the BNP include obstruction of BNP activists who set up stalls in shopping centres. For example, members of the Scottish Socialist Party in Edinburgh blockaded and forced a BNP publicity stall to close. Anti-Fascist Action is the group most associated with this sort of direct action, criticised by more liberal anti-fascists (for example in the Anti-Nazi League) as squadism.

The BNP claim that such cases exemplify how political correctness is being used to silence them and suppress their right to freedom of speech.

The Anti-Nazi League-organised group, Love Music Hate Racism, held a concert in Trafalgar Square ahead of the 2006 local elections, aimed at getting people not to vote for the BNP, with 50,000 people attending according to the organiser while The Daily Telegraph put the number substantially lower at just 3,000.

In May 2007 a presentation by Nick Griffin was organised by Danny Lake, Young BNP organiser and a politics student, to be held at the University of Bath. The University administration agreed to hosting the meeting on the grounds of freedom of speech, yet it was opposed by a sizable portion of the student and lecturer population. At a meeting of the Student Union a motion was passed to criticise the BNP and oppose the meeting, mainly due to the BNP's opposition to the Unions equal opportunities policy, the fact that the meeting was an invitation only event with no opposition debate and that it was to be held on the first day of the exam period. The University later withdrew permission for the event due to concerns over the large number of people opposing the meeting and possible disruption it could cause.

Affiliated organisations

Alleged front organisations

• Solidarity – The Union for British Workers Solidarity's president, Patrick Harrington, and the BNP both deny that Solidarity is a BNP front organization.
• Civil Liberty (UK)
• The Christian Council of Britain was set up by BNP members and supporters to organise Christians "in defence of traditional Christian values". Mainstream Christian groups have criticised the BNP for using Christianity to further their agenda.

Officially linked groups

• The Trafalgar Club is the BNP fundraising club, and the name the party uses to book hotels and conference facilities.
• The BNP Ethnic Liaison Committee is an organisation that people from ethnic minorities can join. The committee has joined with BNP members in staging demonstrations.
• Great White Records is a record label launched in January 2006 that is described by the BNP as "a patriotic label." It launched a campaign to introduce British folk music to schoolchildren. Most of the songs were sung by Doncaster folk musician Lee Haggan, and were written by Nick Griffin.
• Albion Life Insurance was set up in September 2006 as an insurance brokerage company on behalf of the BNP. Its stated aim is to "secure a robust financial situation for the BNP." The officers of Albion Life are all members of the BNP.
• The BNP obtains funding from the sale of books and heraldic or Norse jewellery. These are usually sold through their brand Excalibur.

Links with other parties

The BNP and the French Front National have co-operated on numerous occasions. Jean-Marie Le Pen visited the UK in 2004 to assist launching the BNP's European Parliament campaign and Nick Griffin repaid the favour by sending a delegation of BNP officials to the FN's annual 'First of May Joan of Arc parade' in Paris in 2006. The BNP has links with Germany's National Democratic Party (NPD). Griffin addressed an NPD rally in August 2002, headed by Udo Voigt, who Gerhard Schroeder accused of trying to remove immigrants from eastern Germany. According to Stop the BNP, NPD activists have attended BNP events in the UK. In the run-up to the 2004 European Parliament election campaign, Nick Griffin visited Sweden to give the National Democrat Party his endorsement. Members of the Swedish National Democrats were present at the BNP's Red White and Blue rally, which took place over the weekend of 20-21 August 2005.

Previous British National Parties

The current use of the name British National Party is its fourth appearance in British politics. The original BNP emerged after World War II when a handful of former members of the British Union of Fascists took on the name. This party was absorbed quite quickly into the Union Movement. A second British National Party also emerged in 1960 and went on to form a part of the NF. Around 1970, Eddy Morrison briefly attempted to organise a group of this name in Leeds but he quickly abandoned the idea to join the NF.

See also

• British nationalism
• Young BNP
• Student BNP

Footnotes

1. Bonnett A. "How the British Working Class Became White: The Symbolic (Re)formation of Racialized Capitalism." The Journal of Historical Sociology 11.3 (1998): 316-340. Accessed 9 Feb 2007.
2. Back, Les, Michael Keith, Azra Khan, Kalbir Shukra, and John Solomos. "New Labour's White Heart: Politics, Multiculturalism and the Return of Assimilation." The Political Quarterly 73.4 (2002): 445-454. DOI: 10.1111/1467-923X.00499. Accessed 9 Feb 2007.
3. Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B., Diana R. Grant, and Chau-Pu Chiang. "Hate Online: A Content Analysis of Extremist Internet Sites." Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 3.1 (2003): 29-24. DOI :10.1111/j.1530-2415.2003.00013.x. Accessed 9 Feb 2007.
4. Golder, Matt. "Explaining Variation In The Success Of Extreme Right Parties In Western Europe." Comparative Political Studies 36.4 (2003): 432-466. DOI: 10.1177/0010414003251176. Accessed 9 Feb 2007.
5. Evans, Jocelyn A J. "The Dynamics of Social Change in Radical Right-wing Populist Party Support." Comparative European Politics 3.1 (2005): 76-101. Accessed 9 Feb 2007.
6. Mudde, Cas. "The Populist Zeitgeist." Government and Opposition 39.4 (2004): 542–563. Accessed 9 Feb 2007.
7. Renton, D Fascism theory & practice (London, 1999)
8. Thurlow, R Fascism in Modern Britain (Basingstoke, 2000)
9. Copsey, N "Contemporary Fascism in the Local Arena: the British National Party and Rights for Whites" in Cronin, M (ed) The Failure of British Fascism (Basingstoke, 1996)
10. Copsey, N. Changing course or changing clothes? Reflections on the ideological evolution of the British National Party 1999-2006, Patterns of Prejudice, v. 41, Issue 1, February 2007 , pages 61 - 82.
11. Rhodes, J: "The 'Local' Politics of the British National Party" in SAGE Race Relations Abstracts 31(4) p8
12. ^ Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson, ed. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of English (2nd edition revised). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198610572.
13. ^ "The British National Party gains strength". The Times. 19 April 2007. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
14. Mudde, Cas. The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 2000
15. British National Party: An absurd row splits Britain's far right, The Economist, August 5, 2004.
16. Michael White and Martin Wainwright (8 April 2006). "BNP in turmoil as members row about 'ethnic' candidate". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
17. ^ "Article amendment". British National Party. 7 April 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. We do not have, and will not have, any non-white or Muslim members.
18. BBC NEWS | Politics | BNP gains from Labour disaffection
19. ^ "Constitution of the British National Party" (PDF). British National Party. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
20. ^ British National Party: Rebuilding British Democracy general election manifesto 2005 (online at BBC News)
21. "We do not accept the absurd superstition – propagated for different though sometimes overlapping reasons by capitalists, liberals, Marxists and theologians - of human equality. ...This must not be taken to mean or imply that we believe that any particular ethnic group or race is 'superior' or 'inferior'; we simply recognise that – as any biologist would be able to predict, and the new medical science of pharmacogenetics is now confirming – human populations which have undergone micro-evolutionary changes while being separated for many thousands of years have developed differences in many fields of endeavour, susceptibility to health problems, behavioural tendencies and such like." British National Party: Rebuilding British Democracy general election manifesto 2005, p. 17 (online at BBC News)
22. Blake, Steve (2005-07-12). ""Asians" in Britain: A personal message from the BNP's webeditor". British National Party. Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. ndigenous Britons, Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims and the many other ethnic and culturally different groups... {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
23. Hindu and Sikh extremists in link with BNP The Observer, 23 Dec 2001. Retrieved 7 Feb 2008
24. Taylor, Matthew (2008-04-10). "BNP seeks to bury antisemitism and gain Jewish votes in Islamophobic campaign". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
25. "Cameron calls on voters to back anyone but the BNP". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2006-12-05.
26. "Blair admits 'paying penalty' for US links". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
27. "Lib Dems appeal to ethnic minority voters". Liberal Democrats. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
28. "Hope not hate: Vote for equality, freedom and hope - By Gordon Brown", Daily Mirror 29 April 2008
29. N. Copsey, Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p. 22
30. Martin Harrison in The British General Election of 1983, Macmillan 1983, p. 155
31. "Tyndall's race policy", The Times, 4 June 1983, p. 5
32. David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh, The British General Election of 1983, Macmillan 1983, p. 354
33. Barberis, McHugh and Tyldesley, op cit, p. 594
34. Richard Thurlow, "Fascism in Britain", I.B. Tauris, 1998, p258
35. Alan Sykes, The Radical Right in Britain (British History in Perspective), Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p.131
36. BNP:Under the skin (Panorama) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/17/newsid_2520000/2520085.stm Retrieved 30/08/07
37. London Research Centre, "By-election results to the London Borough Councils 1990-94", p. 68-69
38. See, e.g., letter to The Guardian 15 September 1992 from Richard Adams, John Austin, Diane Abbott and Len Duvall
39. Rajeev Syal and Tim Rayment, "Rioters clash with police over neo-Nazi bookshop", Sunday Times, 17 October 1993
40. Andrew Anthony meets Nick Griffin | Magazine |The Observer
41. YouTube - Nick Griffin, Cook Report, 1997
42. Jon Craig and Jo Revill, "Holocaust hate sheet alarms British Jews", Sunday Times, 6 March 1988
43. "Channel 4: Young, Nazi and Proud (Archive)".
44. SMG Productions
45. News Story
46. ^ "Nationalism and Israel". British National Party. 2006-07-28. Archived from the original on 2007-10-14.
47. BNP Jewish win |www.somethingjewish.co.uk
48. "American Journey".
49. "A brief history of the BNP". Youth Against Racism in Europe.
50. "History of the BNP". BBC News.
51. "Barclays Bank bans BNP accounts". BBC News. 2004-07-16. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help) Retrieved 7 Feb 2007
52. BNP website is the most popular in politics Daily Telegraph, 17 Sep 2007. Retrieved 7 Feb 2008
53. "A challenge to Iqbal Sacranie and the Muslim Council of Britain". BNP Chairman's Column.
54. "BNP leader on Radio 4". British National Party.
55. "'Sick' BNP produce bus blast leaflet". Daily Mail. 2005-07-12. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
56. "BNP targets the heart of England". The Observer. 2006-04-23. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
57. "BNP leader cleared of race hate". BBC News. 2006-11-10. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
58. "Muslim protests are incitement to murder, say Tories". The Daily Telegraph. 2006-02-02. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
59. "BNP prints controversial cartoon". BBC News. 2006-02-22. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
60. "One in four could back BNP in elections". The Daily Mail. 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
61. "Minister says BNP tempting voters". BBC News. 16April 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
62. "Parties face up to BNP challenge". BBC News. 2006-04-17. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
63. "BNP set to win seats as support surges". The Daily Telegraph. 2006-04-22. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
64. "YouGov/Sky News Survey" (PDF).
65. "BNP doubles number of councillors". BBC News. 2006-05-05. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
66. ^ "Exclusive: inside the secret and sinister world of the BNP", by Ian Cobain, The Guardian, December 21, 2006
67. "The Guardian journalist who became central London organiser for the BNP" by Ian Cobain, The Guardian, December 21, 2006
68. ^ "Storm grows over 'BNP ballerina'". BBC News. 2006-01-08. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
69. BNP faces inquiry over US fundraising The Guardian, 12 April 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2007
70. "Nick Griffin's New Year Speech". Retrieved 2008-02-14.
71. "Enough Is Enough". Retrieved 2008-01-03.
72. "YBNP Leader's response to BNP expulsions". YBNP blog. 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
73. "BNP at war amid allegations of illegal activity". The Guardian. 2007-12-22. Retrieved 2008-01-03.
74. "BNP divided after leadership row". BBC News. 2007-12-19. Retrieved 2008-01-03. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
75. "About Voice of Change". Voice of Change website. 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
76. ""BNP Policies".
77. ^ "BNP: under the skin". BBC. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
78. Expelled BNP founder plans court battle The Observer, 24 Aug 2003. Retrieved 5 Feb 2008
79. http://www.bnp.org.uk/articles/race_reality.htm
80. Under the skin of the BNP BBC News
81. "Nick Ryan the BNP and the Respect party" Guardian Unlimited, 10 Dec 2006. Retrieved 5 Feb 2008.
82. BNP in turmoil as members row about 'ethnic' candidate The Guardian, 8 April 2006. Retrieved 5 Feb 2008
83. http://news.monstersandcritics.com/uk/article_1153806.php/BNP_at_odds_over_asylum_candidate
84. http://www.bnp.org.uk/columnists/joepr2.php?joeId=15
85. Halpin, Tony (2006-03-24). "Lecturer is suspended for 'racist' IQ claims". The Times. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
86. Campus storm over 'racist' don The Observer, 5 March 2006. Retrieved 5 Feb 2008]
87. http://www.legalspring.com/articles/uk-legal/20040603/905449_BNPs-spokesman-Stua.htm
88. http://youtube.com/watch?v=BRKk2K3fMk0 Youtube.com
89. Atticus: It only takes a hidden mic to reveal the real BNP The Sunday Times, 30 April 2006. Retrieved 5 Feb 2008
90. http://www.bnp.org.uk/columnists/brimstone2.php?leeId=80
91. http://www.bnp.org.uk/columnists/chairman2.php?ngId=30
92. BNP accused of exploiting cartoons row with Muslim leaflet The Guardian, 5 Oct 2006. Retrieved 7 Feb 2008
93. Deaths England and Wales 1984-2006
94. "The Truth About the BNP!". 28 February 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-06. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |published= ignored (help)
95. "BNP in gay porn scandal". Archived from the original on 2006-07-19. UKGay.com, Accessed 7 June 2006
96. BNP applaud Western Isles Registrars The BNP, Accessed 8 June 2006
97. "Emails to/from the BNP". Manchester University Labour Club. Archived from the original on 2006-05-06. Retrieved 2006-06-09.
98. Gay Rights Lobby Target Schoolchildren The BNP, Accessed 8 June 2006
99. BNP: Homosexuality could become compulsory Pinknews, Accessed 9 June 2006
100. 'Gay porn' movie raises ripples on far right The Guardian, 11 May 2006. Accessed 9 June 2006.
101. RE:Brand Episode 2 "Naziboy"
102. Tom Robbins, "Gay Tiff Reveals Soft Side of Far Right", Sunday Times, 5 September 1999
103. Nick Griffin quoted in David Jones, "A Very Plausible Bigot", Daily Mail, 29 April 2006
104. South Belfast News 26/04/2002
105. Anti-Fascist Action, Ireland
106. Outrage over BNP plans BBC News, 15 Dec 2003. Retrieved 7 Feb 2008.
107. "Parliamentary Elections in the UK". Election Resources. Retrieved 2006-06-14. This is considered the opposite to parties such as Plaid Cymru or KIHH, who receive a nationally lower proportion of the vote than they do parliamentary seats.
108. Chairman Nick Griffin's analysis of the 2005 general election
109. "BNP sees increase in total votes". BBC News. 2005-05-06. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
110. European Election: South West Result BBC News, 14 June 2004. Retrieved 7 Feb 2008
111. VOTE 2004, BBC News, updated 15 Aug 2007. Retrieved 7 Dec 2008.
112. "LBBD: Goresbrook Ward By-Election Result".
113. "BNP: The elections - the numbers".
114. BNP laughing stock at council meeting, Barking and Dagenham Recorder, 18 May 2006. Retrieved 7 Feb 2008
115. "Stop the BNP: It was the media that won it".
116. Immigration a key issue, says BNP, BBC News, 16 April 2007. Retrieved 22 April 2007
117. "No to public funds for fascism". Retrieved 2007-04-22.
118. "BNP goes bourgeois as party aims for rural seats". The Independent. 2007-04-13. Retrieved 2007-04-22. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
119. Andrew Gilligan "Women more troubled by bag theft than rape, BNP candidate claims", Evening Standard, 1 April 2008. Retrieved on 2 April 2008.
120. "Sacked: The BNP candidate who said 'some women are like gongs — they need to be struck regularly'", Daily Mail, 2 April 2008.
121. Andrew Gilligan "BNP candidate sacked over 'rape is a myth' blog", Evening Standard 2 April 2008. Retrieved on 2 April 2008.
122. BNP gains from Labour disaffection
123. http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/dewsbury-news/Auty-quits-after-BNP-leadership.4455958.jp
124. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2007/dec/18/politics.thefarright
125. http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/burnley/3559576.Disturbance_after_ex_B%20urnley_BNP_councillor_s_funeral/
126. http://icbirmingham.icnetwork.co.uk/mail/news/page.cfm?objectid=17234772&method=full&siteid=50002 http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/3219794.Ex_BNP_man_found_hanged_near_Burnley_pub/
127. http://www.burnleyexpress.net/burnleynews/Police-eject-BNP-man-from.4463648.jp
128. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1517025/Vote-BNP-and-youre-as-bad-as-they-are.html?mobile=true
129. http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=856
130. http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2004/jun/14/localgovernment.politics
131. http://www.expressandstar.com/2007/10/16/bnp-man-kicked-out/
132. BNP Constitution Section 3, online at
133. ^ Party Structure and Organisation name Accessed 7 Feb 2008
134. The Tragalfar Club, BNP website; last accessed 7 Feb 2008
135. "Circles and Associations". British National Party. Archived from the original on 20071015. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
136. Martin Wingfield (2008-03-16). "The Media: Reporting on the BNP". Retrieved 2008-08-17.
137. "Voice of Freedom".
138. "BNP: BNP papers now safe and sound".
139. "Application Form for Appointment as a Special Constable" (PDF).
140. "Home Office Circular 12 / 2005: Restrictions On The Private Life Of Members Of Police Forces: Membership Of The Bnp, Combat 18 And The National Front".
141. "HM Prison Service: Membership of Groups and Organisations with Racist Philosophy, Aims, Principles or Policies".
142. "FBU: Issue Number: 40".
143. civil service "BBC News: Civil service BNP ban considered". {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
144. "BBC bans BNP election broadcast".
145. "The Guardian - BNP forced to change election broadcast".
146. "BNP: Election Broadcast".
147. "Southern Poverty Law Center: 40 to Watch".
148. Mail on Sunday, 1 July 1985
149. Dave Hann and Steve Tilzey, No Retreat: the Secret War between Britain's Anti-fascists and the Far Right (2003). ISBN 1-903854-22-9
150. Larry O’Hara, "Combat 18 & MI5", in Lobster 30 (December 1995)
151. Larry O'Hara, Turning Up the Heat: MI5 after the cold war (1994)
152. "BBC News: BNP - Under the Skin".
153. "Southern Poverty Law Center: Heart of Darkness".
154. "British Nationalist: Redwatch Website Proscribed".
155. Spearhead magazine, June 1999
156. "BBC News: Race hate on rise in NI".
157. "PCS: United Against the BNP".
158. "BNP: Confrontation "politics" – in the past and staying there".
159. "All mouth, no trousers". The Guardian. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
160. "The Guardian: Flying the Flag".
161. Yorkshire Post, 17 February 1986
162. "British National Party Statement of Accounts 31 Dec 2004" (PDF).
163. "BBC News: BNP - Under the Skin".
164. Owens, J Action! Race War to Door Wars, 2007, Lulu.com ISBN 1430322594
165. Neil Mackay (28 May 2006). "'Senior BNP official suggested assassinating prominent politicians'". The Sunday Herald. Retrieved 2008-01-29. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
166. "icLiverpool: BNP man sent razor blades to city Jews".
167. "Manchester Evening News: BNP pair fined for brawl on campus".
168. Sophie Goodchild (25 April 2004). "On the Le Pen menu: roast beef and raw bigotry". The Independent. Retrieved 2008-01-29. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
169. "BBC News: BNP - Under the Skin".
170. "On the seamier side: the shadow of racist politics", The Economist, 7 December 1991
171. Vanguard News Network » Blog Archive » Webster on Griffin
172. "Ex-BNP man held in 'bomb' swoop", Burnley Citizen, 2 October 2006. Retrieved on 13 February 2007.
173. "Chemicals Find: Two In Court", Pendle Today, 6 October 2006. Retrieved on 13 February 2007.
174. "Ex-BNP candidate 'spoke of shooting Tony Blair' ", The Times, 13 February 2007. Retrieved on 13 February 2007.
175. "Ex-BNP activist 'wanted to shoot Tony Blair' ", The Guardian, 13 February 2007. Retrieved on 13 February 2007.
176. "Ex-BNP man 'wanted to shoot PM' ", BBC News, 13 February 2007. Retrieved on 13 February 2007.
177. "Second jury fails to agree on BNP 'bomb' pair", The Guardian, 13 July 2007.
178. "Guardian: Cameron: vote for anyone but BNP".
179. "Campaign for Racial Equality: CRE Chair calls on Conservatives to see off the BNP".
180. "Guardian: Act now or the BNP will create a society riven by fear and conflict".
181. "Guardian: BNP rears its head as Labour loses heartland seats".
182. "Yorkshire Evening Post: BNP interview fury".
183. "The Scotsman: University's invitation to BNP leader withdrawn".
184. "The Scotsman:BNP stalled by Socialists".
185. "BNP: Bully boys stamp on free speech".
186. "Love Music Hate Racism: LONDON: 50,000 in Trafalgar Square Carnival Against BNP".
187. "Daily Telegraph: Lucklustre day of protest lacks focus".
188. "BBC News: University halts BNP speech plan".
189. "Stop the BNP: BNP trade union unmasked".
190. "The Independent: BNP trade union unmasked".
191. "BNP: British workers get new voice".
192. "Third Way: News Clips".
193. Giles Fraser: "God is the God of all" The Guardian 3 May, 2006
194. Jamie Doward: "BNP link to new campaign groups" The Observer 16 April, 2006
195. "Doncaster Today: Town Folk Musician Records CD for British National Party".
196. "Albion Life: Who we are".
197. "Excalibur".
198. "BBC News: Le Pen UK visit sparks protests".
199. "BNP: BNP Leader flies in to help French in Euro poll".
200. "Stop the BNP: International Nazi Links of the BNP".
201. "BNP: The best RWB ever".
202. Taylor, Stan (1983). "The National Front in English Politics". The British Journal of Sociology. 34 (2). Macmillan month = June: 279–280. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

Bibliography

• Nigel Copsey: Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and its Quest for Legitimacy: Houndmills/New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 2004: ISBN 1403902143

• Nigel Copsey and Andrew Renton (eds) British fascism, the Labour Movement and the State: Houndsmills: New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 2005: ISBN 1403939160

• Andrew Sykes: The Radical Right in Britain: From Social Imperialism to the British National Party: Houndsmills: New York: Palgrave Macmillan: 2005: ISBN 0333599241

External links

• BNP website
• BNP Manifesto 2005 on BBC.co.uk

• Articles with failed verification from May 2008
• British National Front breakaway groups
• British National Party
• Eurosceptic parties
• Nationalist parties
• Political parties established in 1982
• Far right political parties in the United Kingdom