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Revision as of 03:45, 5 March 2004 by Lowellian (talk | contribs) (+foreign aid)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)International relations (IR) is an academic and public policy field dealing with the foreign policy of nation-states, including the roles of international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). Because international relations seeks to analyze as well as formulate foreign policy, it can be either positive and normative. It draws upon such diverse fields as political science, economics, law, philosophy, social studies, sociology, and other social sciences. International relations involves a diverse range of issues, including the environmental, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, foreign aid, economic development, and human rights.
Theories
There are many ways of thinking in international relations theory, including constructivism, institutionalism, Marxism, and others. However, two schools of thought are predominant: realism and liberalism.
Realism makes several key assumptions. It assumes that the international system is anarchic, in the sense that there is no insitution controlling the behavior of states; states must arrive at relations with other states on their own, rather than it being dictated to them. It also assumes that nation-states, rather than international institutions, non-governmental organizations, or multinational corporations, are the primary actors in international affairs. According to realism, each state is a rational actor that always acts towards its own self-interest, and the primary goal of each state is to ensure its own security. Realism holds that in pursuit of that security, states will attempt to amass resources, and that relations between states are determined by their relative level of power. That level of power is in turn determined by the state's capabilities, both military and economic.
Liberalism holds that state preferences, rather than state capabilities, are the primary determinant of state behavior. Preferences will vary from state to state, depending on their culture, economic system, or type of government. Many different strands of liberalism have emerged; some include commercial liberalism, liberal institutionalism, and idealism.
Recently, realism and liberalism have evolved into neo-realism and neo-liberalism.
Different schools of thought in international relations can predict the same events. The theories are differentiated by the assumptions they make in their reasoning toward predictions. For example, both realists and liberals claim that events as disparate as World War I, the Cold War, and the relatively conflict-free post-Cold War Europe were predicted by their theories. The theories differ in the fundamental assumptions they make in predicting state behavior. It is possible that one liberal theorist will predict war while another liberal theorist will predict peace; their disagreement arises from how they interpret events, but their fundamental assumptions are the same. Similarly, it is possible that a realist theorist and a liberal theorist could both predict peace, but their fundamental assumptions as to why that occurs would be different.
People
Many diplomats and scholars have contributed to the field of international relations, including:
- Hedley Bull
- E. H. Carr - Noam Chomsky - Michael Cox - Robert Cox
- Michael Doyle
- Francis Fukuyama
- John Lewis Gaddis
- Thomas Hobbes - Eric Hobsbawm - Stanley Hoffmann - Samuel P. Huntington
- Robert Jervis
- Immanuel Kant - George F. Kennan - Robert Keohane - Henry Kissinger
- Vladimir Lenin
- Niccolò Machiavelli - Karl Marx - John J. Mearsheimer - Andrew Moravcsik - Hans Morgenthau
- Joseph Nye
- Theda Skocpol - Steve Smith
- A. J. P. Taylor - Thucydides - Charles Tilly
- Immanuel Wallerstein - Kenneth Waltz - Max Weber - Alexander Wendt
Journals
- Foreign Affairs
- Foreign Policy
- International Organization
- International Security
- International Studies Quarterly
Topics in international relations
- anti-globalization - anti-globalization movement - arms control - civil society - culture - diplomacy - economic development - environment - foreign affairs - foreign aid - globalization - human rights - international law - international organization - international political economy - international trade - multiculturalism - nationalism - nuclear proliferation - peace - poverty - terrorism - war