Iyengar

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Ethnic group

Iyengar
Regions with significant populations
File:Kamal Haasan.jpg Srinivasa Ramanujan · Chakravarti Rajagopalachari · B. K. S. Iyengar Hema Malini · Kamal Haasan · Vyjayanthimala ·
India Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Delhi, Maharashtra
Languages
Brahmin Tamil, Telugu, Kannada
Religion
Hinduism
Related ethnic groups
Madhva, Iyer, Vadama

Iyengar or Ayyangar (Template:Lang-ta, Template:Lang-kn, Template:Lang-te [əjːəŋɡɑːr]) is a caste given to Hindu Brahmins of Tamil origin who follow the Visishtadvaita philosophy propounded by Sri Ramanujacharya. They are found mostly in Tamil Nadu as they are generally native to the Tamil Nadu state of the Republic of India. But they are also found in large numbers in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

Iyengar are divided into two different sub-sects. Like all Brahmin communities, they are also classified based on their gotra, or patrilineal descent.

The native tongue of the Iyengar Brahmins is Tamil. But nowadays there are Iyengars who speak other languages, mainly Telugu, Kannada. Vaishnavites have been living in the Tamil Nadu state of the Republic of India even prior to the time of Ramanuja. However, Iyengars as a community trace their origin from the times of Ramanuja.

In many cases, both Iyers and Iyengars are mistakenly referred to as "Ayyar" as they are indistinguishable from Iyers in their adherence of the Brahmanaical tradition. However, Devout Iyengars sport a namam ((thiruman+srichoornam)) as a caste-mark as opposed to Iyers who apply vibhuti, generally on their forehead.

Etymology

The word "Iyengar" is a relatively new name and was not used in any medieval works or scriptures. The word "Sri Vaishnava" would therefore be the right word to describe them, though all of them could be called as Sri Vaishnava Brahmins. The word Iyengar is derived from Ayya a Prakrit version of the Sanskrit word Arya along with the Telugu honorific plural suffix garu. Some others believe that the word "Iyengar" means one who is characterized by five attributes(Aindu angangal).

Lester, Robert C. claims that the word “Ayyangaar” was first used by Kandhaadai Ramanuja Ayyangaar of Tirupathi around 1450 AD.

Ethnicity, genetics and origin

Iyengars are divided into two different sects, namely Vadakalai and Thenkalai.

Vadakalai Iyengar

Caste symbol of Vadakalai Iyengars

The Vadakalai Iyengars (Uttara Kalārya ,Template:Lang-sa) are believed to be an Indo-Aryan people who once migrated from North India. In a genetic study in Andhra Pradesh all individuals examined among Vadakalai Iyengars showed a high similarity of rhesus(d) gene frequency with the people of Faislabad in the Punjab province. All the individuals examined among Vadakalai Iyengars showed Rhesus(D) positive with a high frequency of the D allele while the other castes from Andhra showed a low frequency of the D allele. Among Vadakalais, some adhere to the Pancharatra tradition and others follow the Munitraya tradition. Both these traditions(Pancharatra and Munitraya) had originated in Kashmir. It is obvious during festivals like “Krishna Jayanti”, where some vadakalais celebrate it as Pancharatra jayanti, and others celebrate the festival as Munitraya jayanti. Vadakalai Iyengars are ardent followers of the Sanskrit Vedas and believe in the caste system (Varnashrama Dharma). The Kambaramayanam Payiram describes the Vadakalai as Prakrit and the Thenkalai as Tamil while mentioning about Kossars, possibly indicating that the Vadakalai once spoke Prakrit (an extinct Indo-Aryan language derived from old Indic dialects) before adopting Tamil. Shri Vedanta Desika, the Vaishnavite Acharya and philosopher, founded the Vadakalai sampradaya based on the Sanskritic tradition. However , it is a matter of dispute and requires study whether the munitraya tradition followed by the present day vadagalai of munitraya sect refer to the three kashmir sages stated above. There is no consensus even amongst vadagalai sect as to whom these three sages are? One tradition states that they are Nathamuni, Yamunamuni and Ramanujamuni. Some vadagalai Iyengars claim to be of the lineage of Yamuna. It is also believed the word Yamuna came from Yavana, which has reference to Greeks, who remained in India, after Alexander left. These Greeks mixed with local population in the above referred area of Pakistan Punjab, and gave rise to a breed of present day vadakalai Iyengars of original munitraya sect. Above referred genetic studies which were done on Yamuna clan of Andhra Pradesh confirms this. The appearance of some people of Yamuna clan is also very fair which explains the above. Munitraya sect especially that of Yamuna clan, is considered the purest and of late have started inter marriage with Ahobila mutt sect, because of lack of choice, though they consider Ahobila mutt as inferior because Ahobila mutt incorporates lots of Tamil worship in its rituals. Munitraya sect people do not use tamil in their daily rituals. In order to preserve their separate identity i.e. indo-aryan greek ancestry munitraya sect iyengars adorn the yellow srichurnam as shown in the vadagalai thiruman template. Of late the followers of Ahobila mutt too have started adorning the yellow srichurnam , to show their links with munitraya sect.

Thenkalai Iyengar

The Thenkalai Iyengar sect (Template:Lang-ta) which was led by Manavala Mamuni, follow the Tamil prabhandams and reject the caste system. It is believed that the Thenkalais have evolved by admixing with non-Brahmins. Geoffrey A. Oddie in his work Hindus & Christians in South-east India writes that the Satanis were a Thengalai non-Brahmin who, according to M.Monier Williams were 'opposed to brahminical usages'. G.S.Ghurye in his book Caste and Race in India writes that the Thenkalai Guru Pillailokacharya must have been a Vellala (non-Brahmin). The Kambaramayanam Payiram as mentioned before describes the Thenkalai as Tamil and the Vadakalai as Prakrit, indicating that the Thenkalai Iyengars are indigenous to the Tamil Language.

Historic Evolution

The Iyengar community started taking shape about 1000 years ago, and traces its philosophical origins to Nathamuni, a Sri Vaishnava Acharya, who lived around 900 CE. Nathamuni, who was exposed to the divine outpourings of Nammazhwar and other Azhwars (Sri Vaishnava Saints from Southern India) introduced the philosophy of Azhwars into temple worship. Nathamuni's efforts were formalized into a religious system of lifestyle, practice and worship by Ramanuja who propounded the philosophy of Visishtadvaita. Ramanuja claimed that the mystic insights of the Azhwars were the same truths enshrined in the Vedas, and created a group of people whose identity as servants of Narayana focussed on the fact that all sentient beings were 'equal' being children of the same Supreme Being, and that outward bodily differences in terms of varna and caste were unimportant in terms of one's relationship to the Supreme. Ramanuja had Srivaishnava (Iyengar) disciples spanning the social spectrum, including non-Brahmin saints such as Pillai Uranga Villi Dasar and Tripura-devi, a lady disciple known for her unwavering devotion to Ramanuja. Edgar Thurston, in his work Castes and Tribes of Southern India explains that Vaishnavite Brahmins were all converted Smarthas. To support his view, he explains how some families of Iyengars observe death pollution in some Smartha Brahmin families.

According to tradition, a large number of Vadamas have adopted Vaishnavism since the origin of the community in the 11th century AD

Demographics

Iyengars, along with Iyers, are present in large numbers in the Chola Nadu region of Tamil Nadu, regarded as the traditional home of Tamil Brahmins. Besides Chola nadu, Iyengars are also present in large numbers in Chennai, Srirangam and Kanchipuram.

Iyengars are native to the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Their numbers are evenly distributed all over Tamil Nadu with a majority of them, however, residing along the Cauvery Delta.

Fairly significant numbers are present in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. A large number of Iyengars migrated to Karnataka in the 11th century AD. Their descendants form a small part of Hebbars and Mandyam Iyengar communities.

Language and Dialect

The mother tongue of most Iyengars is Tamil. However, they speak a unique Iyengar dialect often called Vaishnava Paribhaashai. This dialect is almost identical with the Iyer dialect known as Brahmin Tamil, the difference only being in the level of Sanskritization. Scholars have often refused to recognize it as a separate dialect regarding it only as a sub-dialect of Brahmin Tamil. However, Iyengars in Karnataka speak a dialect that has a significant Kannada substrate, which has descended from medieval Tamil. It is also not uncommon or strange, to find many Karnataka Iyengars (Hebbar Srivaishnavas) speaking in Kannada. In fact, it was their original mother toungue quite a few centuries back. Iyengars in southern Andhra Pradesh speak both Tamil and Telugu.

For a detailed mapping of words and spoken forms of the Iyengar dialects and standard Tamil, see Iyengar Tamil.

Subsects

By philosophy

By origin

Iyengars, both Vadakalai and Thenkalai, are sub-divided into Hebbar, Mandyam, Iyengar proper (those who live in Tamil Nadu) and Chozhiyar. The Iyengar proper, who form the majority are referred to as Keezhnaatu (from southern lands) in Karnataka.

Hebbar

Mandyam

Chozhiar Iyengars

The word Chozhiar means “of the Chola”. Chozhiar is the name given to a sect of Brahmins native to the Chola region. While most Chozhiars profess Saivism, some profess Vaishnavism and are known as Chozhiar Iyengars. . They usually bear titles as ‘Dikshitar’’’ or ‘Nambi’’’. The Chozhiar Iyengars are a closely knit community with a high degree of cooperation and cohesion. They are also found in and around Trichi in several agraharams like Srirangam, Puthur, Amoor etc.

Others

Other sub sects include Keezh Naattu Iyengars,Mysore Iyengars,Kalkunte Iyengars and Hemmige in Karnataka

Keezh Naadu refers to the more recent connection to southern lands. Keezh Naatu literally means southern land. This class comprises Brahmin migrants from Tamil Nadu who live in the South Western states such as Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The principle native cities or cities of importance to this sect of Iyengars are Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Mysooru(Mysore), Mandya, Kollegaala and Hassan districts of Karnataka.

Tamil Iyengars

File:Vadakalaipriests.jpg

Vadakalai Iyengar Priests at a religious function

This class describes the Iyengars that inhabit Tamil Nadu, whose descendants have a widespread diaspora throughout the South of India in states such as Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, as mentioned before. The principal native cities where they live in recent times are Sri Rangam, Kanchipuram/North Arcot(Tonda nadu) district, Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, Madurai, Srivilliputtur,Ramanadapuram(near Tiruppalani), and Tirunelveli (near Nava Tirupathi divya desams) in Tamil Nadu.

In Karnataka they are mostly spread across the erstwhile Maharaja of Mysore's kingdom -Hassan, Mysore, Nuggehalli, Coorg.

In Andhra Pradesh, they are present in the areas around Tirupathi and Ahobilam (near Nandyal).

Philosophy

Many Iyengars accept Narayana / Vishnu as the Supreme Being (Paramatma), and subscribe to a monotheistic philosophy of a Supreme Being who is the primal, substantive and supportive cause of the manifest and unmanifest universe. But it will appear strange for a Southerner to know that Vishishtadvaitam as practised in South India is an unheard term among the Vaishnav Sects in the North India. They also recognize all other gods such as Brahma, Indra, Shiva and Agni in the Hindu pantheon as subservient to Narayana and amongst the jeevatmas (sentient souls, chit) whose existence is dependent upon the will of the Supreme Being.

The Lord of Kanchi is believed to have manifested Himself to Saint Tirukachi Nambi and revealed the following six principles, which form the six precepts of Visishtadvaita.:

Sriman Narayana is the supreme self; unparalleled and unsurpassed - ahameva param tattvam — अहमेव परम् तत्त्वम्.
The lord has all the insentient and sentient as his body, and He is the soul of everything - darshanam bhedam eva ca — दर्शनम् भेदम् एव च.
The way to get salvation is surrendering to the feet of the Lord - upAyeShu prapattiH syAt — उपायेषु प्रपत्ति: स्यात्.
There is no need to adopt contemplation on the Lord during our final breath - antima-smRti varjanam — अंतिम-स्मृति वर्जनम्.
After the soul departs from the material body, it gets salvation if he/she adopted the means of surrender (sharaNAgati शरणागति) -dehAvasAne muktiH syAt — देहावसाने मुक्ति: स्यात्.
One should approach a fully qualified Vaishnava acharya and get enlightened - (Poorna)achaaryam Samaasraya — (पूर्ण)आचार्यम् समास्रय.

Sri Vaishnavismm draws authority from the PrasthAna trayam — प्रस्थान त्रयम्, namely, Upanishads, Brahma Sutra, and Bhagavad Gita.

In addition to the PrasthAna trayam, Sri Vaishnavas consider the Tamil hymns of twelve saints called Alvars as equal in authority to that of the Vedas. These hymns are called the Divya Prabandha. The teachings found in Divya Prabhandham are completely consistent with the teachings of the Prasthana Thraiyam. Therefore, Sri Vaishnavas consider the Dhivya Prabhandhams to be equal in status to the Vedas. For this reason, Sri Vaishnavas are called Ubhaya Vedantis — उभय वेदांती.

The Vaishnavite tradition began in the Puranic period. Most Iyengars follow an unbroken lineage of Acharyas. After the period of the Tamil Saints called Azhvars, the Divya Prabandha was lost. During the 9th century C.E., Sri Nathamuni retrieved them by the grace of Nammalvar and re-established Sri Vaishnavism. For this reason Sriman Nathamuni is considered the first Acharya of the modern era. In the line of Acharyas that followed, Ramanuja is considered the greatest. Among his many achievements the commentary he wrote for Brahma Sutra, called Sri Bhashyam — श्री भाष्य|श्री भाष्यम् is considered by many to be the best.

Among the Acharyas after Sri Ramanuja, Sri Vedantha Desika and Sri Manavalamamuni are considered preeminent After the time of these two great saints several Sri Vaishnava religious orders of Swami Sri Desikan followed. Sri Ahobila Matam is the second oldest in this line.

Religious observances

Rituals

Rituals that mark important events in life, such as Seemantham, Jatakarma, Namakaranam, Vidyabhyasam, Upanayanam, Kalyanam, Shasthiabdhapoorthi and Tarpanam are practised by Iyengars. The rituals are generally similar to practices of Brahmins around India but bear great similarity to the practices of Iyers. The rituals which form a part of the person's life are Jatakarma, Upanayanam and Tarpanam.

Samasrayanam

Amongst all Srivaishnavas, there is a unique initiation ceremony into the Vaishnavite Brahmin brotherhood along with the Upanayanam. The Vasihnavite youngster is initiated into Iyengar fraternity by branding him with the Chakram(wheel) and the sanghu(conch), which are holy symbols associated with Lord Vishnu. The ceremony of initiation called Samashrayanam is usually carried out by the head of a Vaishnavite mutt. The knot in the sacred thread worn by Vaishnavites is known as Vishnu Grandhi as opposed to those worn by Smarthas which is known as Rudra Grandhi.

Weddings

Important Festivals

Iyengars, as Srivaishnavas, observe festivals such as Pongal(referred to as Makara Sankranti by Vadakalais), Rama Navami, Krishna Janmashtami, Dussehra or Navaratri, Deepavali and Vaikunta Ekadashi. It is common among orthodox Iyengars to observe fasts during certain months of the Tamizh calendar, as also yearly pujas during the month of Margazhi.

Lifestyle and culture

The first and foremost point of references for Iyengars with regard to their legal system is the Manusmriti. The Manusmriti prescribes a set of ethical vales to be practised. Iyengars of the Vadagalai sect, in particular, rigorously follow the set of values prescribed by the Manusmriti. Among adult males, it is common to observe nithyakarma - the daily ablutions, obesiances to the Sun, Sandhyavandanam and pranayama (a form of Yoga). Adult females observe days of rest during their menstrual cycle and do not cook or observe rituals during these days. Adult females do not perform the same rituals as adult males although they generally take part in the same rituals and nithyakarmas. The nithyakarmas form the basic structure of the Brahmanical lifestyle for Iyengars.

Tamil Brahmins at a convention of the Mylai Tamizh Sangam

The traditional dress of Iyengars is the same as that of other South Indian Brahmins. During religious ceremonies, Iyengar men clothe themselves in a panchagacham(a cotton or silk clothing with five folds) and an angavastram. Just like Iyers, Iyengar women wear a nine-yard long saree known as the madisar but the style of wearing the saree is different from that of the Iyers.

Iyengars sport the Sricharanam as opposed to Iyers who apply vibhuti. The significance of the Sricharanam is that it represents the Goddess Lakshmi, the divine consort of Lord Vishnu and is considered an important representative of one's faith in the Divine. It is typical for devout Iyengars to wear the Sricharanam (along with, in many cases, the Thirumann) at all times, except when they perform the morning duties and subsequently the ablutions prescribed as part of the Nitya karma or daily activities. Iyengar women usually wear a tilakam and a sindooram at traditional ceremonies. A married Iyengar woman, called a Sumangali', is expected to wear a mangalyam - referred to in Tamizh thali which indicates her marital status.

Politics

Post-independence, Iyengars, along with Iyers, have been marginalized by the anti-Brahmin Movement in Tamil Nadu. Prior to independence, Iyengars along with Iyers, held a monopoly over education and had a firm control over the administrative machinery in Madras province. The Iyengar community can take just pride in having produced the first Congress Chief Minister of Madras province, the first Indian Governor-General of India and a leading luminary of the freedom movement, Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari. However, ironically, it was partially to Rajaji's policies, that Tamil Brahmins, owe their downfall. A couple of legislations brought into effect by the Rajaji Government that ruled from 1937 to 1940 and 1950 to 1952 decreed that the children in a family should learn and master the trade of their parents and that Hindi should be made compulsory for government jobs. These legislations, more than anything else, were responsible for vitiating the communal atmosphere in the province resulting in the rapid growth of the Dravidian Movement. Rajaji was elected for a second term in 1952 but with Rajaji's resignation as Chief Minister two years later and his replacement by Kamaraj, the downfall began. Iyers and Iyengars were gradually effaced out of the political scene by the rise of Dravidianism and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam which captured power in 1967. Today, Iyengars, along with Iyers, have almost disappeared from the political arena with the exception of a few individuals. Brahmin individuals still continue to wield considerable authority as the example of Jayalalithaa Jayaram, AIADMK which is a Dravidian party, two-time Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and the current Leader of Opposition in the Tamil Nadu Assembly would indicate.

Iyengars and Iyers

The Iyengar community has evolved mostly through the conversion of Smartha Brahmins Edgar Thurston says that a large number of Thummagunta Dravida Brahmins belonging to the Iyer subsect have been converting to Srivaishnavism even during his lifetime. He also states that the Vaishnavite Thummagunta Dravida marry only Thummagunta Dravida women and hence the numbers of Vaishnavite converts had been swelled through marriage alliances with the Thummagunta Smarthas.

Iyengars have much in common with Iyers with respect to their observance of Vedic rituals, lifestyle, traditions, heritage, history and culture. They descend from the same set of Gotras. However significant differences arise mainly with respect to their adherence to the Vishishtadvaita philosophy, monastic affiliation, marriage traditions and to a small extent vocabulary. Another notable difference is the way the traditional nine yards saree(madisaar) is draped by the Iyengar women.

Iyengars today

Srivaisnava Brahmins are much given to scholarly pursuits and have earned for themselves the honorary title of acarya. Iyengars today have diversified into a variety of fields—their strengths particularly evident in the fields of law, mass media,medicine business, science, engineering, mathematics and computer science. However, even today, a few Iyengars choose to pursue the vocation of priesthood.

Iyengars have been active in the arts. Music has always been integral to the Iyengar community; Carnatic music has a great tradition within the community with many contemporary performers originating from the Iyengar community. Apart from vocal music, instruments such as mridangam, naadaswaram, veena, ghatam, violin, and more recently, the mandolin etc., Bharatanatyam were also patronized. Carnatic music and Bharathanatyam together enjoy a rich patronage in the cultural festivities in and around Chennai during the months of December and January (Margazhi or Mrgasheersha). For a list of Iyengars who have achieved prominence in their vocations, see List of Iyengars. In addition to Carnatic music and traditional dances (Bharatanatyam and Kuchipudi), Iyengars have made a name in theater and acting. Popular actors in the Tamil Film Industry and Bollywood such as Kamal Haasan, Hema Malini, Charuhasan, Suhasini Maniratnam and others are practising or non-practising Iyengars. There are many eminent scientists and mathematicians such as Mudumbai Sesachalu Narasimhan, or M. S. Narasimhan.

Criticism

It was found that prior to Independence, the Pallars were never allowed to enter the residential areas of the caste Hindus particularly of the Brahmins. Whenever a Brahmin came out of his house, no Scheduled Caste person was expected to come in his vicinity as it would pollute his sanctity and if it happened by mistake, he would go back home cursing the latter. He would come out once again only after taking a bath and making sure that no such thing would be repeated. However, as a mark of protest a few Pallars of this village deliberately used to appear before the Brahmin again and again. By doing so the Pallars forced the Brahmin to get back home once again to take a bath drawing water from deep well.

Grievances and alleged instances of discrimination by Brahmins are believed to be the main factors which fuelled the Dravidian Movement. This, in combination with the depressed economic and social conditions of non-Brahmins, led the non-Brahmins to agitate and form the Justice Party in 1916, which later became the Dravidar Kazhagam. The Justice Party banked on vehement anti-Hindu and anti-Brahmin propaganda to ease Brahmins out of their privileged positions. Gradually, the non-Brahmin replaced the Brahmin in every sphere and destroyed the monopoly over education and the administrative services which the Brahmin had previously held.

However, with the destruction of Brahmin monopoly over the services and introduction of adequate representation for other communities, anti-Brahmin feelings did not subside. On the contrary, they were fully exploited by politicians, who often indulged in anti-Brahmin rhetoric primarily in order to get non-Brahmin votes. Deprived of opportunities, Tamil Brahmins began to migrate en masse to other states in India and foreign countries in search of livelihood. There were frequent allegations of casteism and racism against Brahmins very similar to the ones made by the lower castes against them in the decades before independence.

However, despite accusations of casteism against Iyengars and Iyers, there have been a number of instances wherein Iyengars have toiled to remove caste-barriers. Sir P. Rajagopalachari, during his tenure as the Dewan of Travancore brought forth legislations to permit Dalits and Ezhava children in schools notwithstanding the vehement protests of the Malayali upper-castes. It was also due to his efforts that restrictions towards nomination of low-castes and untouchables to the Travancore State Assembly were removed. Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, during his tenure as the Chief Minister of Madras Presidency enacted an act similar to the Temple Entry Proclamation issued in Travancore that permitted the entry of Dalits into Hindu temples.

Another important accusation hurled upon was that they were Sanskritists who entertained a distorted and contemptuous attitude towards Tamil language, culture and civilization

However, a detailed study of the history of Tamil literature proves this accusation wrong. The renowned Dravidologist Kamil Zvelebil, in his book Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature, even goes to the extent of saying that the Brahmin was chosen as a scapegoat to answer for the decline of Tamil civilization and culture in the medieval and post-medieval periods.

The Nalayira Divya Prabandham is regarded as the Tamil Veda and is recited along with the Vedas during festival processions.

Famous Iyengars

Main Article - List of Iyengars

Notes

^ An Universal History, Pg 109
Pg.243 - A General Collection of Voyages and Travels:Forster, Buchanan's India - by William Fordyce Mavor
Pg.132 - Some Marriage Customs in Southern India - by Edgar Thurston
Brahmin sages, gotras and major brahmin communities
Gotras
Photos of Iyengars, From Kamat's Potpourri
^ "Kaliyur Iyengars". Archived from the original on 2007-12-18. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
The Iyengar Surname
Origin of the surname - Iyengar
Iyengar - family name origins
Essays on Indo-Aryan Mythology By Maṇḍayam A. Nārāyaṇa Aiyaṅgār 1898:
Lester, Robert C. The Sattada Srivaisnavas. The Journal of the American Oriental Society January 1, 1994 .
Pg.25, Rural Society in Southeast India - by Kathleen Gough; Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
Pg 205 Students' Britannica India
History of Madras by James Talboys Wheeler
Prevalence of phenotypes & genes (pdf file) - Last page 10th line to the left has vadagalai specific reference while the whole article speaks about the gene frequencies of the people of Faislabad-Punjab-Pakistan
Prevalence of phenotypes & genes (pdf file) - Last page 10th line to the left
^ Pg.5 & Pg.10 of the article speaks of the Kashmiri origin of the Pancharatra tradition, and its description found in the Kashmirian “Vishnudharmotta Purana”
^ The article mentions about the Munitrayas(three kashmirian sages). The Munitraya tradition also originated in Kashmir, just like panchartara. The tradition got its name from three Kashmirian pandits, namely – Panini, Katyayana and Patanjali (Munitrayas)
The article tells about the Krishna Jayanti festival celebrated as “Pancharatra Krishna Jayanti” by the Vadakalais who follow Ahobila Mutt, and as “Munitraya Krishna Jayanti” by the vadakalais who follow Andavan Ashramam and other ashrams
^ Pg 31 Std 7 Social Science textbook printed by the TamilNadu textbook corporation
^ The Origins of Mudiraj - Reference to Kambaramayanam Paayiram found under Topic no.7(Kalabhra Origin); Specifically under the subtopic - "Were Kalabhras and vadugars one and the same?"
^ Kossars
Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Astadasabhedanirnaya
Swami Shivananda’s book on Hinduism
Thenkalai
Book pg.40 - The world of the weaver in the Northern Coromandel, Orient Longman(Publication)
Pg.443(Snippet View) - The Indian economic and social history review, Volume 22 - Delhi School of Economics, Vikas Pubishing House
Pg.61(Snippet View) - Textiles and weavers in medieval South India, Oxford University Press (Publishers)
Pg.299, Rethinking a Millennium - by Rajat Dutta, Published by Akar Books,Delhi. The book's editor has also quoted a corresponding reference in that page, from - "Burton Stein, Social Mobility and Medieval South Indian Hindu Sects, in J.Silverberg ed., Social Mobility in the Caste System in India: AD 1350-1700, in IESHR, Vol.14, no.1, 1977, pp.47-73".
Pg 68 Hindus & Christians in South-east India by Geoffrey A. Oddie
Pg 365 Caste and Race in India by G.S.Ghurye
^ A brief description of Nalayira divya prabandham
A brief biography of Sri Nathamuni, from srivaishnava.org
Ramanujar and 74
Ramanuja from stephen-knapp.com
Biography of Ramanuja
"LORD VARADARAJA SWAMY OF THONDAVADI". Retrieved 2008-09-04.
^ Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 348
^ Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 334
G. S. Ghurye, Pg 393
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume XVI. London: Clarendon Press. 1908. p. 272.
Francis, W. (1906). Madura District Gazetteer Vol 1. Madras: Government of Madras. p. 84.
^ Article claiming that Hebbars were migrants who moved from Tamil Nadu in the 11th century AD and that the language of Hebbars is derived from an archaic form of Tamil
Similarities, Differences and Distinctions between Vadakalai and Thenkalai Iyengars
Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 350
http://www.goodnewsindia.com/index.php/Magazine/story/melkote-sanskrit-academy/
^ Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 352
The Six Principles of Visishtadvaita
Committing offences to the Sri Vaishnavas By Sri Sri Nitai Das Prabhu
^ Ahobila Mutt Home Page
A brief history of Alwars and the 108 Divya Desams or Abodes of Vishnu
NAlAyira Divya Prabandham free download
Biography of Vedanta Desikan
Gopala Vimsati stothra of Vedanta Desikan
Sri Manavalamamnighal Thiruvarasu Project
List of Acharyas from Ahobila Matam mwebsite
List of Oran-Vazhi Lineage of Vaishnavite Teachers
Holy thread, why should I wear it? What benefit do I get out of it? by T.R.S.Iyengar
Requirements for an Iyengar Upanayanam by T.R.S.Iyengar (in Tamil)
Tarpana Manthram (in English)
^ Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 349
Castes and Tribes of Southern India, Pg 277
Ritual ceremonies and customs, Tamil Iyengar wedding
Gariyali, C. K. (March 11, 2002). "Iyengar Marriage - Part 1". Chennai Online. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
Gariyali, C. K. (April 16, 2002). "Iyengar Marriage Rituals - Part Four". Chennai Online. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
Superiority in Numbers from Tehelka.com, April 22, 2006
Caste and the Tamil Nation by Nambi Arroran, from tamilnation.org
A brief biography of Rajaji
A brief timeline of Anti-Hindi agitations in Madras province (later Tamil Nadu)
"Srivaisnava." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 22 May 2009 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9069320>
A. Ramiah. "Untouchability in villages". Untouchability and Inter Caste Relations in Rural India: The Case of Southern Tamil villages. tamilnation.org. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
Caste in Indian Politics by Rajni Kothari, Pg 254
Warrier, Shobha (May 30, 2006). "'Education is the means of social mobility'". Rediff News. Archived from the original on 2008-05-04. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
"Drive out anti-Tamil evil forces: DMK". Chennai Online News. February 16, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
V. Sundaram, I. A. S., Retd. (2007). "Aryan vs Dravidian — Lord Rama vs E V Ramaswamy ???". India Varta. Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-08-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Vishwanath, Rohit (June 23, 2007). "BRIEF CASE: Tambram's Grouse". The Times of India. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
Ayyankali, Chapter 4:Kerala's First Workers Strike
Ayyankali, Chapter 8:Praja Sabha Member-2e
P.V.Manickam Naicker, writes in 'The Tamil Alphabet and its Mystic Aspect', 1917,Pg 74-75: "Even should Dutt's description of the aryanisation be true, the real Aryan corpus in South-India came to nothing. A cranial study of the various classes will also confirm the same. The lecturer, being a non-Brahmin, wishes to leave nothing to be misunderstood. His best and tried friends are mostly Brahmins and he is a sincere admirer of them. There is no denying the fact that the ancestors of the present Brahmins were the most cultured among the South-Indians at the time the said Aryanisation took place and got crystallized into a class revered by the people. As the cultured sons of the common mother Tamil, is it not their legitimate duty to own their kinsmen and to cooperate and uplift their less lucky brethren, if they have real patriotism for the welfare of the state? On the contrary, the general disposition of many a Brahmin is to disown his kinship with the rest of the Tamil brethern, to disown his very mother Tamil and to comstruct an imaginary untainted Aryan pedigree as if the Aryan alone is heaven-born
Zvelebil, Pg 197
P.V.Manickam Naicker, in his The Tamil Alphabet and its Mystic Aspect writes: "At least one of them is explicit in his endeavour to establish page after page and chapter after chapter, untainted Aryan pedigree for the Brahmins and Brahmins alone among the South-Indians. As such, he has naturally no scruples to say that the Tamils have nothing excellent or high which can be claimed as their own. Whatever is bad in them is their heritage and whatever good in them they owe to Sanskrit.
Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature,Pg 216
Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature,Pg 212
Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature,Pg 213
Carman, John Braisted (1994). Majesty and Meekness: : A Comparative Study of Contrast and Harmony in the Concept of God. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 0802806937, ISBN 978-0-8028-0693-2. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)

Patrachari Madabhushi

References

Ghurye, G. S. (1991). Caste and Race in India. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. ISBN 0836418379. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
The Modern part of an universal history from the Earliest Account of Time, Vol XLIII. London: Oxford University. 1765. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
E. Gover, Charles (1871). The Folk songs of Southern India. Madras: Higginbotham & Co. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Thurston, Edgar (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India Volume I - A and B. Madras: Government Press. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
W. Clothey, Fred (2006). Ritualizing on the Boundaries: Continuity and Innovation in the Tamil Diaspora. University of South Carolina. ISBN 1570036470, ISBN 978-1-57003-647-7. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). The Smile of Murugan on Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. ISBN 9004035915.
V. Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature. BRILL. ISBN 9004093656. {{cite book}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
Aiyangar, S. Krishnaswami (1919). Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture. University of Calcutta. ISBN 8120609999.
E. V. Ramasami (March 27, 1929). "Is this Nationalism?" (PDF). The Revolt.
W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy, F. Smarandache, K. Kandasamy, Florentin Smarandache (2005-12-01). E. V. Ramasami's Writings and Speeches. American Research Press. ISBN 9781931233002. Retrieved 2008-08-13. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Ghosh, G. K. (2003). Brahmin Women. Firma KLM. ISBN 8171021077. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |isbn-status= ignored (help)
Slater, Gilbert (1924). The Dravidian Element in Indian Culture. Ernest Benn.
Iyengar, P.T. Srinivasa (1929). History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to 600AD. Asian Educational Services.

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