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Hyderābād was an autonomous princely state of south-central India from 1724 until 1948, ruled by a hereditary Nizam, and an Indian state from 1948 to 1956. Its capital city Hyderabad was for most of that time one of India's four largest cities.
Hyderabad was founded by the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda. In 1686 the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb campaigned in the Deccan to tame the Marathas and conquer the independent Deccan states. Before the campaign, the Mughals had controlled the northwestern Deccan, including Kandesh and Berar, but Mughal control ended at the Godavari River. Aurangzeb conquered Golconda and Bijapur in 1687, extending Mughal control south of the Krishna River.
The Mughal Empire began to weaken during the reign of Aurangzeb's grandson, Muhummad Shah. A Mughal official, Asif Jah, defeated a rival Mughal governor to seize control of the empire's southern provinces, declaring himself Nizam-al-Mulk of Hyderabad in 1724. The Mughal emperor, under renewed attack from the Marathas, was unable to prevent it.
The seniormost (21-gun) princely state in British India, Hyderabad was an 82,000 square mile princely state in the Deccan ruled by the Asaf Jah dynasty of Muslim rulers, who had the title of Nizam and style of His Exalted Higness. The Nizams ruled over the wealthiest state in India at that time, controlling some 16,500,000 people. During the height of Hyderabad's wealth in the 1930's the Nizam was the world's richest man, famous for employing 11,000 servants and using the Jacob Diamond as a paperweight.
When India became independent on August 15, 1947, the Muslim Nizam refused to accede to the Indian Union, although it entirely surrounded his territory, demanding the right as ruler of 18 million (overwhelmingly Hindu) subjects to rule a separate state. The resulting standoff ended with the state's occupation by Indian troops on September 13-17, 1948 and its incorporation as a state of India the next year. The current Nizam, Mukarram Jah, lives in Australia.
In November 1956 Hyderabad was divided along linguistic lines, with the northeastern Telugu-speaking region, including the city of Hyderabad, assigned to Andhra Pradesh, the Kannada-speaking western region assigned to the new state of Karnataka, and Marathwada, the Marathi-speaking northwestern region of the state, assigned to Bombay state, later Maharashtra.
Nizams of Hyderabad, 1724-1949
- Qamar ad-Din Chin Qilij Khan Asaf Jah I 1724-1748
- Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad 1748-1750
- Muhyi ad-Din Muzaffar Jang Hidayat 1750-1751
- Asaf ad-Dowla Mir Ali Salabat Jang 1751-1762
- Ali Khan Asaf Jah II 1762-1802
- Mir Akbar Ali Khan Asaf Jah III 1802-1829
- Naser ad-Dwola Farkhunda Ali Asaf Jah IV 1829-1857
- Afzal ad-Dwola Mahbub Ali I Khan Asaf Jah V 1857-1869
- Fath Jang Mahbub Ali II Khan Asaf Jah VI 1869-1911
- Fath Jang Mir Osman Ali Khan Asaf Jah VII 1911-1949