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In human genetics, Y Haplogroup E-M215, also referred to in the literature by other names such as E1b1b and E3b (see further discussion below), is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup, which is a division of the macro haplogroup E-M96, and which is defined by the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation M215. In other words it is one of the major paternal lines of humanity, linking from father-to-son back to a common male-line ancestor. It is a subject of discussion and study in genetics as well as genetic genealogy, archaeology, and historical linguistics. E-M215 has two common subclades: E-M35.1 and E-M281, in turn, E-M35.1 has 4 common subclades: E-V68,E-Z827,E-V6 and E-V92, of which the two subclades, E-V68 and E-Z827, contain the vast majority of E-M215 bearers.

Origins

The modern population of E-M215 and E-M35 lineages are almost identical, and therefore by definition age estimates based on these two populations are also identical. E-M215 and its dominant subclade E-M35 —formerly Haplogroup 21 - are believed to have first appeared in East Africa about 22,400 years ago.

All major sub-branches of E-M35 are thought to have originated in the same general area as the parent clade: in North Africa, East Africa, or nearby areas of the Near East. Some branches of E-M35 left Africa many thousands of years ago. For example Battaglia et al. (2007) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBattagliaFornarinoAl-ZaheryOlivieri2007 (help) estimated that E-M78 (called E1b1b1a1 in that paper) has been in Europe longer than 10,000 years. And more recently, human remains excavated in a Spanish funeral cave dating from approximately 7000 years ago were shown to be in this haplogroup. Nevertheless, E-M35 represents a more recent movement of people out of Africa than haplogroup CT, which otherwise dominates human populations outside Africa. Underhill (2002), for example, believes that the structure and regional pattern of E-M35 subclades potentially give "reagents with which to infer specific episodes of population histories associated with the Neolithic agricultural expansion". Concerning European E-M35 within this scheme, Underhill & Kivisild (2007) have remarked that E-M215 seems to represent a late-Pleistocene migration from North Africa to Europe over the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt. While this proposal remains uncontested, it has more recently been proposed by Trombetta et al. (2011) that there is also evidence for additional migration of E-M215 carrying men directly from Africa to southwestern Europe, via a maritime route. (See below.)

Distribution

E-M215 is distributed as far south as South Africa, and northwards into North Africa, from where it has in more recent millennia expanded to Europe and Asia. E-M35 is the predominant subclade of E1b1b, representing almost exactly the same population. M215 was found to be older than M35 when individuals were found who have the M215 mutation, but do not have M35 mutation. The E-M215 clade is presently found in various forms in the Horn of Africa, North Africa, parts of Eastern, Western, and Southern Africa, West Asia, and Europe (especially the Mediterranean Spain and the Balkans). E-M215 and E-M35 are quite common among Afro-Asiatic speakers. The linguistic group and carriers of E-M35 lineage have a high probability to have arisen and dispersed together from the region of origin of this language family. Amongst populations with an Afro-Asiatic speaking history, a significant proportion of Jewish male lineages are E-M55. Haplogroup E-M35, which accounts for approximately 18% to 20% of Ashkenazi and 8.6% to 30% of Sephardi Y-chromosomes, appears to be one of the major founding lineages of the Jewish population.

Subclades of E-M215

A large majority of E-M215 lineages are within E-M35. Exceptions discovered so far are M215 positive/M35 negative ("E-M215*") cases found in two Amharic Ethiopians and 1 Yemeni. At least some of these men, perhaps all, are known since early 2011 to be in a rare sibling clade to E-M35, E-V16/E-M281. The discovery of M281 was announced by Semino et al. 2002 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSemino_et_al.2002 (help), who found it in two Ethiopian Oromo. Trombetta et al. 2011 found 5 more Ethiopian individuals and an equivalent SNP to M281, V16. It was in the 2011 paper that the family tree position was discovered as described above. The E-M215 derivative, E-M35 is defined by the M35 SNP. E-M35 includes individuals with the "ancestral state" (no known subclade forming mutations). These are referred to as E-M35*. As of 2012, there is an increasingly complex tree structure which divides most men in E-M35 into two major branches: E-V68 and E-Z827, although other branches still exist in the Horn of Africa, such as E-V6. The more frequently described subclades are E-M78 (referred to with various names in literature including and E-M81. These two subclades represent the largest proportion of E-M215 population. E-M78 is found over most of the range where E-M215 is found excluding Southern Africa. E-M81 is found mainly in the Maghreb. E-M123 is less common but widely scattered, with significant populations in specific parts of the Horn of Africa, the Levant, Arabia, Iberia, and Anatolia. E-M293 is a fourth major subclade that has been found in parts of Eastern and Southern Africa, includes the majority of unique E-M35 lineages in sub-Saharan Africa (those that lack M78, M81, or M123 mutations). Many smaller subclades, such as those defined by mutations V6, V42 and V92, appear to be unique to the Horn of Africa region.

Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe. An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other authors, and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis.

— Trombetta et al. 2011

E-V68

E-V68, is dominated by its longer-known subclade E-M78. Three "E-V68*" individuals who are in E-V68 but not E-M78 have been reported in Sardinia, by Trombetta et al. 2011, when announcing its discovery. The authors noted that because E-V68* was not found in the Middle Eastern samples, this appears to be evidence of maritime migration from Africa to southwestern Europe. E-M78 is a commonly occurring subclade, widely distributed in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Asia, (the Middle East and Near East) "up to Southern Asia", and all of Europe. The European distribution has a frequency peak centered in parts of the Balkans (up to almost 50% in some areas) and Sicily, and declining frequencies evident toward western, central, and northeastern Europe. Based on genetic STR variance data, Cruciani et al. 2007 suggests that E-M78 originated in Northeastern Africa, which in their study refers specifically to Egypt and Libya. about 18,600 years ago (17,300 - 20,000 years ago). Battaglia et al. 2008 describe Egypt as "a hub for the distribution of the various geographically localized M78-related subclades" and, based on archaeological data, they propose that the point of origin of E-M78 (as opposed to later dispersal from Egypt) may have been in a refugium which "existed on the border of present-day Sudan and Egypt, near Lake Nubia, until the onset of a humid phase around 8500 BC. The northward-moving rainfall belts during this period could have also spurred a rapid migration of Mesolithic foragers northwards in Africa, the Levant and ultimately onward to Asia Minor and Europe, where they each eventually differentiated into their regionally distinctive branches". Towards the south, Hassan et al. 2008 also explain evidence that some subclades of E-M78, specifically E-V12 and E-V22, "might have been brought to Sudan from North Africa after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000-8,000 years ago".

Sub Clades of E-M78

There are four recognized subclades, which were mostly defined by Cruciani et al. 2006.

• E-V12 Found in Egypt, Sudan, and other places. Has an important subclade E-V32 which is very common among Ethiopian Oromo, Borana Oromo from Kenya and Somalis.
• E-V13 This is the most common type of E-M215 found in Europe and is especially common in the Balkans.
• E-V22 Found in Egypt, the Middle East and other places.
• E-V65 Associated with the Maghreb, but also found in Italy and Spain.
• E-M521 Found in two individuals in Greece by Battaglia et al. 2008

E-Z827

In human genetics, E-Z827, is the name of a major Y chromosome haplogroup abundantly found in North Africa (especially Maghreb) and to a lesser extent in the Near East, Sub-Saharan Africa and Europe.

E-V257/E-L19

E-V257* individuals in their samples who were E-V257, but not E-M81. A Borana from Kenya, a Marrakesh Berber, a Corsican, a Sardinian, a southern Spaniard and a Cantabrian. Currently, the phylogeny and migratory pattern of L19/V257 is not completely understood. More population samples of this SNP are needed to make any determination on its migratory pattern over the last 5000 years. A project dedicated to researching and understanding the origins of L19/V257 is underway at FamilyTreeDNA.com. The name of the project is E1b1b1b*-A.

E-M81

E-M81 is the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in the Maghreb, dominated by its subclade E-M183. It is thought to have originated in the area of North Africa 5,600 years ago. This haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa, decreasing in frequency from approximately 80% or more in some Moroccan Berber populations, including Saharawis, to approximately 10% to the east of this range in Egypt. Because of its prevalence among these groups and also others such as Mozabite, Middle Atlas, Kabyle and other Berber groups, it is sometimes referred to as a genetic "Berber marker". Pereira et al. 2010 report high levels amongst Tuareg in two Saharan populations - 77.8% near Gorom-Gorom, in Burkina Faso, and 81.8% from Gosi in Mali. There was a much lower frequency of 11.1% in the vicinity of Tanut in the Republic of Niger. E-M81 is also quite common among North African Arabic-speaking groups. It is generally found at frequencies around 45% in coastal cities of the Maghreb (Oran, Tunis, Tizi Ouzou, Algiers).

In this key area from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean, Arredi et al. 2004 report a pattern of decreasing STR haplotype variation (implying greater lineage age in those areas) from East to West, accompanied by a substantial increasing frequency. At the eastern extreme of this core range, Kujanova et al. 2009 found M81 in 28.6% (10 out of 35 men) in El-Hayez in the Western desert in Egypt. Arredi et al. 2004 believe the pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a post Paleolithic "demic diffusion" from the East. The ancestral lineage of E-M81 in their hypothesis could have been linked with the spread of Neolithic food-producing technologies from the Fertile Crescent via the Nile, although pastoralism rather than agriculture. E-M81 may also have been carried into its currently most common region together with a form of proto-Afroasiatic. On the basis of these possible links, the men who brought E-M81 into northwestern Africa may therefore have come from Asia, or they may represent a "local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition". But there is no autochthonous presence of E-M81 in the Near East, indicating that M81 most likely emerged from its parent clade M35 either in the Maghreb, or possibly as far south as the Horn of Africa. In Europe, E-M81 is widespread but rare, except in the Iberian Peninsula Spain, where unlike in the rest of Europe it is found at comparable levels to E-M78, with an average frequency of around 5%, and in some regions it is more common. Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8% in Extremadura and South Portugal, 9% in Galicia, 14% in Western Andalusia and 10% in Northwest Castile and 9% to 17% in Cantabria. The highest frequencies of this clade found so far in Europe were observed in the Pasiegos from Cantabria, ranging from 18% (8/45) to 41% (23/56). An average frequency of 8.28% (54/652) has also been reported in the Spanish Canary Islands with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of Tenerife (10.68%), Gran Canaria (11.54%) and Fuerteventura (13.33%). E-M81 is also found in France, 2.70% (15/555) overall with frequencies surpassing 5% in Auvergne (5/89) and Île-de-France (5/91), in Sicily (approximately 2% overall, but up to 5% in Piazza Armerina), and in very much lower frequencies in continental Italy (especially near Lucera) possibly due to ancient migrations during the Islamic, Roman, and Carthaginian empires. As a result of its old world distribution, this subclade is found throughout Latin America, for example 6.1% in Cuba, 5.4% in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), and among Hispanic men from California and Hawaii 2.4%. In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in areas in contact with the Maghreb, both around the Sahara, in places like Sudan, and around the Mediterranean in places like Lebanon, Turkey, and amongst Sephardic Jews. There are two recognized subclades of E-M81, although one is much more important than the other.

E-M107

Underhill 2000 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUnderhill2000 (help) found one example of E-M107 in Mali.

E-M183

E-M183 is extremely dominant within E-M81. Karafet et al. 2008 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKarafet_et_al.2008 (help) first described it as a subclade of E-M81. The known subclades of E-M183 include:

• E-M165 Underhill et al. 2000 found one example in Middle East.
• E-L351 Found in two related participants in The E-M35 Phylogeny Project.

E-Z830

This is a recently discovered subclade which has not yet been included in most haplogroup trees, Q-Z830 includes the confirmed subclades of E-M123, E-M293, E-V42, and E-Z830*, and is a sibling clade to E-L19. Currently, the E-M35 phylogeny project recognizes four distinct clusters of Z830* carriers, two of which are exclusively Jewish in origin. The remaining two are significantly smaller, and include scattered individuals in Germany, Spain, Latin America, Egypt, and Ethiopia.

E-M123

E-M123 is mostly known for its major subclade E-M34, which dominates this clade.

E-M293

E-M293 is a subclade of E-M35. It is identified by ISOGG as the second clade within E-Z830. It was discovered before E-Z830, being announced in Henn 2008 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHenn2008 (help), which associated it with the spread of pastoralism from Eastern Africa into Southern Africa. So far high levels have been found in specific ethnic groups in Tanzania and Southern Africa. Highest were the Datog (43%), Khwe (Kxoe) (31%), Burunge (28%), and Sandawe (24%). Henn (2008) in their study also found two Bantu-speaking Kenyan males with the M293 mutation. Other E-M215 subclades are rare in Southern Africa. The authors state...

Without information about M293 in the Maasai, Hema, and other populations in Kenya, Sudan, and Ethiopia, we cannot pinpoint the precise geographic source of M293 with greater confidence. However, the available evidence points to present-day Tanzania as an early and important geographic locus of M293 evolution.

They also say that "M293 is only found in sub-Saharan Africa, indicating a separate phylogenetic history for M35.1 * (former) samples further north". E-P72 appears in Karafet (2008). Trombetta et al. 2011 announced that this is a subclade of E-M293.

E-V42

Trombetta et al. 2011 announced the discovery of E-V42 in two Ethiopian Jews. Like E-V6 and E-V92 it may be restricted to the region around Ethiopia. This is the third known subclade of E-Z830.

E-V92

Trombetta et al. 2011 announced the discovery of E-V92 in two Ethiopian Amhara. Like E-V6 and E-V42 it possibly only exists in the area of Ethiopia.

E-V6

The E-V6 subclade of E-M35 is defined by V6. (Cruciani 2004) harv error: no target: CITEREFCruciani2004 (help) identified a significant presence of these lineages in Ethiopia, and also some in the neighboring Somali population. Among the Ethiopian and Somali samples, the highest were 14.7% among the Ethiopian Amhara, and 16.7% among the Ethiopian Wolayta. One man in Kenya was also observed with the V6 mutation.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic History

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This lead to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Latter, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

Discussion

E-M215 and E1b1b1 are the currently accepted names found in the proposals of the Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC), for the clades defined by mutation M215 and M35 respectively, which can also be referred to as E-M215 and E-M35. The nomenclature E3b (E-M215) and E3b1 (E-M35) respectively were the YCC defined names used to designate the same haplogroups in older literature with E-M35 branching as a separate subclade of E-M215 in 2004. Prior to 2002 these haplogroups were not designated in a consistent way, and nor was their relationship to other related clades within haplogroup E and haplogroup DE. But in non-standard or older terminologies, E-M215 is for example approximately the same as "haplotype V", still used in publications such as Gérard et al. (2006).

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA E Subclades

Y-DNA Backbone Tree

v t e Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021)
"Y-chromosomal Adam" A00 A0-T  A0 A1  A1a A1b A1b1 BT B CT DE CF D E C F F1  F-Y27277   F3  GHIJK G HIJK IJK H IJ K I   J     LT        K2  I1   I2  J1   J2  L     T  K2e K2d K2c K2b   K2a K2b1    P  K-M2313  S   M     P1   NO1 P1c P1b P1a N O R Q
Y-DNA by population Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people Footnotes Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.) Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89. Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT. Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017) Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.) Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

Notes

1. Cruciani et al. (2004): "Several observations point to eastern Africa as the homeland for haplogroup E3b—that is, it had (1) the highest number of different E3b clades (table 1), (2) a high frequency of this haplogroup and a high microsatellite diversity, and, finally, (3) the exclusive presence of the undifferentiated E3b* paragroup." As mentioned above, "E3b" is the old name for E-M215. Semino et al. (2004): "This inference is further supported by the presence of additional Hg E lineal diversification and by the highest frequency of E-P2* and E-M35 * in the same region. The distribution of E-P2* appears limited to eastern African peoples. The E-M35 * lineage shows its highest frequency (19.2%) in the Ethiopian Oromo but with a wider distribution range than E-P2*." For E-M215 Cruciani et al. (2007) reduced their estimate to 22,400 from 25,600 in Cruciani et al. (2004), re-calibrating the same data.
2. "Y chromosome data show a signal for a separate late-Pleistocene migration from Africa to Europe via Sinai as evidenced through the distribution of haplogroup E3b lineages, which is not manifested in mtDNA haplogroup distributions."Underhill & Kivisild (2007:547)
3. "Paragroup E-M35 * and haplogroup J-12f2a* fit the criteria for major AJ founding lineages because they are widespread both in AJ populations and in Near Eastern populations, and occur at much lower frequencies in European non-Jewish populations." Behar et al. (2004)
4. Cruciani et al. 2007 use the term Northeastern Africa to refer to Egypt and Libya, as shown in Table 1 of the study. Prior to Cruciani et al. 2007, Semino et al. 2004 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSemino_et_al.2004 (help) had proposed the Horn of Africa as a possible place of origin of E-M78. This was because of the high frequency and diversity of E-M78 lineages in the region. For example, Sanchez et al. 2005 found that 77.6% of 201 male Somalis tested in Denmark were members of this clade. However, Cruciani et al. 2007 were able to study more data, including populations from North Africa who were not represented in the Semino et al. 2004 study, and found evidence that the E-M78 lineages in the Horn of Africa were relatively recent branches (see E-V32 below). They concluded that Northeast Africa was the likely place of origin of E-M78 based on "the peripheral geographic distribution of the most derived subhaplogroups with respect to northeastern Africa, as well as the results of quantitative analysis of UEP and microsatellite diversity". E-M215, the parent clade of E-M78, originated in East Africa during the paleolithic and subsequently, E-M215 spread to Northeast Africa. According to Cruciani et al. 2007, the presence of E-M78 in East Africa, is the result of a back migration of E-M215 chromosomes that had acquired the E-M78 mutation. Cruciani et al. 2007 also note this as evidence for "a corridor for bidirectional migrations" between Northeast Africa (Egypt and Libya in their data) on the one hand and East Africa on the other. The authors believe there were "at least 2 episodes between 23.9–17.3 ky and 18.0–5.9 ky ago".
5. Cruciani et al. 2007 use two calculation methods for estimating the age of E-M78 which give very different results. For the main 18,600 years ago, the ASD method is used, while for a second "ρ method", used as a check, gives 13.7kya with a standard deviation of 2.3kya, but the difference between the two methods is only large for the age estimation of E-M78, not its subclades. The authors state that the big difference is "attributable to the relevant departure from a star-like structure because of repeated founder effects"
6. Adams et al. 2008, shows an average frequency of 4.3% (49/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 9% in Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile. However this study includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.9% (47/963), see table.
7. (6 out of 112), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81; Cruciani et al., 2004) can also be explained by a Portuguese-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 9.6% in Portugal, quite similar to the frequency found in Rio de Janeiro (5.4%) among European contributors." Silva et al. 2006
8. As of 11 November 2008 for example, the E-M35 phylogeny project had records of four E-M123* tests, compared to 93 test results with E-M34.

References

1. ^ Cruciani et al. (2007)
2. ^ Cruciani et al. (2004)
3. ^ Semino et al. (2004)
4. ISOGG (2011)
5. ^ Karafet et al. (2008)
6. ^ Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (2002)
7. using the older nomenclature for the haplogroup defined by YAP/SRY4064 according to Weale
8. ^ Henn et al. (2008)
9. Hassan et al. (2008)
10. Lacan et al. (2011)
11. Rosser et al. (2000)
12. Firasat et al. (2006)
13. Ehret et al. (2004) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFEhretPlattHaberXue2004 (help)
14. Keita & Boyce (2005)
15. ^ Keita 2008
16. Behar et al. (2003)
17. Behar et al. (2004)
18. Shen et al. (2004)
19. ^ Adams et al. (2008)
20. Nebel et al. (2001) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFNebelBrinkmannMajumderFaerman2001 (help)
21. Cadenas et al. 2007
22. Trombetta et al. 2011
23. Cruciani et al. 2006
24. Peričic et al. 2005
25. ^ Arredi et al. 2004
26. Alvarez et al. 2009
27. Bosch et al. 2001
28. Robino et al. 2008
29. Flores et al. 2005
30. Beleza et al. 2006
31. ^ Capelli et al. 2009 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCapelliOnofriBrisighelliBosch2009 (help)
32. ^ MacaMaca-Meyer et al. 2003 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacaMaca-MeyerSánchez-VelascoFloresLarruga2003 (help)
33. Fregel et al. 2009, see table
34. Ramos-Luisa et al. 2009 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRamos-Luisa_et_al.2009 (help)
35. Only men with French surname were analysed, in order to try to exclude more recent immigrants.
36. Di Gaetano et al. 2009
37. (8 out of 132), Mendizabal et al. 2008
38. (7 out of 295), Paracchini et al. 2003
39. http://www.haplozone.net/e3b/project/cluster/3
40. http://www.haplozone.net/e3b/project/cluster/4
41. http://www.haplozone.net/e3b/project/cluster/81
42. http://www.haplozone.net/e3b/project/cluster/72

Additional Sources

• Adams, Susan M; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; Ballereau, Stéphane J.; Lee, Andrew C.; Arroyo, Eduardo; López-Parra, Ana M.; Aler, Mercedes; Grifo, Marina S. Gisbert (2008), "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 83 (6): 725, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007, PMC 2668061, PMID 19061982
• Alvarez; Santos, Cristina; Montiel, Rafael; Caeiro, Blazquez; Baali, Abdellatif; Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Aluja, Maria Pilar (2009), "Y-chromosome variation in South Iberia: Insights into the North African contribution", American Journal of Human Biology, 21 (3): 407–409, doi:10.1002/ajhb.20888, PMID 19213004
• Arredi, B; Poloni, E; Paracchini, S; Zerjal, T; Fathallah, D; Makrelouf, M; Pascali, V; Novelletto, A; Tylersmith, C (2004), "A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa", American Journal of Human Genetics, 75 (2): 338–345, doi:10.1086/423147, PMC 1216069, PMID 15202071
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External links

• E-M243 Phylogeny Project Wiki
• E-M243 Phylogeny Project (all labs site)
• E-M243 Phylogeny Project Public Forum
• Jewish E3b Project at FTDNA
• Map of E-M243 distribution in Europe
• Haplogroup E3B1 (E1b1b1) Facebook Group (M243 community)
• E1b1b1b*-A Project

• Human Y-DNA haplogroups
• Mediterranean