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There are numerous debates over which game should be considered the first video game, with the answer depending largely on how video games are defined. The evolution of video games represents a tangled web of several different industries, including scientific, computer, arcade, and consumer electronics.

The "video" in "video game" traditionally refers to a raster display device. With the popular catch phrase use of the term "video game", the term later came to imply all display types, formats, and platforms.

Historians have also sought to bypass the issue by instead using the more specific "digital games" descriptive. This term leaves out the earlier analog-based computer games.

History

The history of video games is filled with events and earlier technology that paved the way for the advent of video games. It also includes games that represent direct steps in the evolution of computerized gaming, and lastly the development and release of video games themselves.

Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device (1947)

The earliest known interactive electronic game was by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann on a cathode ray tube. The patent was filed on January 25, 1947 and issued on December 14, 1948. The game was a missile simulator inspired by radar displays from World War II. It used analog circuitry, not digital, to control the CRT beam and position a dot on the screen. Screen overlays were used for targets since graphics could not be drawn at the time.

Chess (1947–1958)

Alan Turing, a British mathematician, developed a theoretical computer chess program as an example of machine intelligence. In 1947, Turing wrote the theory for a program to play chess. His colleague Dietrich Prinz wrote the first limited program of chess for Manchester University's Ferranti Mark I. The program was only capable of computing "mate-in-two" problems and was not powerful enough to play a full game. Input and output were offline, there was no "video" involved.

Nim (1951)

On May 5, 1951, the NIMROD computer, created by Ferranti, was presented at the Festival of Britain. Using a panel of lights for its display, it was designed exclusively to play the game of Nim; this was the first instance of a digital computer designed specifically to play a game. This machine was based on an original design built by E.U. Condon in 1941, after having acquired a patent in 1940. The machine weighed over a ton, and a duplicate was displayed at the New York World's Fair. NIMROD could play either the traditional or "reverse" form of the game.

Strachey's Draughts Program (1951)

Christopher Strachey developed a simulation of the game draughts for the Pilot ACE that ran for the first time on 30 July 1951 at NPL.

OXO / Noughts and Crosses (1952)

In 1952, Alexander S. Douglas made the first computer game to use an electronic graphical display. OXO, also known as Noughts and Crosses, is a version of tic-tac-toe for the EDSAC computer at the University of Cambridge. It was designed for the world's first stored-program computer, and used a rotary telephone controller for game control. There is a description of another "fun" program for EDSAC.

Tennis for Two (1958)

In 1958, William Higinbotham made an interactive computer game named Tennis for Two for the Brookhaven National Laboratory's annual visitor's day. This display, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, was meant to promote atomic power, and used an analog computer and the vector display system of an oscilloscope.

Mouse in the Maze, Tic-Tac-Toe (1959)

In 1957–1961, a collection of interactive graphical programs were created on the TX-0 experimental computer at MIT. These included Mouse in the Maze and Tic-Tac-Toe. Mouse in the Maze allowed users to use a light pen to place maze walls, dots that represented bits of cheese, and (in some versions) glasses of martini. A virtual mouse represented by a dot was then released and would traverse the maze to find the objects. Tic-Tac-Toe used the light pen as well to play a simple game of noughts and crosses against the computer.

Spacewar! (1961)

In 1961, MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanen created the game Spacewar! on a DEC PDP-1 mini-computer which also used a vector display system. The game, generally considered the first shooter game, spread to several of the early mini-computer installations, and reportedly was used as a smoke test by DEC technicians on new PDP-1 systems before shipping, since it was the only available program that exercised every aspect of the hardware. Russell has been quoted as saying that the aspect of the game that he was most pleased with was the number of other programmers it inspired to write their own games.

Odyssey (1966)

In 1966, Ralph Baer resumed work on an initial idea he had in 1951 to make an interactive game on a television set. In May 1967, Baer and an associate created the first game to use a raster-scan video display, or television set, directly displayed via modification of a video signal; it was also the first video gaming device to be displayed in a television commercial. The "Brown Box", the last prototype of seven, was released in May 1972 by Magnavox under the name Odyssey. It was the first home video game console.

Baer was involved in court battles over patents that spanned the 1970s and 1980s. These trials defined a video game as an apparatus that displays games by manipulating the video display signal of the raster equipment, such as a television set. Games prior to Odyssey did not use a video display, so did not qualify as such in the courts.

Galaxy Game (1971)

In 1971, Bill Pitts and Hugh Tuck developed the first coin-operated computer game, Galaxy Game, at Stanford University using a DEC PDP-11/20 computer with vector displays; only one unit was ever built (although it was later adapted to run up to eight games at once).

Computer Space (1971)

Two months after Galaxy Game's installation, Computer Space by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney was released, which was the first coin-operated video game to be commercially sold (and the first widely available video game of any kind). Both games were variations on the vector display 1961 Spacewar!;

Pong (1972)

Pong, also by Bushnell and Dabney, used the same television set design as Computer Space, and was not released until 1972 – a year after Computer Space. It was the first successful arcade video game and led to the popularization of the medium.

See also

• History of video games
• History of video game consoles (first generation)

Notes and references

1. ^ http://www.pong-story.com
2. The Game Innovation Database
3. U.S. Patent #2,455,992
4. 2455992, Goldsmith Jr., Thomas T. & Mann, Estle Ray, "Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device", published 25 Jan 1947, issued 14 Dec 1948Template:Inconsistent citations 
5. http://www.mosi.org.uk/media/34368825/ferranti%20mark%20i%20computer.pdf
6. "History of Computer Chess and Programmer Dietrich Prinz". Inventors.about.com. 1903-03-29. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
7. "Computer History Museum - Opening Moves: Origins of Computer Chess - First Tests". Computerhistory.org. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
8. Nimrod Game Computer
9. Raymond Redheffer. "A Machine for Playing the Game Nim". The American Mathematical Monthly. 55 (6 (Jun. - Jul., 1948)): 343–349. doi:10.2307/2304959. JSTOR 2304959.
10. "A.S.Douglas' 1952 Noughts and Crosses game". Pong-Story. Retrieved 2013-04-04.
11. Maurice V. Wilkes Memoir of a Computer Pioneer p. 208 (Chapt. 19)
12. Brookhaven History: The First Video Game
13. ^ Rabin, Steve. Introduction to Game Development. Massachusetts: Charles River Media, 2005.
14. The Computer Museum Report Volume 8, Spring 1984, archived by bitsavers.org
15. ^ "The origin of Spacewar", Creative Computing magazine, August, 1981, J. M. Graetz, archived by wheels.org, retrieved 2010-2-17
16. Levy, Steven. Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, Massachusetts:Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984.
17. "A Long Time Ago, in a Lab Far Away . . .", The New York Times, 28 February 2002
18. Videogames Turn 40
19. "Galaxy-Game machine". Infolab.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2013-04-04.

External links

Research

• Ralph H. Baer Papers, 1943–1953, 1966–1972, 2006 – Ralph Baer's prototypes and documentation housed at the Smithsonian Lemelson Center.
• pong-story.com
• Classic Gaming Expo 2000: Baer Describes the Birth of Videogames
• Videogames Turn 40 at 1UP.com.

Game emulation

• EDSAC Emulator (to play OXO)
• NIM Interactive Simulation for Be OS operating system
• Spacewar! Java Emulation
• Tennis for Two Simulation

• Electronics companies
• First-generation video game consoles
• History of video games
• Monochrome video game consoles
• United States Department of Energy
• Earliest phenomena
• American inventions