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Webley Mk VI Revolver
Type	Service Revolver
Place of origin	United Kingdom
Service history
In service	1915-1947
Used by	United Kingdom & Colonies, British Commonwealth,
Wars	World War I, World War II, Korean War, British colonial conflicts, numerous others
Production history
Designer	Webley & Scott
Designed	1887
Manufacturer	Webley & Scott, RSAF Enfield
Produced	1915-1923
No. built	approx 125,000
Specifications
Mass	2.4 lb (1.1 kg), unloaded
Length	11.25in. (286 mm)
Cartridge	.455 Webley Mk II
Calibre	.455 Webley
Action	Double Action revolver
Rate of fire	20-30 rounds/minute
Muzzle velocity	620 ft/s (190 m/s)
Effective firing range	50 yd
Maximum firing range	300 yd
Feed system	6-round cylinder
Sights	fixed front post and rear notch

The Webley Revolver (also known/referred to as the Webley Break-Top Revolver or Webley Self-Extracting Revolver) was, in various marks, the standard issue service pistol for the armed forces of the United Kingdom, the British Empire, and the Commonwealth from 1887 until 1963.

The Webley service revolver was most notably used in World War I (as the Webley Mk VI), although it had actually been adopted in 1887 (as the Webley Mk I) and risen to prominence during the Boer War of 1899-1902 (as the Webley Mk IV), and were of the "top-break" variety (breaking open much like a double-barrel shotgun to be reloaded), with the advantage of also being self-extracting—the act of breaking the revolver open also operated the extractor, removing the spent cartridges from the cylinder.

Firing the hard-hitting .455 Webley cartridge, the Webley service revolvers are the most powerful of the top-break revolvers ever produced, and were prized for their effectiveness at stopping charging opponents dead in their tracks, be they native warriors or German soldiers. Although the .455 calibre Webley is no longer in military service, the .38/200 Webley Mk IV variant is still in use as a police sidearm in a number of former British colonies, and today both the .455 and .38/200 Webley service revolvers are well sought-after by Military Service Pistol shooters for their quality, reliabilty, accuracy, and connection with the days of yesteryear, when "The Sun never set on the British Empire" .

History

The British company Webley and Scott (formerly P. Webley & Son) produced a range of revolvers from the late 19th to late 20th centuries. The best-known are the range of military revolvers in service use across two World Wars and numerous colonial conflicts, but Webley & Scott also produced a number of short-barrel solid-frame revolvers, including the Webley RIC (Royal Irish Constabulary) model and the British Bulldog, designed to be carried in a coat pocket for self-defence. In 1887, the British Army was searching for a revolver to replace the largely unsatisfactory Enfield Mk I & Mk II Revolvers, and Webley & Scott--who were already very well known as makers of quality guns, and had sold many pistols on a commercial basis to military officers and civilians alike--tendered the .455 calibre Webley Self-Extracting Revolver for trials.

The military was suitably impressed with the revolver (seen as a vast improvement over the Enfield revolvers then in service, which lacked a practical self-extraction/ejection system as found on the Webley), and it was adopted on November 8th, 1887 as the "Pistol, Webley, Mk I". The initial contract called for 10,000 Webley Revolvers, at a price of £3/1/1- each, with at least 2,000 revolvers to be supplied within eight months. The Webley revolver went through a number of changes, culminating in the Mk VI, which was in production between 1915 and 1923, finally being retired in 1947--although the Webley Mk IV .38/200 remained in service until 1963 alongside the Enfield No 2 Mk I revolver. Commercial versions of all Webley service revolvers were also sold on the civilian market, along with a number of similar designs (such as the Webley-Government and Webley-Wilkinson) that were not officially adopted for service, but were nonetheless purchased privately by military officers for service use.

Webley revolvers in military service

Boer War

The Webley Mk IV, chambered in .455 Webley, was introduced in 1899 and soon became known as the "Boer War Model", on account of its purchase by large numbers of officers and NCOs on their way to take part in the conflict. The Webley Mk IV served alongside a large number of other handguns, including the Mauser C96 "Broomhandle" (which was a favourite weapon of Sir Winston Churchill), earlier Beaumont-Adams cartridge revolvers, and other break-top revolvers manufactured by gunmakers such as William Tranter, and Kynoch.

World War I

The standard-issue Webley revolvers at the outbreak of World War I was the Webley Mk V (adopted in 1913), but there were considerably more Mk IV revolvers in service in 1914 than there were Mk V revolvers. In 1915, the Webley Mk VI was adopted as the standard sidearm for British and Commonwealth troops and remained so for the duration of World War I, being issued to officers, airmen, naval crews and boarding parties, trench raiders, machine-gun teams, and tank crews. The Mk VI proved a very reliable and hardy weapon, well suited to the mud and adverse conditions of trench warfare, and several accessories were developed for the Mk VI--including a bayonet (made from a converted French Pritchard bayonet), a speedloader device ("Prideaux Device") and a stock allowing for the revolver to be converted into a carbine.

World War II

The "official" service pistol for the British military during World War II was the Enfield No 2 Mk I .38/200 revolver but owning to a critical shortage of handguns, a number of other weapons were also adopted (first practically, then "officially") to alleviate the shortage. Both the Webley Mk IV in .38/200 and the .455 calibre Webley Mk VI were issued to personnel during the war, with the .455 calibre Webley Mk VI being especially popular with New Zealand troops fighting in Africa and the Pacific because of the effectiveness and proven stopping power of the round.

Post-War

The Webley Mk VI (.455) and Mk IV (.38/200) revolver were still issued to British and Commonwealth Forces after World War II, as there were now extensive stockpiles of the revolvers in military stores, although, as an armourer stationed in West Germany recalled (admittedly tongue-in-cheek) that by the time they were officially retired in 1963, the ammunition allowance was "two cartridges per man, per year", and that the lack of ammunition was what kept the Enfield and Webley revolvers in use so long-- they were not wearing out, since they weren't being used. The Webley Mk IV .38 revolver was not completely phased out in favour of the Browning Hi-Power until 1963, and saw combat in the Korean war, the Suez Crisis, Malayan Emergency, and the Rhodesian Bush War. Many Enfield No 2 Mk I revolvers were still floating about in British Military service as late as 1970.

Police use

The Royal Hong Kong Police and Royal Singaporean Police were issued Webley Mk III & Mk IV .38/200 revolvers from the 1930s (rather unusually, Singaporean police Webleys featured safety catches), and which were gradually retired in the 1970s as they came in for repair and replaced with Smith & Wesson Model 10 .38 revolvers. The London Metropolitan Police were also known to use Webley revolvers, as were most colonial police units until just after World War II, and there may still be some police units with Webley Mk IV revolvers that, whilst not issued, are still present in the armoury.

The Ordnance Factory Board of India still manufactures .380 Revolver Mk IIz cartridges, as well as a .32 calibre revolver with 2" barrel that is clearly based on the Webley Mk IV .38 service pistol.

Military service .455 Webley revolver marks and models

There were six different marks of .455 calibre Webley service revolver approved for British military service at various times between 1887 and the end of World War I:

• Mk I The first Webley self-extracting revolver adopted for service, officially adopted November 8th, 1887, with a 4" barrel and "bird's beak" style grips.

• Mk II Similar to the Mk I, with modifications to the hammer and grip shape, as well as a hardened steel shield for the blast-shield. Officially adopted May 21st, 1895, with a 4" barrel.

• Mk III Identical to Mk II, but with modifications to the cylinder cam and related parts. Officially adopted October 5th, 1897, but never issued.

• Mk IV The "Boer War" Model. Manufactured using much higher quality steel and case hardened parts, with the cylinder axis being a fixed part of the barrel and modifications to various other parts, including a re-designed blast-shield. Officially adopted July 21st, 1899, with a 4" barrel.

• Mk V Similar to the Mk IV, but with chambers 0.12" wider to allow for the use of nitrocellulose propellant-based cartridges. Officially adopted December 9th, 1913, with a 4" barrel, although some models produced in 1915 had 5" and 6" barrels.

• Mk VI Similar to the Mk V, but with a squared-off "target" style grip (as opposed to the "bird's-beak" style found on earlier marks and models) and 6" barrel. Officially adopted May 24th, 1915, and also manufactured by RSAF Enfield under the designation Pistol, Revolver, Webley, No 1 Mk VI from 1921-1926.

The Webley Mk IV .38/200 Service Revolver

Webley Mk IV .38/200 Service Revolver
Type	Service Revolver
Place of origin	United Kingdom
Service history
In service	1932-1963
Used by	United Kingdom & Colonies, British Commonwealth,
Wars	World War II, Korean War, British colonial conflicts, numerous others
Production history
Designer	Webley & Scott
Designed	1932
Manufacturer	Webley & Scott
Produced	1932-1978
No. built	approx 500,000
Specifications
Mass	2.4 lb (1.1 kg), unloaded
Length	10.25in. (266 mm)
Cartridge	.380" Revolver Mk IIz
Calibre	.38/200
Action	Double Action revolver
Rate of fire	20-30 rounds/minute
Muzzle velocity	620 ft/s (190 m/s)
Effective firing range	50 yd
Maximum firing range	300 yd
Feed system	6-round cylinder
Sights	fixed front post and rear notch

After the end of the World War I, the British military decided that the .455 calibre (11.6 mm) was too large a calibre for "modern" military use, and decided--after numerous tests and extensive trials--that a pistol in .38 calibre (9.65 mm), firing a 200 grain (13 g) bullet, would be just as effective as the .455 at stopping an enemy. Whether this is actually true is open to debate, however--the .455 round has a well-deserved reputation for packing quite a punch, whilst the .38/200 round is very similar in both ballistics and performance to the archaic .38 S&W (NOT the .38 Special) round of the late 19th/early 20th C.

Webley & Scott immediately tendered the .38/200 calibre Webley Mk IV revolver, which was both nearly identical in appearance to the .455 calibre Mk VI revolver (albeit scaled down for the smaller cartridge) and based on their .38 calibre Webley Mk III pistol, designed for the police and civilian markets. Much to their surprise, the British Government took the design to the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield Lock, which used the design, and came up with a revolver that was externally very similar looking to the .38/200 calibre Webley Mk IV , but was internally different enough that no parts from the Webley could be used in the Enfield and vice-versa. The Enfield-designed pistol was quickly accepted under the designation Revolver, No 2 Mk I, and was adopted in 1932 , to followed later in 1938 by the Mk I* (spurless hammer, double action only), and finally the Mk I** (simplified for wartime production) in 1942.

Webley & Scott sued the British Government over the incident, claiming £2250 as "costs involved in the research and design" of the revolver. This was contested by RSAF Enfield, which quite firmly stated that the Enfield No 2 Mk I was designed by Captain Boys (the Assistant Superintendent of Design, later of Boys Anti-Tank Rifle fame) with assistance from Webley & Scott, and not the other way around--accordingly, their claim was denied. By way of compensation, however, the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors eventually awarded Webley & Scott £1250 for their work.

Other well-known Webley Revolvers

Whilst the break-top, self-extracting revolvers used by the British and Commonwealth militaries are the best known examples of Webley Revolvers, the company produced a number of other highly popular revolvers largely intended for the police and civilian markets.

Webley RIC

The Webley RIC (Royal Irish Constabulary) model was Webley's first double-action revolver, and adopted by the Royal Irish Constabulary in 1868, hence the name. It was a solid-frame, gate-loaded revolver, chambered in .442 Webley, and General George Armstrong Custer was known to have owned a pair, which he used at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876.

"British Bulldog"

The "British Bulldog" series of revolvers were an enormously successful solid frame design featuring a 2.5" barrel and chambered in a variety of heavy-duty calibres, including .442 Webley and .450 Adams. They were designed to be carried in a coat pocket or kept in a night-stand, and great numbers have survived to the present day in surprisingly good condition, as they saw little actual use. Numerous copies of this design were made in France and Belgium (primarily the latter) during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and they remained reasonably popular until World War II. They are now generally sought after as collector's pieces, especially as ammunition for them is (for the most part) no longer commercially available. {A "Bulldog" was used in the assasination of President James Garfield}.

Webley-Fosbery Automatic Revolver

A highly unusual example of an "Automatic Revolver", the Webley-Fosbery Automatic Revolver was produced between 1900 and 1915, and available in both a six-shot .455 Webley version, and an eight-shot .38 ACP (not to be confused with .380 ACP) version. Unusual for a revolver, the Webley-Fosbery had a safety catch, and the light trigger pull, solid design, and reputation for accuracy ensured that the Webley-Fosbery remained popular with target shooters long after production had finished.

Webley Revolvers in Popular Culture

The Webley Mk VI Revolver is famous as both the handgun used by Indiana Jones in the film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, and as Lawrence of Arabia's handgun in David Lean's 1962 epic film Lawrence of Arabia. Webley revolvers have also featured or made notable appearances in a number of other films, including The Maltese Falcon, You Only Live Twice, Kung Fu Hustle, Biggles, and Zulu.
Webley Revolvers often serve as a stereotypical "British Revolver" in film and television- their appearance in Zulu, for example, is an anachronism, as the film is set in 1879 and the Webley Mk VI revolvers shown in use by the British Officers were not introduced until 1915, but the Mk VI is based on designs from around the period in which the film is set, and can thus be seen as a "stand-in" for the historically correct (but more difficult to obtain) Beaumont-Adams Revolver. Along similar lines, an unidentified Webley (probably a Mark VI, given the character's origins in WWII and the fact that the successor mentions it has "Quite a kick" during his first appearance in Captain America #254) is used by various holders of the Union Jack mantle in Marvel Comics.

The Webley has also made appearances in TV shows--usually period pieces set between the late 19th century and World War II. The most well-known use of the Webley Mk VI on TV is in the BBC comedy series Blackadder Goes Forth, notably instances in which Captain Blackadder's suspicions of "The Big Push" are aroused by the arrival of a new Webley Mk VI service revolver (which he had not ordered), and again as the pistol used to shoot General Melchett's beloved carrier pigeon "Speckled Jim", resulting in Captain Blackadder being labelled "The Flanders Pigeon Murderer" by an outraged General Melchett.

The Webley Mk VI features as a prop in the PC game The Movies, although the only First Person Shooter games that a Webley revolver has appeared in thus far are Call of Duty 2 and Call of Duty: United Offensive. Interestingly, the Enfield No 2 Mk I (a close relative and arguable copy of the Webley) has appeared in games such as Medal Of Honor: Allied Assault, Call of Duty 2, Day of Defeat, Hidden & Dangerous 2, and World War II Online.

Notes

1. § 6075, "List of Changes in British War Material" (hereafter referred to as "LoC"), H.M. Stationer's Office, periodical
2. Skennerton, Ian: "Small Arms Identification Series No. 9: .455 Pistol, Revolver No 1 Mk VI", page 6. Arms & Militaria Press, 1997
3. Maze, Robert J: "Howdah to High Power", page 44. Excalibur Publications, 2002
4. Maze, Robert J: "Howdah to High Power", page 49. Excalibur Publications, 2002
5. Smith, W.H.B: "1943 Basic Manual of Military Small Arms" (Facsimile), page 11. Stackpole Books, 1979.
6. Stamps, Mark & Skennerton, Ian: ".380 Enfield Revolver No. 2", page 87. Greenhill Books, 1993.
7. Stamps, Mark & Skennerton, Ian: ".380 Enfield Revolver No. 2", page 117. Greenhill Books, 1993
8. Stamps, Mark & Skennerton, Ian: ".380 Enfield Revolver No. 2", page 119. Greenhill Books, 1993
9. "CARTRIDGE SA .380" BALL REVOLVER". Indian Ordinance Factories. Retrieved 2006-08-03.
10. "Revolver 32 (7.65 mm x 23)". Indian Ordinance Factories. Retrieved 2006-08-03. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
11. § 7816, LoC
12. § 9039, LoC
13. § 9787, LoC
14. § 16783, LoC
15. § 17319, LoC
16. Skennerton, Ian: "Small Arms Identification Series No. 9: .455 Pistol, Revolver No 1 Mk VI", page 10. Arms & Militaria Press, 1997
17. Stamps, Mark & Skennerton, Ian: ".380 Enfield Revolver No. 2", page 9. Greenhill Books, 1993; Smith, W.H.B: "1943 Basic Manual of Military Small Arms" (Facsimile), page 11. Stackpole Books, 1979.
18. Maze, Robert J: "Howdah to High Power", page 103. Excalibur Publications, 2002
19. § A6862, LoC
20. § B2289, LoC
21. § B6712, LoC
22. Stamps Mark & Skennerton, Ian: ".380 Enfield Revolver No. 2", page 12. Greenhill Books, 1993.
23. Maze, Robert J: "Howdah to High Power", page 30. Excalibur Publications, 2002
24. Doerner, John A. "Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn". Retrieved 2006-08-03.
25. Gallear, Mark (2001). lbH.htm "GUNS AT THE LITTLE BIGHORN". ENGLISH WESTERNERS' SOCIETY. Retrieved 2006-08-03. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
26. Ficken, H.R. "Webley's The British Bull Dog Revolver, Serial Numbering and Variations". Retrieved 2006-08-03.
27. Kekkonen, P.T. "British Bulldog revolver". Gunwriters. Retrieved 2006-08-03.

References

• Stamps, Mark & Skennerton, Ian: ".380 Enfield Revolver No. 2". Greenhill Books, London (UK), 1993. ISBN 1-85367-139-8
• Maze, Robert J: "Howdah to High Power". Excalibur Publications, Tucson AZ (USA), 2002. ISBN 1-880677-17-2
• Skennerton, Ian: "Small Arms Identification Series No. 9: .455 Pistol, Revolver No 1 Mk VI" Arms & Militaria Press, Gold Coast QLD (Australia), 1997. ISBN 0-949749-30-3
• H.M. Stationer's Office: "List of Changes in British War Material", H.M.S.O, London (UK), Periodical
• Smith, W.H.B: "1943 Basic Manual of Military Small Arms" (Facsimile). Stackpole Books, Harrisburg PA (USA), 1979. ISBN 0-8817-1699-6

External link

• Webley top-break handguns

• Military Equipment of the British Empire
• Revolvers
• World War I infantry weapons
• World War I weapons of the United Kingdom
• World War II British infantry weapons