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Singapore Changi Airport or simply Changi Airport (IATA: SIN, ICAO: WSSS) is a major aviation hub in Asia, particularly in the Southeast Asian region, and is the main stop-over point for the kangaroo route with over 3.6 million passengers per annum on the Singapore-Australia sector alone. Located in Changi on a 1,300-hectare (3,200-acre) site, the airport is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) east-northeast of the commercial center of Singapore. The airport is operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) and is the home base of Singapore Airlines, Singapore Airlines Cargo, SilkAir, Tiger Airways, Jetstar Asia Airways and Valuair. It is a major hub for Emirates Airline, Garuda Indonesia, and Qantas. Collectively, the airlines account for about 4,054 weekly flights operated by 80 airlines to over 184 cities in 57 countries. An important contributor to the Singapore economy, it employs over 13,000 people and accounts for over S$4.5 billion in output.

History

Rapid growth in the global aviation transport was felt in Singapore, where Singapore International Airport at Paya Lebar, Singapore's third civilian airport after Seletar Airport (from 1930 to 1937) and Kallang Airport (from 1937 to 1955), was facing congestion problems. Opened in 1955 with a single runway and a small passenger terminal, its inability to cope with the rising traffic became critical by the 1970s, when passenger numbers rose dramatically from 300,000 to 1,700,000 passengers annually in 1970, and then to 4,000,000 annually in 1975.

The government had two options available: expand the existing airport at Paya Lebar or build a completely new airport at another location. After extensive study, a decision was made in 1972 to keep the airport at Paya Lebar as recommended by a British aviation consultant. Plans were created for the building of a second runway and an extensive redevelopment and expansion to the passenger terminal building. A year later, however, the plans were reviewed again due to the 1973 oil crisis.

Concerned that the existing airport was located in an area with potential for urban growth which would physically hem it in on all sides and limit its physical growth, the government subsequently decided in 1975 to build a new airport at the eastern tip of the main island at Changi on the site of the existing Changi Airbase, where the new airport would be easily expandable by land reclamation. In addition, airplanes could fly over the sea, avoiding noise pollution issues within residential areas like those at Paya Lebar and helping to avoid disastrous consequences on the ground in the event of an air mishap. The existing airport in Paya Lebar was subsequently converted for military use as the Paya Lebar Airbase.

Since its opening in 1981, the airport has made its mark in the aviation industry as a benchmark for service excellence, winning over 250 awards up to 2006. This winning streak has continued unabated, including the Skytrax Best Airport of the year award in 2006, despite being substantially older than many of its regional rivals. Changi Airport's efforts to counter the onset of age includes periodic physical upgrades to its existing terminals, building of new facilities and raising the benchmark in service quality, a factor which cannot be bought or built overnight, and where it continues to excel over its rivals.

Construction

The original master plan for Changi Airport involved constructing a dual-terminal and dual-runway configuration over two phases with provisions for another two passenger terminals in the future. Phase 1 included the construction for the first passenger terminal, the first runway, 45 aircraft parking bays, support facilities and structures, including a large maintenance hangar, the first fire station, workshops and administrative offices, an airfreight complex, two cargo agents buildings, in-flight catering kitchens and an 80 metre (262 ft) control tower. Construction for the second phase would commence immediately after the completion of Phase 1 and include the second runway, 23 new aircraft parking bays in addition to the existing 45 bays, a second fire station and a third cargo agent building.

Land reclamation works involving the use of over 52,000,000 cubic meters (68,000,000 yd) of landfill and seafill began in Changi in June 1975, even as the airport at Paya Lebar was still in the midst of expansion works. About 2 square kilometers (494 acres) of swamp land was cleared and filled with 12,000,000 cubic&nsp;meters (15,700,000 yd) of earth from the nearby hills, while another 40,000,000 cubic meters (52,300,000 yd) of sand were used to fill up the seabed. Canals were built to drain water from three existing rivers, namely Sungei Tanah Merah Besar, Sungei Ayer Gemuroh and Sungei Mata Ikan. In total, 870 hectares (2,150 acres) were reclaimed, raising the total site area to 1,300 hectares. Of this, landfill accounted for 200 hectares (494 acres) while seafill represented 670 hectares (1,655 acres).

The first phase costing about S$1.3 billion commenced commercial operation on July 1, 1981 with the first flight, Singapore Airlines SQ101 touching down at 0700 hours Zulu with 140 passengers from Kuala Lumpur. Officially opened with much fanfare five months later on December 29, 1981, the airport ended its first year operations with 12.1 million passengers, close to 200,000 tonnes of air freight handled and 63,100 aircraft movements. Sections of phase 2 opened progressively in the next few years, with Terminal 2 opening for passenger traffic nine years later on 1990 way ahead of traffic demand.

Expansions

The Singapore Changi Airport has a development policy of always building years ahead of demand to help to avoid congestion problems common in major airports and maintain high service standards. While the original master plan details plans for two passenger terminals, there have been provisions to provide for long-term expansion initiatives, including the allocation of space for a third terminal planned to have a physical configuration mirroring that of Terminal 2.

Plans for Terminal 3 were reviewed, resulting in an new design concept which departs from the largely utilitarian architecture in the first two terminals. Topped by a unique roof feature designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, the terminal is equipped with a full-service nine-story Crowne Plaza Hotel on its premises. Officials commenced construction in 1999 after receiving the green light in December of 1996. Originally planned for completion in 2006, the date was postponed by two years after global terrorism concerns delayed growth of air traffic in the airport. When completed in 2008, the expansion will increase the airport's total capacity to 64 million passengers. On May 30, 2006, a topping out ceremony was conducted.

Changing needs in the aviation industry led to reviews in the masterplan, resulting in the decision to cater to the high-end as well as budget sectors of the air travel industry. The Budget Terminal became operational on 26 March, 2006 as the second such terminal to be opened in Asia (after Kuala Lumpur International Airport) and was officially opened on October 31, 2006. A dedicated stand-alone CIP terminal opened by JetQuay on September 29, 2006 was a first in Asia.

Growth

Changi Airport is experiencing rapid growth. In 2005, the airport handled a record of 32.43 million passengers, a 7% increase over the 2004 fiscal year. This made it the 26th busiest airport in the world and the sixth busiest in Asia by passenger traffic. In addition to being an important passenger traffic hub, the airport is one of the busiest cargo airports in the world, handling 1,854,610 tonnes of cargo in 2005. Incentives like the Air Hub Development Fund, first introduced in 2003, have proven effective in attracting airlines here. A new S$300 million fund to strengthen Changi's hub status will start in 2007 when the S$210 million fund expires in 2006. The new S$1.75 billion Terminal 3 is due to be opened in 2008, and Terminal 1 will be upgraded along the lines of the renovated Terminal 2, with the latter costing S$240 million. Changi has been courting both premium and budget travellers with the opening of a commercially important persons terminal by JetQuay, as well as a S$45 million Budget Terminal in 2006.

Future plans

Given limited land resources, Changi Airport was first conceptualised to function as the country's sole airport for the forseeable future without the need for relocation or the building of another airport when passenger figures increased. Long-term plans for the airport thus gave physical provisions in the form of reclaimed land nearly equal in size to that of the exiting airport, with enough space for two more runways and at least two new passenger terminal buildings. In 2006, a short runway was opened for Changi Airbase (East) on the site, an interim measure in preparation for its eventual expansion for passenger flights.

Awards and accolades

Changi Airport is a top airport in terms of customer service and security and has won over 250 awards and accolades as best airport since its opening in 1981, from organizations such as International Air Transport Association and Business Traveller . It has won numerous awards for its home-based Singapore Airlines as best airline in the world and for customer service towards tourism in the airport. Changi is the only five-star airport, as named the best airport of the world in year 2006 by Skytrax, defeating its regional rival, Hong Kong International Airport.

Infrastructure and services

Runways

Changi Airport has two parallel runways, 02L/20R and 02C/20C. 02L/20R was completed and opened in 1981 as part of the airport's first phase. 02C/20C, formerly 02R/20L, was built completely on reclaimed land and opened with phase 2, 1.6 kilometers (1.0 mi) apart from 02L/20R. Both runways are equipped with four sets of Instrument Landing Systems to guide landing aircraft safely under all weather conditions. A new parallel runway 02R/20L was built 1.8 kilometers (1.1 mi) to the east of 02C/20C, used only for Republic of Singapore Air Force aircraft as part of Changi Airbase (East). The new runway is expected to be extended and eventually be turned into a third runway for the airport in future expansion plans.

Passenger terminals

Singapore Changi Airport has two terminals connected by a people mover system, with a third terminal under construction and due for completion in 2008. A terminal for low-cost carriers has been completed and started operation in late March 2006. In September 2006, JetQuay was opened for the high-end spectrum of the air traveling public, bringing the total handling capacity to 46.7 million passengers a year spread over an area of 679,100 square meters (812,200 ft).

With Changi-based Singapore Airlines being the launch customer for the Airbus A380, works to ensure full capability in handling the large aircraft was given priority in time for its planned introduction in October 2007. On August 16, 2005, Changi Airport unveiled the first of eleven specially-built gates capable of handling the giant aircraft. Costing S$15 million, the gates or 'fingers' enable passengers to get on the upper cabin of the new 555-seater aircraft directly from the gate holdrooms. The holdrooms themselves have been enlarged and appointed to cater for the larger number of passengers flying the A380s. Beside the 11 new gates at Terminal 1 and 2, there will be eight more A380-capable gates at the new Terminal 3, ready in 2008.

In all, the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore spent S$60 million in upgrading the terminals and airport infrastructure ahead of the arrival of the first A380. In the terminals, besides enlarged gate holdrooms and new fingers, the baggage belt carousels at the A380 gates were extended from the normal 70 meters (230 ft) to 90 meters (295 ft). With these new carousels in place, the airport does not expect embarking and disembarking passengers and baggage from the A380 to take longer than it does for the Boeing 747-400s, which carry significantly fewer passengers.

Changi Airport was the second in Asia (after Kuala Lumpur International Airport) to open a dedicated terminal catering to the budget traveller. In order to offer lower landing fees, handling fees and airport taxes, it cuts back on amenities such as aerobridges, elaborate physical structures and decorations in the passenger terminal building. Still, air-conditioning, a range of duty-free shops and food & beverage outlets, and free internet terminals are available. There is no transfer facility at the Budget Terminal. Passengers who need to make transfers need to clear immigration, collect their luggage, clear customs, make their way to the main terminal by taking the free shuttle buses and re-checkin with the respective airline.

Terminal facilities

The airport has over 30,000 square meters (322,900 ft) of space spread between its two terminals for shopping and eating outlets. In terms of sales, it outstrips other shopping malls in Singapore, including those in top tourist-spot Orchard Road. The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore derives 60% of its total annual revenue (over US$500 million in the year ending March 2005) from non-aeronautical sources, with 30% from commercial space rental and a percentage of sale receipts. Liquor and perfumes are particularly popular, accounting for over half of total retail sales, followed by watches and tobacco products.

Extensive upgrading work on existing retail areas and their expansion since 2004 has increased sales 13.3% in the first half of 2005 year-on-year over 2004, and as much as 67% compared to the same period in 2003, with brands such as Prada, Gucci, Bulgari and Hermes opening outlets during this period. The airport enjoys "one of the highest concession revenues per passenger in the world" compared to other major international airports according to Jeffrey Loke, CAAS' assistant commercial director.

In addition to a wide array of duty-free shops and eating outlets, Changi Airport has six open-air garden areas. Open to customers of the airport, each garden represents a different group of plants: cacti, bamboo, heliconia, sunflower, fern and orchid. Changi Airport has numerous business centers located aound the airport. Within the international transit area of the interconnected Terminals 1 and 2, internet and games facilties, prayer rooms, showers, spas, gym, swimming pool and a hotel are provided. Various lounge areas are provided, some including children's play areas or televisions showing news and movie channels.

Airfreight

The Air Cargo Division of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore manages the Changi Airfreight Centre located in the north of the airport premises. Fueled by high economic growth in China, the airport handled 1,854,610 tonnes of air cargo in 2005, an increase of 3.3% over the 2004 fiscal year, making it the 10 busiest airfreight hub in the world and the fifth busiest in Asia. Due to Singapore's large electonics sector, electorical components constitute a singificant part of the total cargo traffic handled at the airport, although it has initiated attempts to diversify into the perishable air cargo market.

Relying on extensive use of Information Technology, the Air Cargo Division introduced various IT systems such as the Air Cargo EDI System (ACES), the Advance Clearance for Courier and Express Shipments System (ACCESS) and the Electronic Payment and Invoicing for Cargo (EPIC) to ease customs clearance procedures and movement. It pioneered the TradeNet System, allowing for traders to conduct trade declarations over the internet and speeding the approval process by controlling authorities. TradeNet will be linked to the country-wide Integrated Trade and Logistics IT platform.

Airline services

Ground handling

Ground handling services are handled by three companies: Singapore Airport Terminal Services (SATS), Changi International Airport Services (CIAS) and Swissport. SATS, a subsidiary of Singapore Airlines, is the dominant player with close to 80% of the market in the airport. CIAS was formed in 1981 by the Port of Singapore Authority and five airlines (Air France, China Airlines, Garuda Indonesia, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and Lufthansa Airlines. It handles the remaining market share.

In the early 2000s, the government decided to introduce competition into the market by offering an additional license. Swissair's Swissport successfully won the license (valid for 10 years) and commenced operations on March 2, 2005. As Swissair folded and was subsequently taken over by Swiss International Airlines, the latter became the company's first customer. Adam Air chose Swissport as its ground handler in 2005, while Tiger Airways followed suit in 2006. Other customers of Swissport include Australian Airlines, Swiss World Cargo, Thai AirAsia and Cardig Air.

CIAS underwent restructuring when its shareholding was bought over by Dubai's Dnata group and Temasek Holdings, being relaunched in June 2005 with a new branding. Its security services were amalgamated into the new Temasek-owned Aetos Security Management Private Limited.

Aircraft maintenance

Five hangars house facilities to provide aircraft maintenance support by SIA Engineering Company and ST Aviation Services Company. This includes a 20,000 square meters (215,000 ft²) column-free hangar which was the world's largest when opened in 1981.

Security

The airport's security comes under the purview of the Airport Police Division of the Singapore Police Force. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks and naming of the airport as a terrorism target by the Jemaah Islamiyah, the airport's security has been stepped up. Roving patrol teams comprising of two soldiers and a police officer, armed with assault rifles or submachine guns, patrol the terminals at random intervals. Officers from the Gurkha Contingent were also deployed later to patrol the transit areas of the terminal buildings.

These measures came at a cost partly borne by travellers in the form of a "passenger security service charge," imposed since 2002. It is levied at S$6 on passengers in both main terminals and the Budget Terminal. In 2005, it became the first airport outside the United States to win the "Excellence in Airport Security Award".

Assisting the state organizations are the security services provided by the ground handlers, namely that of the Singapore Airport Terminal Services's SATS Security Services and Aetos Security Management. Both formed from a merger of the Changi International Airport Services's airport security unit and that of other companies to become a single, island-wide auxiliary police company. These officers man check-in counters to screen luggage, control movements into restricted areas, and so forth.

In 2005, an upgrade in screening technology and rising security concerns led to luggage-screening processes being conducted behind closed-doors, as opposed to them being done just before check-in previously within public view. Carry-on luggage and persons screening are conducted at the individual departure gates, while check-in luggage are screened in the backrooms and secured before loading. Plans are in place to install over 400 cameras around the airport to monitor passenger activity around the clock and check on suspicious parcels and activity. Tenders to incorporate such a system was called in late September 2005. A second perimeter fence to prevent unauthorised persons is due for construction, to be completed by 2008. The Airport Police plans to introduce a biometric identification system for access into restricted areas.

In view of the heightened security alert at airports in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US), security screening checks have been stepped up on passengers and their hand-carry luggage, as well as checked-in luggage on flights bound for destinations in the UK and the US from Singapore Changi Airport.

Air transportation

As all passenger traffic out of the airport is international in nature, the three terminals in operation are equipped with immigration processing facilities for international travel. Flights by Singapore Airlines, its regional subsidiary Silkair, two of its code-shared partners Austrian Airlines and Lufthansa, and some Southeast Asia-based carriers including Malaysia Airlines, Philippine Airlines and Royal Brunei Airlines operate from the newer Terminal 2, while the majority of other airlines use Terminal 1. Two airlines, namely Tiger Airways and Cebu Pacific, utilize the Budget Terminal.

After recovering from a drop in passenger traffic as a result of the Severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic in 2003, the airport saw rapid growth in traffic which hit the 30 million mark for the first time a year later in 2004. A monthly record was set in June 2006 with 2,980,106 passengers handled, an increase of 9.1% in its first six months of operations for 2006. The Budget Terminal handled about 657,000 passengers as of October 26, 2006, six months after its opening in March, and constituted 11.3% of total flights in October 2006 compared to 9.6% in April the same year. The terminal expects to handle its one-millionth passenger by the end of the 2006.

Airlines and destinations

The following is a list of airlines that serve Singapore Changi Airport.

Operations and Statistics
Operational statistics
Passenger movements
1998	23,803,180	2002	28,979,344
1999	26,064,645	2003	24,664,137
2000	28,618,200	2004	30,353,565
2001	28,093,759	2005	32,430,856
Airfreight movements in tonnes (tons)
1998	1,283,660 (1,414,993)	2002	1,637,797 (1,805,362)(
1999	1,500,393 (1,653,900)	2003	1,611,407 (1,776,272)
2000	1,682,489 (1,854,623)	2004	1,775,092 (1,956,704)
2001	1,507,062 (1,661,251)	2005	1,795,646 (1,979,361)
Aircraft movements
1998	165,242	2002	174,820
1999	165,961	2003	154,346
2000	173,947	2004	184,932
2001	179,359	2005	204,000
Top destinations
By flight frequencies (weekly one-way)
1	Jakarta		184
2	Bangkok		169
3	Kuala Lumpur		108
4	Hong Kong		101
5	Tokyo		63

Terminal 1

• Adam Air (Jakarta)
• AirAsia
  • Thai AirAsia (Bangkok)
• Air China (Beijing, Chengdu, Hangzhou, Xiamen)
• Air France (Paris-Charles de Gaulle)
• Air Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
• Air India (Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Mumbai)
  • Air-India Express (Chennai)
• Air Mauritius (Kuala Lumpur, Mauritius)
• Air Niugini (Port Moresby)
• Air Sahara (Delhi)
• Air Seychelles (Mahé)
• Air Zimbabwe (Beijing, Harare)
• All Nippon Airways (Tokyo-Narita)
• Asiana Airlines (Seoul-Incheon)
• Bangkok Airways (Koh Samui)
• Biman Bangladesh Airlines (Bangkok, Dhaka)
• British Airways (London-Heathrow, Sydney)
• Cathay Pacific (Bangkok, Colombo, Hong Kong)
• China Airlines (Kaohsiung, Taipei- Taoyuan)
• China Eastern Airlines (Kunming, Shanghai-Pudong)
• China Southern Airlines (Guangzhou)
• Emirates (Auckland, Brisbane, Colombo, Dubai, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Melbourne)
• EVA Air (Taipei- Taoyuan)
• Finnair (Bangkok, Helsinki)
• Garuda Indonesia (Balikpapan, Beijing, Denpasar, Ho Chi Minh City, Jakarta, Makassar, Padang, Pekanbaru, Semarang, Shanghai-Pudong, Surabaya, Yogyakarta)
• Gulf Air (Bahrain, Sydney)
• Indian (Bangalore, Bangkok, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune)
• Japan Airlines (Kuala Lumpur, Osaka-Kansai, Tokyo-Narita)
• Jet Airways (Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi)
• Jetstar Asia Airways (Bangalore, Bangkok, Hong Kong, Manila, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Siem Reap, Taipei- Taoyuan, Yangon)
• KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (Amsterdam)
• Korean Air (Seoul-Incheon)
• Merpati Nusantara Airlines (Bandung)
• Northwest Airlines (Portland (OR), Tokyo-Narita)
• Lion Air (Jakarta)
• Pakistan International Airlines (Islamabad, Karachi, Kuala Lumpur)
• Republic Express Airlines (Jakarta, Makassar, Surabaya)
• Qantas (Adelaide, Brisbane, Denpasar, Frankfurt, London-Heathrow, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney)
  • Jetstar Airways operated by Jetstar Asia Airways (Cairns, Darwin)
• Qatar Airways (Doha)
• Royal Nepal Airlines (Kathmandu, Kuala Lumpur)
• Saudi Arabian Airlines (Jakarta, Jeddah, Riyadh)
• Shandong Airlines (Jinan, Shenzhen)
• Shanghai Airlines (Shanghai-Pudong)
• SriLankan Airlines (Colombo, Kuala Lumpur)
• Swiss International Air Lines (Bangkok, Zürich)
• Thai Airways International (Bangkok)
• Transaero (Bangkok, Denpasar, Moscow-Domodedovo)
• Turkish Airlines (Istanbul-Atatürk)
• United Airlines (Chicago-O'Hare, Hong Kong, San Francisco, Tokyo-Narita, Washington-Dulles)
• Valuair (Denpasar, Jakarta, Surabaya)
• Vietnam Airlines (Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City)
• Xiamen Airlines (Fuzhou, Penang, Xiamen)
• Yangtze River Express (Nanning, Shanghai-Pudong)

Terminal 2

• Austrian Airlines (Melbourne, Vienna)
• Lufthansa (Frankfurt, Jakarta)
• Malaysia Airlines (Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Langkawi, Penang)
• Philippine Airlines (Jakarta, Manila)
• Royal Brunei (Bandar Seri Begawan)
• Singapore Airlines (Abu Dhabi, Adelaide, Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Amsterdam, Athens, Auckland, Bandar Seri Begawan, Bangalore, Bangkok, Barcelona, Beijing, Brisbane, Cairo, Cape Town, Chennai, Christchurch, Colombo, Copenhagen, Denpasar, Delhi, Dhaka, Dubai, Frankfurt, Fukuoka, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Hyderabad, Istanbul-Atatürk, Jakarta, Jeddah, Johannesburg, Karachi, Kolkata, Kuala Lumpur, Lahore, London-Heathrow, Los Angeles, Malé, Manchester (UK), Manila, Melbourne, Milan-Malpensa, Moscow-Domodedovo, Mumbai, Nagoya, Nanjing, New York-JFK, Newark, Osaka-Kansai, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Penang, Perth, Rome-Fiumicino, San Francisco, Seoul-Incheon, Shanghai-Pudong, Sydney, Taipei- Taoyuan, Tokyo-Narita, Vancouver, Zürich)
  • Silkair (Balikpapan, Cebu, Chengdu, Chiang Mai, Chongqing, Danang, Davao, Kochi, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Kunming, Langkawi, Lombok, Manado, Medan, Palembang, Phnom Penh, Phuket, Shenzhen, Siem Reap, Solo, Surabaya, Thiruvanathapuram, Xiamen, Yangon)

Terminal 3 (under construction)

This terminal is currently under construction, and is expected to open by 2008. Singapore Airlines is expected to move part of its operations from Terminal 2 to this terminal.

Budget Terminal

• Cebu Pacific (Cebu, Manila)
• Tiger Airways (Angeles City, Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Danang, Darwin, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Hat Yai, Haikou, Ho Chi Minh City, Kolkata, Krabi, Macau, Padang, Phuket, Shenzhen)
  • Tiger Airways operated by South East Asian Airlines (Angeles City) (begins February 2007)

New Airlines in 2006-2007

• Etihad Airways (Plans to launch flights from 2007)
• Hainan Airlines (Charter flights from Haikou)
• Lao Airlines (Charter flights from Vientiane)
• Shanghai Airlines Cargo (Flying cargo flights from Shanghai)
• Shenzhen Airlines (Charter flights from Shenzhen)
• South East Asian Airlines (Operated using Tiger Airways' planes to Angeles City, Philippines from February 2007)
• Uzbekistan Airways (Cargo charter flights from Tashkent)

Former users

• Aeroflot (terminated flights due to poor loads)
• Air Macau
• Alitalia (codeshares with KLM from Amsterdam)
• Ansett Australia (due to bankruptcy and liquidation)
• Australian Airlines (from July 1, 2006)
• Air New Zealand (from 2 October 2006)
• Evergreen International Airlines (from April 12, 2000)
• EgyptAir
• First Cambodia Airlines (terminated on February 25, 2004 due to financial problems)
• Jat Airways (terminated flights in 1992 due to UN sanctions on Yugoslavia)
• Jatayu Airlines
• Kuwait Airways (consolidated flights to Jakarta via Bangkok), operating as a cargo airline to Singapore
• Lauda Air (taken over by fellow Austrian Airlines Group member Austrian Airlines)
• Mekong Airlines
• Pan Am (due to bankruptcy)
• PT. Bouraq Indonesia Airlines (Terminated flights March 2006, continuing operations to Changi through codeshare with Silkair)
• Riau Airlines
• Swissair (ceased operations on March 31, 2002 and services restored by Swiss International Air Lines)
• Scandinavian Airlines System (terminated from March 26, 2006, serves Singapore with codeshare service with SWISS from Bangkok)
• Sempati Air (due to bankruptcy)

Notes

• AWAir planned to commence flights from January 19, 2005, but was forced to abandon plans to fly to Singapore at the last minute due to administrative issues.

Ground transportation

Changi Airport was built with ground transportation considerations in mind from the onset, with the East Coast Parkway built and opened in tendem with the airport, providing a direct link to the city center. At a distance of about 20 kilometers (12 mi), the expressway was built almost entirely on reclaimed land, thus minimising disruptions to the existing road network in Singapore's East Coast.

While configured in a compact configuration such that the two main passenger terminal buildings and the upcoming Terminal 3 are sited adjacent to each other, allowing for travellers to venture between terminals on foot, a short people mover system was added to facilitate quicker and more convenient transfers. This system is being replaced by a newer system which will connect the three main terminals in 2007 and will introduce greater security features by separating checked-in passengers from the general public on distinct tracks. This rail system is not extended to the Budget Terminal, which is served by free shuttle buses to minimize operational costs.

Inter-terminal transportation

Skytrain

Skytrain services are available at the Skytrain stations located at the departure halls of both Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. The system has been revamped with a new fleet of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover Cars, replacing the former Bombardier CX-100 Cars built in the early 1990s. It runs between Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 with free fares, operating between 6:00am and 1:30am daily. Plans for expansion include service to Terminal 3 and extending operation to 24 hours per day.

Shuttle bus

Shuttle buses run between Terminal 2 and the Budget Terminal. As with the Skytrain, fares are free and it operates 24 hours per day.

Land transportation

Train

The airport is connected to the Mass Rapid Transit network, with Changi Airport Station located underground between Terminal 2 and the future Terminal 3. It operates between CG2 Changi Airport Station and EW13 City Hall Station via a cross-platform transfer at EW4 Tanah Merah Station. The stardard fare is S$1.40 on a standard ticket or adult EZ-Link card. It operates between 5:59am and 11:18pm daily, the trip taking 26 minutes, excluding waiting and transfer times.

Bus

Main article: Changi Airport PTB 1 & 2 Bus Terminal

Buses functioned as the main transport mode for cost-conscious travellers as well as local airport staff for a large part of its history until the opening of Changi Airport MRT Station due to its relative affordability and reliability. Services operated by SBS Transit and SMRT Buses are accessible via a bus terminal located in the basement level of both terminals. Bus routes serve both terminals by first entering Terminal 1 before continuing to Terminal 2 and back to their points of origin.

Taxi

Taxi stands are located within the arrival halls of both terminals. They run from the airport itself to destinations in Singapore. Prices are the fare shown on meter, plus a S$5.00 surcharge (Fri-Sun, 1700 to midnight) or S$3.00 surcharge (all other times) for trips leaving the airport.

Limousine taxi

Limousine taxi services are readily available at the limousine taxi counters, located at the arrival halls of both airport terminals. Similar to taxis, they run from Changi Airport to anywhere in Singapore. Fares are S$35.00, plus applicable surcharges.

Airport shuttle

A 6-seater MaxiCab is used for the two-way airport shuttle service which goes to anywhere within the Central Business District and to hotels in Singapore, except hotels in Changi Village and Sentosa Island, with booking conducted at the counters in the arrival hall. The fare paid to the driver, in cash, at a rate of S$7.00 per adult and S$5.00 per child. The service leaves every 30 minutes from 6:00am through 6:00pm, every 15 minutes from 6:15pm through midnight and every 30 minutes from 12:30am through 2:00am.

Car rental

Car rental services are provided at the car rental counters located in Terminal 2.

References

1. "Passenger Traffic Between Singapore and Australia Increased by 12%". Channel NewsAsia. Mediacorp. 2006-11-02. Retrieved 2006-11-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
2. "Changi Airport - Air Network Fact Sheet". Singapore Changi Airport. 2006-07-01. Retrieved 2006-11-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
3. ^ "2006 Airport of the Year Results". Skytrax. 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
4. "Singapore Changi Airport Named World's Best Airport 2006" (Press release). Skytrax. 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
5. "Some Facts on Changi Airport". Singapore Changi Airport. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
6. ^ "Changi International Airport". singaporeInfopedia. National Library Board Singapore. 2001. Retrieved 2006-11-03. {{cite web}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Unknown parameter |late= ignored (help)
7. "IATA Eagle Awards for Airservices Australia, Changi and Brisbane Airports" (Press release). International Air Transport Association. 2005-05-30. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
8. "Best in Business Travel 2005". Business Traveller. 2006-01-14. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
9. "Our Divisions". Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). Retrieved 2006-11-03.
10. "Flying High". News Room. EDB Singapore. 2005-01-01. Retrieved 2006-11-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
11. "Singapore to Deploy Army at Changi Airport". Asian Political News. 2001-10-08. Retrieved 2006-11-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
12. "Changi Airport to Impose Security Levy". The Straits Times. 2002-01-10. Retrieved 2006-11-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
13. "Budget Terminal". Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). Retrieved 2006-11-03.
14. Sawatan, Jackson (2005-10-24). "Changi Airport Wins Excellence In Security Award". Bernama Aviation News. Retrieved 2006-11-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
15. "Singapore to Install More Security Cameras at Changi Airport". ABC Radio Australia. 2005-04-10. Retrieved 2006-11-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
16. "The Transport Security Management Seminar at Singapore Aviation Academy" (Press release). Ministry of Home Affairs. 2006-04-12. Retrieved 2006-11-03. {{cite press release}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
17. "Singapore Steps Up Security at Changi Airport". Channel NewsAsia. Mediacorp News. 2006-08-11. Retrieved 2006-11-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
18. "Media". Changi Airport. Retrieved 2006-11-03.
19. "Budget Terminal Passenger Volume to Hit One Million Mark by End-2006". 2006-10-31. Retrieved 2006-11-03. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
20. "Austrian Airlines Group News" (Press release). July 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-03.

External links

• Singapore Changi Airport Official Site
• Strategic Infrastructure Investment Decisions in Airport and Rail development: The Case of Singapore
• Template:WAD

• 1981 establishments
• Airports in Singapore
• Changi