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James Madison 4th presdent.
4th President of the United States
In office March 4 1809 – March 4 1817
Vice President	George Clinton (1809-1812), None (1812-1813), Elbridge Gerry (1813-1814) None (1814-1817)
Preceded by	Thomas Jefferson
Succeeded by	James Monroe
5th United States Secretary of State
In office May 2 1801 – March 3 1809
President	Thomas Jefferson
Preceded by	John Marshall
Succeeded by	Robert Smith
Personal details
Born	March 16 1751 Port Conway, Virginia
Died	June 28 1836, age 85 Montpelier, Virginia
Nationality	American
Political party	Democratic-Republican
Spouse	Dolley Todd Madison
Signature

James Madison (March 16 1751 – June 28 1836), an American politician and fourth President of the United States of America (1809–1817), was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States. More than anyone he designed the new Constitution of 1787, and is known as the "Father of the Constitution". In 1788, he wrote over a third of the Federalist Papers, still the most influential commentary on the Constitution. As a leader in the first Congresses he drafted many basic laws and was responsible for the first ten amendments to the Constitution, and thus he is also known as the "Father of the Bill of Rights". As a political theorist Madison's most distinctive belief was that the new republic needed checks and balances to limit the powers of special interests, which Madison called factions. He believed very strongly that the new nation should fight against aristocracy and corruption (especially of British origin), and was deeply committed to creating mechanisms that would make Republicanism in the United States work in practice.

As leader in the House of Representatives, he worked closely with President George Washington to organize the new federal government. Breaking in 1791 with Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, Madison and Thomas Jefferson organized what they called the Republican party (eventually becoming the Democratic-Republican Party), in opposition to key policies of the Federalists, especially the national bank and the Jay Treaty. He secretly coauthored the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 to protest the Alien and Sedition Laws.

As Jefferson's Secretary of State (1801-1809), he supervised the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the nation's size, and sponsored the ill-fated Embargo of 1807. As president, he led the nation to war in the War of 1812 against Great Britain in order to protect America's rights. That conflict began poorly as Americans suffered defeat after defeat by smaller forces, but ended on a high note in 1815 after which a new spirit of nationalism swept the country. During and after the war, Madison reversed many of his positions; and, by 1815, he supported a national bank, a strong military, and a moderate tariff structure.

Political career

Madison served in the state legislature (1776-79) and became known as a protégé of Thomas Jefferson. In this capacity, he became a prominent figure in Virginia state politics, helping to draft the state's Declaration of Religious Freedom, which not only disestablished the Church of England, but disclaimed any power of state compulsion in religious matters (including compelling citizens to pay for a congregation of their own choice, which was Patrick Henry's plan). He also persuaded Virginia to give its claims to northwestern territories (consisting of most of modern-day Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois) to the Continental Congress.

As delegate to the Continental Congress (1780-83), he was considered a legislative workhorse and a master of parliamentary detail.

Father of the Constitution

Back in the Virginia state legislature, he welcomed peace, but soon became alarmed at the fragility of the Articles of Confederation, and especially at the divisiveness of state governments. He was a strong advocate of a new constitution that would overcome this divisiveness. At the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787, Madison's draft of the Virginia Plan and his revolutionary three-branch federal system became the basis for the American Constitution of today. Madison envisioned a strong federal government that would be the umpire that could overrule the mistaken actions of the states; later in life he came to admire the Supreme Court as it started filling that role.

Coauthor of Federalist Papers explaining the Constitution

To aid the push for ratification, he joined Alexander Hamilton and John Jay to write the essays called the The Federalist Papers. It immediately became the single most important interpretation of the Constitution, and remains so among jurists and scholars. Madison wrote #10, in which he explained how a large country with many different interests and factions could support republican values better than a small country where a few special interests would dominate. His interpretation was largely ignored at the time but in the 20th century became a central part of the pluralist interpretation of American politics.

Back in Virginia in 1788, he led the fight for ratification of the Constitution at the state's convention—oratorically dueling with Patrick Henry and others who sought revisions (such as the United States Bill of Rights) before its ratification. Madison is often referred to as the "Father of the Constitution" for his role in its drafting and ratification. However, he protested this title as being "a credit to which I have no claim... was not, like the fabled Goddess of Wisdom, the offspring of a single brain. It ought to be regarded as the work of many heads and many hands".

He wrote Hamilton, at the New York ratifying convention, observing that his opinion was that "ratification was in toto and for ever". The Virginia convention had considered conditional ratification worse than a rejection.

Author of Bill of Rights

Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia legislature not to elect Madison as one of their first Senators; but Madison was directly elected to the new United States House of Representatives and immediately became an important leader from the First Congress (1789) through the Fourth Congress (1797).

Initially Madison "adamantly maintained ... that a specific bill of rights remained unnecessary because the Constitution itself was a bill of rights." But the anti-Federalists demanded a bill of rights in exchange for their support for ratification. Over two hundred proposals were submitted from throughout the country. Madison ignored the proposals for structural change of the government, and he synthesized the others into a list of proposals for the protection of civil rights, such as free speech and habeas corpus. Still ambiguous as late as 1788 in his support for a bill of rights, in June 1789 Madison offered a package of twelve proposed amendments to the Constitution. Eventually Madison completed the reversal of his original opposition and "hounded his colleagues relentlessly" to accept his proposed amendments.

By December 1791, the last ten of Madison's proposed amendments were ratified and became the Bill of Rights. Contrary to Madison's wishes, the Bill of Rights was not integrated into the main body of the Constitution, and it did not apply to the states – not until the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did any federal amendments restrict the powers of the states. The second of the proposed twelve was ratified in 1992 as the Constitution's Twenty-seventh Amendment. The first of the proposed twelve, the "most valuable" in Madison's opinion, written to protect freedom of conscience, the press, and the right to trial by jury from the states, was eliminated by the Senate in 1791.

Opposition to Hamilton

The chief characteristic of Madison's time in Congress was his work to limit the power of the federal government. Wood (2006a) argued that Madison never wanted a national government that took an active role. He was horrified to discover that Hamilton and Washington were creating "a real modern European type of government with a bureaucracy, a standing army, and a powerful independent executive".

When Britain and France went to war in 1793 the U.S. was caught in the middle. The 1778 treaty of alliance with France was still in effect, yet most of the new country's trade was with Britain. War with Britain seemed imminent in 1794, as the British seized hundreds of American ships that were trading with French colonies. Madison (in collaboration with Jefferson, who had returned to private life), believed that Britain was weak and America strong, and that a trade war with Britain, although it threatened retaliation by Britain, probably would succeed, and would allow Americans to assert their independence fully. Great Britain, he charged, "has bound us in commercial manacles, and very nearly defeated the object of our independence". As Varg explains, Madison had no fear of British recriminations for "her interests can be wounded almost mortally, while ours are invulnerable". The British West Indies, he maintained, could not live without American foodstuffs, but Americans could easily do without British manufactures. This same faith led him to the conclusion "that it is in our power, in a very short time, to supply all the tonnage necessary for our own commerce". However, George Washington avoided a trade war and instead secured friendly trade relations with Britain through the Jay Treaty of 1794. Madison tried and failed to defeat the treaty, and it became a central issue of the emerging First Party System. All across the country, voters divided for and against the Treaty and other key issues, and thus became Federalists or Republicans.

Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton built a nationwide network of supporters that became the Federalist Party, and promoted a strong central government with a national bank. Madison and Jefferson organized the "republican party", which became known as the Democratic-Republican Party, opposing these policies and the Federalists overall as centralizers and pro-British elitists who would undermine republican values. Madison led the unsuccessful attempt to block Hamilton's proposed Bank of the United States, arguing the new Constitution did not explicitly allow the federal government to form a bank.

Most historians argue that Madison changed radically from a nationally-oriented ally of Hamilton in 1787-88 to a states-rights-oriented opponent of a strong national government by 1795. Madison started with opposing Hamilton; by 1793 he was opposing Washington as well. Madison usually lost and Hamilton usually achieved passage of his legislation, including the National Bank, funding of state and national debts, and support of the Jay Treaty. (Madison did block the proposal for high tariffs.) Madison's politics remained closely aligned with Jefferson's until the experience of a weak national government during the War of 1812 led Madison to appreciate the need for a stronger central government. He then began to support a national bank, a stronger navy and a standing army. However, other historians, led by Lance Banning and Gordon S. Wood, see more continuity in Madison's views and do not see a sharp break in 1792.

Marriage to Dolley Madison

On September 14 1794, Madison married Dolley Payne Todd, who cut as attractive and vivacious a figure as he did a sickly and anti-social one. Dolley is largely credited with inventing the role of First Lady as political ally and adviser to the president.

United States Secretary of State

The main challenge which faced the Jefferson Administration was navigating between the two great empires of Britain and France, which were almost constantly at war. The first great triumph was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, made possible when Napoleon realized he could not defend that vast territory, and it was to France's advantage that Britain not seize it. Madison and President Jefferson reversed party policy to negotiate for the Purchase and then win Congressional approval. Madison tried to maintain neutrality between Britain and France, but at the same time insisted on the legal rights of the U.S. under international law. Neither London nor Paris showed much respect, however. Madison and Jefferson decided on an embargo to punish Britain and France, which meant forbidding all Americans to trade with any foreign nation. The embargo failed as foreign policy and instead caused massive hardships in the northeastern seaboard, which depended on foreign trade.

The party's Congressional Caucus chose presidential candidates, and Madison was chosen in the election of 1808, easily defeating Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Congress repealed the failed embargo as Madison took office.

Presidency 1809–1817

The Bank of the United States

The twenty year charter of the first Bank of the United States was scheduled to expire in 1811, the second year of Madison's administration. Madison failed to block the Bank in 1791, and waited for its charter to expire. Secretary of the Treasury Gallatin wanted the bank recharters, and when the War of 1812 broke out discovered how difficult it was to finance the war without the Bank. Gallatin's successor as Treasury Secretary Alexander J. Dallas proposed a replacement in 1814, but Madison vetoed the bill in 1815. By late 1815, however, Madison asked Congress for a new bank, which had strong support from the younger, nationalistic republicans such as John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay, as well as Federalist Daniel Webster. Madison signed it into law in 1816 and appointed William Jones as its president.

War of 1812

British insults continued, especially the practice of using the Royal Navy to intercept unarmed American merchant ships and "impress" (conscript) all sailors who might be British subjects for service in the British navy. Madison's protests were ignored, so he helped stir up public opinion in the west and south for war. One argument was that an American invasion of Canada would be easy and would provide a good bargaining chip. (After long debates historians now agree that Americans did not desire to acquire Canadian lands, but to stop British aid to the hostile Indians.) Madison carefully prepared public opinion for what everyone at the time called "Mr. Madison's War", but much less time and money was spent building up the army, navy, forts, and state militias. After he convinced Congress to declare war, Madison was re-elected President over DeWitt Clinton but by a smaller margin than in 1808 (see U.S. presidential election, 1812). Some historians in 2006 ranked Madison's failure to avoid war as the sixth worst presidential mistake ever made.

In the ensuing War of 1812, the British won numerous victories, including the capture of Detroit after the American general surrendered to a smaller British force without a fight, and occupation of Washington, D.C., forcing Madison to flee the city and watch as the White House was set on fire by British troops. The British also armed American Indians in the West, most notably followers of Tecumseh. Finally the Indians were defeated and a standoff was reached on the Canadian border. The Americans built warships on the Great Lakes faster than the British and defeated the British fleet to avert a major invasion of New York in 1814. At sea, the British blockaded the entire coastline, cutting off both foreign trade and domestic trade between ports. Economic hardship was severe in New England, but entrepreneurs built factories that soon became the basis of the industrial revolution in America.

Madison faced formidable obstacles--a divided cabinet, a factious party, a recalcitrant Congress, obstructionist governors, and amazingly incompetent generals, together with militia who refused to fight outside their states. Most serious was lack of unified popular support. There were serious threats of disunion from New England, which engaged in massive smuggling to Canada and refused to provide financial support or soldiers. However Andrew Jackson in the South and William Henry Harrison in the West destroyed the main Indian threats by 1813.

After the apparent defeat of Napoleon in 1814, both the British and Americans were exhausted, the causes of the war had been forgotten, the Indian issue was resolved, and it was time for peace. New England Federalists, however, set up a defeatist Hartford Convention that discussed secession. The Treaty of Ghent ended the war in 1815. There were no territorial gains on either side as both sides returned to status quo ante bellum, that is, the previous boundaries. The Battle of New Orleans, in which Andrew Jackson defeated the British regulars, was fought fifteen days after the treaty was signed but before the news of the signing reached New Orleans. With peace finally established, America was swept by a sense of euphoria and national achievement in finally securing solid independence from Britain. The Federalist party collapsed and eventually disappeared from politics, as an Era of Good Feeling emerged with a much lower level of political fear and vituperation; although political contention certainly continued.

Postwar

Although Madison had accepted the necessity of a Hamiltonian national bank, an effective taxation system based on tariffs, a standing professional army and a strong navy, he drew the line at internal improvements as advocated by his Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin. In his last act before leaving office, Madison vetoed on states' rights grounds a bill for "internal improvements", including roads, bridges, and canals:

Having considered the bill ... I am constrained by the insuperable difficulty I feel in reconciling this bill with the Constitution of the United States.... The legislative powers vested in Congress are specified ... in the ... Constitution, and it does not appear that the power proposed to be exercised by the bill is among the enumerated powers.

Madison rejected the view of Congress that the General Welfare Clause justified the bill, stating:

Such a view of the Constitution would have the effect of giving to Congress a general power of legislation instead of the defined and limited one hitherto understood to belong to them, the terms "common defense and general welfare" embracing every object and act within the purview of a legislative trust.

Madison urged a variety of measures that he felt were "best executed under the national authority", including federal support for roads and canals that would "bind more closely together the various parts of our extended confederacy".

Administration and cabinet

Supreme Court appointments

Madison appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:

• Gabriel Duvall – 1811
• Joseph Story – 1812

States admitted to the Union

• Louisiana – April 30 1812
• Indiana – December 11 1816

Later life

When Madison left office in 1817, he retired to Montpelier, his tobacco plantation in Virginia; it was not far from Jefferson's plantation Monticello. Madison was 63 years old; Dolley, who thought they would finally have a chance to travel to Paris, was 49. Such was not to be the case. As with both Washington and Jefferson, Madison left the presidency a poorer man than when he entered, due in no small part to the steady financial collapse of his plantation. Some historians speculate that his mounting debt was one of the chief reasons, if not the main reason, why he refused to allow his notes on the Constitution Convention, plus its official records also in his keeping, to be published in his life time. "He knew the value of his notes, and wanted them to bring money to his estate for Dolley's use as his plantation failed -- he was hoping for one hundred thousand dollars from the sale of his papers, of which the notes were the gem."

But as time slipped past Madison became more and more concerned about his legacy. He took to modifying the priceless documents in his possessions: changing days and dates, adding and deleting words and sentences, and shifting about characters. By the time he had reached his late seventies, this "straightening out" had become almost an obsession with Madison. This can be seen by his editing of a letter he had written to Jefferson criticizing Lafayette: Madison not only inked out original passages, but went so far as to imitate Jefferson's handwriting as well. All this was done by Madison not in an attempt to deceive, but, in his mind, to make himself clear, to justify his actions both to history and to himself.

During the final six years of his life, amid a sea of personal troubles that threatening to engulf him...At times mental agitation issued in physical collapse. For the better part of a year in 1831 and 1832 he was bedridden, if not silenced...Literally sick with anxiety, he began to despair of his ability of make himself understood by his fellow citizens.

In 1829, at the age of seventy-eight, Madison was chosen as a representative to the constitutional convention in Richmond for the revising of the Virginia state constitution; this was to be Madison's last appearance as a legislator and drafter of constitutions.

The issue of greatest importance at this convention was apportionment. The western districts of Virginia complained that they were woefully under-represented because, according to the state constitution, voting districts were apportioned by population, which included slaves, though of course slaves could not vote. Westerners had few slaves, while the Tidewater gentry on their great plantations had many, and thus the vote of a white easterner outweighed the vote of a white westerner.

Madison, who in his prime was known as "the Great Legislator", tried, with increasing despondency, to get a compromise, any sort of compromise, worked out. He even tried to convince both parties to consider the 3/5 ratio ("the Federal number"), but to no avail. There was no compromise, or even a step towards compromise, by either side. In the end, the Tidewater patriarchs won: slaves, though still not allowed to vote, would continue to be considered a part -- a full part -- of the population of Virginia, and districts would be drawn accordingly. "The Convention of 1829, we might say, pushed Madison steadily to the brink of self-delusion, if not despair. The dilemma of slavery undid him."

He also produced several memoranda on political subjects, including an essay against the appointment of chaplains for Congress and the armed forces, on the grounds that this produced religious exclusion, but not political harmony.

Madison lived on until 1836, more and more ignored by the new leaders of the American polity. He died at Montpellier on June 28, the last remaining signer of the United States Constitution.

As historian Garry Wills wrote:

Madison's claim on our admiration does not rest on a perfect consistency, any more than it rests on his presidency. He has other virtues.... As a framer and defender of the Constitution he had no peer.... The finest part of Madison's performance as president was his concern for the preserving of the Constitution.... No man could do everything for the country – not even Washington. Madison did more than most, and did some things better than any. That was quite enough.

Trivia

• Madison has been called America's first graduate student; perhaps more accurately "Princeton's first graduate student."
• He was a member of the Board of Visitors of the University of Virginia from its formation until his death; he became second Rector, or chairman of the Board, after Jefferson died in 1826.
• Both of Madison's Vice Presidents, George Clinton and Elbridge Gerry, died in office. Madison himself nearly died when in 1813 he was stricken by "yellow jack" (yellow fever).
• Madison's portrait was on the U.S. $5000 bill. There were about twenty different varieties of $5000 bills issued between 1861 and 1946; all but three featured James Madison. He also appears on the $200 Series EE Savings Bond.
• At 5 feet, 4 inches in height (163 cm) and 100 pounds (45 kg), Madison was the nation’s shortest and lightest president.
• Madison's health was never good. He himself was certain he was epileptic, though his seizure are now considered by medical historians to have been brought about by stress.
• Too frail for regular military service during the Revolution, Madison's only military experience was when, at twenty-four-years-old, in 1775, he served as colonel of the Orange County (Virginia) militia, of whom his father was commander.
• Several counties, towns, cities and universities were named after James Madison. a few: Madison County, Ohio ; Madison, Wisconsin; Madison, Georgia; James Madison College (Michigan State Univ.); James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia.
• James Madison played an integral part in establishing patent law with Thomas Jefferson.

See also

• U.S. presidential election, 1808
• U.S. presidential election, 1812
• List of places named for James Madison
• List of U.S. Presidential religious affiliations
• James Madison University, named Madison College after him in 1936
• James Madison College, a residential honors college of Michigan State University
• Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
• Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787

Notes

1. Wood, 2006b.
2. Robert Alan Dahl, "Madisonian Democracy," in Dahl, et al., eds. The Democracy Sourcebook (MIT Press, 2003), pp. 207-16.
3. Banning, 1995; Kernell, 2003; Riemer, 1954.
4. James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, March 2 1794.) "I see by a paper of last evening that even in New York a meeting of the people has taken place, at the instance of the Republican Party, and that a committee is appointed for the like purpose."
   *Thomas Jefferson to President Washington, May 23 1792 "The republican party, who wish to preserve the government in it's present form, are fewer in number. They are fewer even when joined by the two, three, or half dozen anti-federalists,..."
   *Thomas Jefferson to John Melish, January 13 1813. "The party called republican is steadily for the support of the present constitution"
5. Wood, 2006, pp. 163-64.
6. Larry D. Kramer, "Madison's Audience," Harvard Law Review 112,3 (1999), pp. 611+ online version.
7. Lance Banning, "James Madison: Federalist," note 1, .
8. Letter of July 20 1788.
9. Matthews, 1995, p. 130.
10. Madison had three main objections to a specific bill of rights: (a) it was unnecessary, since it purported to protect against powers that the federal government had not been granted; (b) it was dangerous, since enumeration of some rights might be taken to imply the absence of other rights; and (c) at the state level, bills of rights had proven to be useless paper barriers against government powers. Wood, 2006b.
11. Matthews, 1995, p. 142.
12. Wood, 2006b.
13. The remaining proposal would place limits on the size of the House of Representatives, but would permit the present membership of 435 to be changed by hundreds.
14. Wood, 2006b.
15. Wood, 2006a, p. 165.
16. Paul A. Varg, Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers (Michigan State Univ. Press, 1963), p. 74.
17. As early as May 26 1792, Hamilton complained, "Mr. Madison cooperating with Mr. Jefferson is at the head of a faction decidedly hostile to me and my administration. Hamilton, Writings (Library of America, 2001), p. 738. On May 5 1792, Madison told Washington, "with respect to the spirit of party that was taking place ...I was sensible of its existence". Madison Letters 1 (1865), p. 554.
18. CTV
19. Stagg, 1983.
20. Tax Foundation
21. Garry Wills, James Madison (Times Books, 2002), p. 163.
22. Ibid., p. 162.
23. Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989), p.151.
24. Ibid., p. 252.
25. He was tempted to admit chaplains for the navy, which might well have no other opportunity for worship.The text of the memoranda
26. Wills, James Madison (Times Books, 2002), p. 164.
27. Dennis F. Thompson, "The Education of a Founding Father: The Reading List for John Witherspoon's Course in Political Theory, as Taken by James Madison," Political Theory 4(1976), 523-29; Alexander Leitch: Princeton Companion, "Graduate School". Even Leitch distinguishes that Madison was doing the first non-theological post-graduate work.
28. UVA page on Madison and on James Carrington Cabell, who was Rector 1834-6.

Secondary sources

Biographies

• Brant, Irving. "James Madison and His Times," American Historical Review. 57,4(July, 1952), 853-870.online at JSTOR
• Brant, Irving. James Madison, 6 vols., (Bobbs-Merrill, 1941-1961). most detailed scholarly biography.
• Brant, Irving. The Fourth President; a Life of James Madison (Bobbs-Merrill, 1970). one-volume condensation of his series.
• Ketcham, Ralph. James Madison: A Biography (Macmillan, 1971). standard scholarly biography.
• Rakove, Jack. James Madison and the Creation of the American Republic, 2nd ed., (Longman, 2002).
• Riemer, Neal. James Madison (Washington Square Press, 1968).
• Wills, Garry. James Madison (Times Books, 2002). short bio.

Analytic studies

• Adams, Henry. History of the United States during the Administrations of James Madison (C. Scribners's Sons, 1890-91; Library of America, 1986).
  • Wills, Garry. Henry Adams and the Making of America (Houghton Mifflin, 2005). a close reading.
• Banning, Lance. The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic (Cornell Univ. Press, 1995). online ACLS History e-Book. Available only to subscribing institutions.
• Brant, Irving. James Madison and American Nationalism. (Van Nostrand Co., 1968).
• Elkins, Stanley M.; McKitrick, Eric. The Age of Federalism (Oxford Univ. Press, 1995). most detailed analysis of the politics of the 1790s.
• Kernell, Samuel, ed. James Madison: the Theory and Practice of Republican Government (Stanford Univ. Press, 2003).
• Matthews, Richard K., If Men Were Angels : James Madison and the Heartless Empire of Reason (Univ. Press of Kansas, 1995).
• McCoy, Drew R. The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (W.W. Norton, 1980). mostly economic issues.
  • McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989). JM after 1816.
• Muñoz, Vincent Phillip. "James Madison's Principle of Religious Liberty," American Political Science Review 97,1(2003), 17-32. SSRN 512922 in JSTOR.
• Riemer, Neal. "The Republicanism of James Madison," Political Science Quarterly, 69,1(1954), 45-64 in JSTOR.
  • Riemer, James Madison : Creating the American Constitution (Congressional Quarterly, 1986).
• Rutland, Robert A. The Presidency of James Madison (Univ. Press of Kansas, 1990). scholarly overview of his two terms.
  • Rutland, ed. James Madison and the American Nation, 1751-1836: An Encyclopedia (Simon & Schuster, 1994).
• Sheehan, Colleen A. "The Politics of Public Opinion: James Madison's 'Notes on Government'," William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser. 49,3(1992), 609-627. in JSTOR.
  • Sheehan, "Madison and the French Enlightenment," William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser. 59,4(Oct. 2002), 925-956. in JSTOR.
  • Sheehan, "Madison v. Hamilton: The Battle Over Republicanism and the Role of Public Opinion," American Political Science Review 98,3(2004), 405-424. in JSTOR.
  • Sheehan, "Madison Avenues," Claremont Review of Books (Spring 2004), online.
  • Sheehan, "Public Opinion and the Formation of Civic Character in Madison's Republican Theory," Review of Politics 67,1(Winter 2005), 37-48.
• Stagg, John C.A., "James Madison and the 'Malcontents': The Political Origins of the War of 1812," William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser. 33,4(Oct. 1976), 557-585. online.
  • Stagg, "James Madison and the Coercion of Great Britain: Canada, the West Indies, and the War of 1812," in William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser. 38,1(Jan., 1981), 3-34. online.
  • Stagg, Mr. Madison's War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early American republic, 1783-1830 (Princeton, 1983).
• Wood, Gordon S., "Is There a 'James Madison Problem'?" in Wood, Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (Penguin Press, 2006a), 141-72.
  • Wood, "Without Him, No Bill of Rights : James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights by Richard Labunski", The New York Review of Books (November 30 2006b).

Primary sources

• James Madison, James Madison: Writings 1772-1836. (Library of America, 1999). over 900 pages of letters, speeches and reports. .
• James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 Reported by James Madison (W.W. Norton, 1987); (
• James Madison, Letters & Other Writings Of James Madison Fourth President Of The United States, 4 vols., (J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1865); called the Congress edition. online edition
• William T. Hutchinson et al., eds., The Papers of James Madison (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1962-). the definitive multivolume edition. 29 volumes have been published, with 16+ more volumes planned.
• Gaillard Hunt, ed. The Writings of James Madison, 9 vols., (G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1900-1910). online edition
• Marvin Myers, ed. Mind of the Founder: Sources of the Political Thought of James Madison (Univ. Press of New England, 1981;1973) .
• James M. Smith, ed. The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence Between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, 1776-1826. 3 vols., (W.W. Norton, 1995).
• Jacob E. Cooke, ed. The Federalist (Wesleyan Univ. Press, 1961).

External links

• Extensive essay on James Madison and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
• James Madison Biography and Fact File
• Quotations by James Madison at Liberty-Tree.ca
• The James Madison Papers, 1723-1836 from the Manuscript Division at the Library of Congress, approximately 12,000 items captured in some 72,000 digital images.
• The Papers of James Madison from the Avalon Project
• Madison's last will and testament, 1835
• A history of the Madison family since the 17th century
• Official White House page for James Madison
• Madison Archives
• Works by James Madison at Project Gutenberg
• James Madison Museum
• Montpelier-Home of James Madison
• James Madison and the Social Utility of Religion: Risks vs. Rewards, James Hutson, Library of Congress
• Yahooligans!, James Madison

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• United States Secretaries of State
• University of Virginia
• American people of the War of 1812
• History of the United States (1789–1849)