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Gümüşhane
Municipality
Gümüşhane
Gümüşhane
Coordinates: 40°27′35″N 39°28′40″E / 40.45972°N 39.47778°E / 40.45972; 39.47778
Country	Turkey
Province	Gümüşhane
Government
• Mayor	Ercan Çimen (AKP)
Area
• District	1,788.83 km (690.67 sq mi)
Elevation	1,153 m (3,783 ft)
Population
• Urban	Template:Turkey district populations
• District	Template:Turkey district populations
Website	www.gumushane.bel.tr

Gümüşhane (Turkish: [ɟyˈmyʃhaːne] is a city and the capital district of Gümüşhane Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. The city lies along the Harşit River, at an elevation of 5,000 feet (1,500 m), about 40 miles (64 km) southwest of Trabzon. According to the 2010 census, population of Gümüşhane urban center is 28,620. The district covers an area of 1,789 km (691 sq mi), and the city lies at an elevation of 1,153 m (3,783 ft). Coordinates on world : 40°27′35″N 39°28′40″E

History

It is suggested that the ancient Thia (Θεία in Greek, a settlement of Roman, Late Roman and Byzantine periods) was located 4 miles west of modern Gümüşhane, in modern Beşkilise. In Byzantine period, there was a town named Tzanicha or Tzantzakon (Τζάνιχα, Τζάντζακον in Byzantine Greek) means land of Zan / Laz people, possibly located 2 miles (3.2 km) to the west of Gümüşhane.

Around 840 AD, the area was included in the new Roman (Byzantine) province of Chaldia (Χαλδία). It was later ruled by the Byzantine Empire of Trebizond.

During Ottoman years, the sanjak of Gümüşhane fell under the administration successively Rum Province, Erzurum Province and Trabzon Province, and was divided into four kazas: Gümüşhane, Torul (capital city Ardassa), Şiran (Cheriana), and Kelkit (Keltik).

The sanjak in which Gümüşhane was situated at some stage comprised 37 mines of argentiferous lead and six copper mines. There is no evidence that these mines were in use during Byzantine times.

As for the name of the city during the Ottoman period, Greek-speaking population was also using the name Gümüşhane (Γκιμισχανά and Κιουμουσχανά) but, in the first decades of 19th century, the hellenized form Argyrópolis (Αργυρόπολις, from argyros "silver" and polis "city") was established.

Geography

Gümüşhane is surrounded by high mountains, Zigana-Trabzon Mountains to the north, Çimen Mountains to the south, Giresun Mountains to the west and Pulur, Soğanlı Mountains to the east. Trekking is popular sport is at these mountains. Mount Zigana has a ski center on it and it is a well known tourist destination for winter sports. Abdal Musa Peak (3331 m.) is the highest peak within it. The main trees in the forests are Scotch pine and fir, and there are many animals and birds in the area. There are many lakes such as Karanlık Göl, Beş Göller, Artebel Gölü, Kara Göller which are at the peak of Gavurdağı Mountain, and are preserved as natural parks. All these mountains compose 56% of the area of Gümüşhane province.

Climate

Gümüşhane has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsb on the border Dfb, or Trewartha climate classification: Dc) with cold and snowy winters and warm summers. In the height of summer; July and August, temperatures at midday usually surpass 28 °C, summer nights tend to become very cool due to the continentality of Gümüşhane, and in winter temperatures usually plummet to -10 °C and even go as low as -20 °C occasionally.

Historic sites: architecture and archaeology

Gümüşhane has a rich historical background so there are many historical places, mosques, churches, castles. The ancient city of Satala in the modern village of Sadak was the most important military camp of the ancient Roman Empire in the east. This place was ruled by the Colchians, Hittites, Assyrians, Urartu, Persians, Pontic Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. Today, rests of the Sadak village is protected by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. In addition, Süleymaniye Mosque is in the previous Gümüşhane settlement and it was commissioned by the Ottoman sultan Süleyman the Magnificent. Küçük Mosque and Çit Village Mosque are some of other popular mosques in the city. Besides, there are numerous churches within Gümüşhane. Santa Çakallı, Santa Terzili, Kalur Rock, Samamoni, and Theodor Churches are some examples of historical churches in Gümüşhane. During the medieval period one of the most important guardians of the road connecting Trabzon to Erzincan was the Byzantine fortress located about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) northwest of modern Gümüşhane. An archaeological and historical assessment of this site as well as a scaled plan were published in 1985. The impressive circuit walls and defenses are clearly evident at the accessible west approach to the lofty outcrop. In addition to several rooms and cisterns, the castle has two chapels; the easternmost was once covered by a dome.

Natural environment

There are numerous large and small caves which owe their formation to the geology - particularly the limestones - of Gümüşhane, including Alicli Agil Cave, Arili Cave, Altınbaşı Cave, Asarönü Ören Cave, Kartalkaya Cave, Ayiini Cave, K.Ardiçli Cave, Karçukuru Cave, Ardiçli Cave, Tepekli Cave, Uçbacalı Cave, Buz Cave and Ikisu Cave.

A distinctive local wildflower, bearing purple blossoms in Spring and frequently to be found growing in rock crevices around the mouths of Gümüşhane's many caves, is a member of the nightshade genus Physochlaina : Physochlaina orientalis - a plant rich in medicinally valuable tropane alkaloids of the type found also in belladonna.

The cave in Gümüşhane most visited by tourists is the 150 metres (490 ft) long Karaca Cave, popular because of its speleothems (= dripstone formations), including stalagmites, stalactites, columns and travertine pools. It is a fossil cave located between Torul and Gümüşhane, in which the lime-rich water percolating through fissures in the roof has slowly built up calcite structures of remarkable complexity. Other geological features of Gümüşhane include the numerous plateaux commanding views of the forested areas which surround them. These include the Zigana, Taşköprü, Artabel, Şiran and Kalis plateaux, which form fitting sites for the Summer festivals which are held there annually.

Cuisine

Many native tourists participate in these festivals - not only for entertainment's sake, but also to shop for regional delicacies. Pestil and köme are renowned desserts of Gümüşhane, made from mulberries, honey, hazel nuts, walnuts and milk. In addition to köme and pestil, rosehips, apples, and walnuts are notable local foods put to use in the many different desserts which are numbered among the regional specialities of Gümüşhane. Nor is the town's rich food culture restricted to sweetmeats : mantı, lemis, erişte, borani, kuymak, evelek, dolması and siron feature among the savoury dishes local to Gümüşhane.

Economy

Historically, Gümüşhane had mulberry tree plantations for sericulture.

Notable natives

• Hasan Fehmi (Ataç) (1879, Gümüşhane - 1961), Deputy during the Ottoman Empire and after declaration of republic first Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Finance of Turkey
• Nihal Atsız (1905, İstanbul - 1975), Prominent Turkish nationalist writer, born into a family from Gümüşhane
• Bahriye Üçok (1919, Trabzon - 1990), Turkish academic of theology, left-wing politician and writer, born into Ataç family of Gümüşhane
• Tarık Akan (1949, İstanbul - 2016), Turkish film actor and producer, born into a family from Gümüşhane
• Beren Saat (1984, Ankara - ), Turkish actress, born into a family from Gümüşhane
• Turgay Erdener (1957, Gümüşhane - ), Composer and teacher
• Aydın Doğan (1936, Kelkit - ), Entrepreneur and businessmen
• Mehmet Scholl (1970, Karlsruhe - ), German football manager and former player, born into a family from Torul
• Hikmet Temel Akarsu (1960, Gümüşhane - ), Turkish novelist, short-story writer, satirist and playwright
• Yusuf Güney (1984, Trabzon - ), Turkish singer, born into a family from Kelkit
• Armağan Çağlayan (1966, İstanbul - ), Turkish television producer and lawyer, born into a family from Gümüşhane on his maternal side.
• Saint George Karslidis (1901, Tsalka - 1959) Greek Elder
• Georgios Kandilaptis (1881, Gümüşhane - 1971), Greek scholar, journalist, teacher and writer
• Ertuğrul Sağlam (1969, Zonguldak - ), Turkish football manager and former player, born into a family from Torul
• Ziya Doğan (1961, Köse - ), Turkish football manager
• Tolga Zengin (1983, Hopa - ), Turkish football goalkeeper, born into a family from Torul
• Yunus Mallı (1992, Kaseel - ), Turkish footballer, born into a family from Şiran
• Mithat Demirel (1978, Berlin - ), German former professional basketball player of Turkish descent.

References

1. "Area of regions (including lakes), km²". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
2. Statistical Institute
3. Statoids. "Statistical information on districts of Turkey". Retrieved 2008-12-01.
4. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World: Map by Map directory, p.1237.
5. Procopius of Caesarea, Περί Κτισμάτων, book C, 7.
6. Kiminas 2009, pp. 105.
7. Terezakis Yorgos, Diocese of Chaldia (Ottoman Period), Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic world, Asia Minor.
8. "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
9. Gümüşhane (en) Archived 2012-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
10. Gümüşhane historical places (tr) Archived 2012-05-04 at the Wayback Machine
11. Robert W. Edwards, “The Garrison Forts of the Pontos: A Case for the Diffusion of the Armenian Paradigm,” Revue des Études Arméniennes 19, 1985, pp.207-211, pls.39b-42b.
12. http://www.visiontours.com.au/index.php/tourism-and-travel/activities/caves/ Retrieved 25 April 2017.
13. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands ed. Davis,P.H., pub. University of Edinburgh Press 1978, reprinted 1997, 2001 and 2008. ISBN 0 85224 336 7
14. Traditional food Archived 2012-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
15. Prothero, W.G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 64.

Literature

• The Encyclopedia of Pontian Hellenism. Malliaris Pedia.
• The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos . Anthony Bryer, David Winfield. Dumbarton Oaks p. 3
• Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs. Wildside Press LLC.
• Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. "Geographical information on Gümüşhane, Turkey". Retrieved 2008-12-01.
• Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism. "Mosques, Mausoleums and Churches in Gümüşhane". Archived from the original on 2012-12-21. Retrieved 2009-03-05.

External links

Media related to Gümüşhane at Wikimedia Commons

• Governor's official website (in Turkish)
• Municipality's official website (in Turkish)
• Argyroupoolis (Gümüşhane)
• Carefully documented photographic survey and plan of Gümüşhane Castle

v t e Gümüşhane in Gümüşhane Province of Turkey
Districts	Gümüşhane Kelkit Köse Kürtün Şiran Torul
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Metropolitan municipalities are bolded.

• Gümüşhane
• Populated places in Gümüşhane Province
• Pontus (region)
• Districts of Gümüşhane Province