This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Citation bot (talk | contribs) at 01:32, 2 May 2022 (Add: newspaper. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | #UCB_toolbar). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Revision as of 01:32, 2 May 2022 by Citation bot (talk | contribs) (Add: newspaper. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Whoop whoop pull up | #UCB_toolbar)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) Military conflict starting on 24 February 2022
Russian invasion of Ukraine | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War (outline) | |||||||
Map of Ukraine as of 21 December 2024 (details): Continuously controlled by Ukraine Currently occupied or controlled by Russia Formerly occupied by Russia or Ukrainian-occupied Russian territory | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
North Korea Supported by: Belarus | Ukraine | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Units involved | |||||||
Order of battle | Order of battle | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
Pre-invasion at border: 169,000–190,000 Pre-invasion total: 900,000 military 554,000 paramilitary In February 2023: 300,000+ active personnel in Ukraine In June 2024: 700,000 active personnel in the area |
Pre-invasion total: 196,600 military 102,000 paramilitary July 2022 total: up to 700,000 September 2023 total: over 800,000 | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Reports vary widely, see § Casualties for details. | |||||||
This box: |
Russia invaded Ukraine on 24 February 2022, marking a steep escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which began in 2014 following the Ukrainian Revolution of Dignity. The invasion has caused Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II, with more than 5.4 million Ukrainians leaving the country and a quarter of the population displaced.
At the start of the war in 2014, Russia annexed Crimea, and Russian-backed separatists seized part of the south-eastern Donbas region of Ukraine, sparking a regional war there. In 2021, Russia began a large military build-up along its border with Ukraine, amassing up to 190,000 troops along with their equipment. In a televised address shortly before the invasion, Russian president Vladimir Putin espoused irredentist views, questioned Ukraine's right to statehood, and falsely accused Ukraine of being governed by neo-Nazis who persecute the ethnic Russian minority. Putin also said the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) constitutes a threat to Russia's national security by expanding eastward since the early 2000s, which NATO disputed. Russia demanded NATO cease expansion and bar Ukraine from ever joining the alliance permanently. The United States and others accused Russia of planning to attack or invade Ukraine, which Russian officials repeatedly denied as late as 23 February 2022.
On 21 February 2022, Russia recognised the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, two self-proclaimed statelets in Donbas controlled by pro-Russian separatists. The following day, the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force abroad, and Russian troops overtly entered both territories. The invasion began on the morning of 24 February, when Putin announced a "special military operation" to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine. Minutes later, missiles and airstrikes hit across Ukraine, including the capital Kyiv, shortly followed by a large ground invasion from multiple directions. In response, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy enacted martial law and general mobilisation of all male Ukrainian citizens for between the ages of 18 and 60, who were banned from leaving the country.
At the start of the invasion on 24 February, the northern front was launched out of Belarus and targeting Kyiv with a northeastern front launched at the city of Kharkiv; the southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearhead fronts including a southern front (originating in Crimea) and a separate probative southeastern front (launched at the cities of Luhansk and Donetsk). On 8 April, the Russian ministry had announced that all its troops and divisions deployed in southeastern Ukraine would be united under General Aleksandr Dvornikov, who was placed in charge of combined military operations, including the redeployed probative fronts originally assigned to the northern front and the north-eastern front which were subsequently withdrawn and reassigned to the second phase to the southeastern front. By 17 April, progress on the southeastern front appeared to be impeded by residual troops continuing to hold-out in abandoned factories in Mariupol. On 19 April, Russia launched a renewed invasion front referred to as an "eastern assault" across a 300-mile front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk, with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Kyiv in the north and Lviv in western Ukraine.
The invasion has been widely condemned internationally as an act of aggression. The United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution which demanded a full withdrawal of Russian forces. The International Court of Justice ordered Russia to suspend military operations and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed new sanctions, which have affected the economies of Russia and the world, and provided humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. Protests occurred around the world; those in Russia have been met with mass arrests and increased media censorship, including banning the use of the words "war" and "invasion". Numerous companies withdrew their products and services from Russia and Belarus, and Russian state-funded media were banned from broadcasting and removed from online platforms. The International Criminal Court opened an investigation into war crimes that occurred in Ukraine since the 2013–2014 Revolution of Dignity through to war crimes in the 2022 invasion.
Background
Post-Soviet context and Orange Revolution
Further information: Orange Revolution See also: Russia–Ukraine relations and Ukraine–European Union relationsAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1991, Ukraine and Russia maintained close ties. In 1994, Ukraine agreed to accede to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear-weapon state, and former Soviet nuclear weapons in Ukraine were dismantled. In return, Russia, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) agreed to uphold the territorial integrity of Ukraine through the Budapest Memorandum. In 1999, Russia was one of the signatories of the Charter for European Security, which "reaffirmed the inherent right of each and every participating State to be free to choose or change its security arrangements, including treaties of alliance, as they evolve".
In the years after the Soviet Union's collapse, several former Eastern Bloc countries joined NATO, partly in response to regional security threats such as the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, the War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) and the First Chechen War (1994–1996). Russian leaders described this expansion as a violation of Western powers' assurances that NATO would not expand eastward, although any such alleged pledges, if real, were made informally, and their nature is disputed.
The 2004 Ukrainian presidential election was controversial. During the election campaign, the pro-European integration opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko was poisoned by TCDD dioxin; he later implicated Russian involvement. In November, Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych was declared the winner, despite allegations of vote-rigging by election observers. During a two-month period which became known as the Orange Revolution, large peaceful protests successfully challenged the outcome. After the Supreme Court of Ukraine annulled the initial result due to widespread electoral fraud, a second round re-run was held, bringing to power Yushchenko as president and leaving Yanukovych in opposition.
According to analyst Anthony Cordesman, Russian military officers viewed the Orange Revolution, and other pro-democracy colour revolutions within the post-Soviet states, as being instigated by Western countries to undermine Russia's national security. Russian president Vladimir Putin described the 2011–2013 Russian protests as an attempt to transfer the Orange Revolution to Russia. Rallies in favour of Putin during this period were called "anti-Orange protests".
At the 2008 Bucharest summit, Ukraine and Georgia sought to join NATO. The response among NATO members was divided; Western European countries opposed offering Membership Action Plans (MAP) to avoid antagonising Russia, while US president George W. Bush pushed for their admission. NATO ultimately refused to offer Ukraine and Georgia MAPs, but also issued a statement agreeing that "these countries will become members of NATO". Putin voiced strong opposition to Georgia and Ukraine's NATO membership bids. On 7 February 2019, the Verkhovna Rada, Ukraine's parliament, voted to amend the constitution to state that the country's long-term ambition was to join the European Union (EU) and NATO. However, in the months prior to the 2022 invasion, the possibility of Ukraine joining NATO remained remote.
Euromaidan, Revolution of Dignity, and the War in Donbas
Main articles: Euromaidan, Revolution of Dignity, and War in Donbas See also: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine, Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, and Russian imperialismIn 2009, Yanukovych announced his intent to again run for president in the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election, which he subsequently won. In November 2013, he announced he would not sign the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement, despite overwhelming support for the treaty within the Verkhovna Rada, instead choosing closer ties to Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union. Russia had put pressure on Ukraine to reject the agreement. This triggered a wave of pro-EU protests known as Euromaidan, which widened in scope to oppose widespread government corruption, police brutality, and repressive anti-protest laws.
In February 2014, clashes in Kyiv between protesters and Berkut special police resulted in the deaths of 100 protesters and 13 policemen; most of the victims were shot by police snipers. On 21 February 2014, Yanukovych and parliamentary opposition leaders signed an agreement calling for an interim government and early elections. The following day, Yanukovych fled Kyiv and later Ukraine; parliament subsequently voted to remove him from office. Leaders in Russian-speaking eastern Ukraine declared continuing loyalty to Yanukovych, leading to pro-Russian unrest.
The unrest was followed by the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014 and the war in Donbas, which started in April 2014 with the formation of two Russia-backed separatist quasi-states: the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic. Russian troops were involved in the conflict. The Minsk agreements were signed in September 2014 and February 2015 in a bid to stop the fighting, although ceasefires repeatedly failed. A dispute emerged over the role of Russia: Normandy Format members France, Germany, and Ukraine saw Minsk as an agreement between Russia and Ukraine, whereas Russia insisted Ukraine should negotiate directly with the two separatist republics. In 2021, Putin refused offers from Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy for high-level talks, and the Russian government subsequently endorsed an article by former president Dmitry Medvedev arguing it was pointless to deal with Ukraine while it remained a "vassal" of the US.
The annexation of Crimea led to a new wave of Russian nationalism, with large parts of the Russian neo-imperial movement aspiring to annexe more Ukrainian land, including the unrecognised Novorossiya. Analyst Vladimir Socor argued that Putin's 2014 speech after the annexation of Crimea was a de facto "manifesto of Greater-Russia Irredentism". In July 2021, Putin published an essay titled "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians", in which he reaffirmed his view that Russians and Ukrainians were "one people".
American historian Timothy D. Snyder described Putin's ideas as imperialism, while British journalist Edward Lucas called it historical revisionism. Other observers regarded the Russian leadership as having a distorted view of modern Ukraine and its history. Ukraine and other European countries neighbouring Russia accused Putin of irredentism, attempts to restore the Soviet Empire and of pursuing aggressive militaristic policies.
Prelude
Main article: Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of UkraineRise in tensions (March 2021 – February 2022)
From March to April 2021, Russia commenced a major military build-up near the Russo-Ukrainian border. It was followed by a second build-up between October 2021 to February 2022 in both Russia and Belarus. During these developments, the Russian government repeatedly denied it had plans to invade or attack Ukraine; those who issued the denials included government spokesman Dmitry Peskov on 28 November 2021, Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov on 19 January 2022, Russian ambassador to the US Anatoly Antonov on 20 February 2022, and Russian ambassador to the Czech Republic Alexander Zmeevsky on 23 February 2022.
Putin's chief national security adviser, Nikolai Patrushev, who believed that the West has been in an undeclared war with Russia for years, was a leading figure behind Russia's updated national security strategy, published in May 2021. It stated that Russia may use "forceful methods" to "thwart or avert unfriendly actions that threaten the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation".
In early December 2021, following Russian denials, the US released intelligence of Russian invasion plans, including satellite photographs showing Russian troops and equipment near the Russo-Ukrainian border. The intelligence reported the existence of a Russian list of key sites and individuals to be killed or neutralised upon invasion. The US continued to release reports that accurately predicted the invasion plans.
Russian accusations and demands
Further information: Russian opposition to Ukrainian NATO membership See also: Disinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis and Humanitarian situation during the war in DonbasIn the months preceding the invasion, Russian officials accused Ukraine of inciting tensions, Russophobia, and the repression of Russian speakers in Ukraine. They also made multiple security demands of Ukraine, NATO, and non-NATO allies in the EU. These actions were described by commentators and Western officials as attempts to justify war. On 9 December 2021, Putin said that "Russophobia is a first step towards genocide". Putin's claims about "de-Nazification" have been described as absurd, and Russian claims of genocide were widely rejected as baseless. Scholars of genocide and Nazism said that Putin was abusing the term genocide and his claims were "factually wrong" and could only be interpreted symbolically or as historical anachronism. Ukrainian president Zelenskyy declared that 16 February, a speculated date for the invasion, would be a "Day of Unity".
Putin questioned the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state. In a 21 February speech, he claimed that "Ukraine never had a tradition of genuine statehood", incorrectly described the country as having been created by Soviet Russia and falsely accused Ukrainian society and government of being dominated by neo-Nazism.
While Ukraine, like Russia with its Russian Imperial Movement, long active in Donbas, has a far-right fringe, including the neo-Nazi-linked Azov Battalion and Right Sector, experts have described Putin's rhetoric as greatly exaggerating the influence of far-right groups within Ukraine; there is no widespread support for the ideology in the government, military, or electorate. Ukrainian president Zelenskyy, who is Jewish, rebuked Putin's allegations, stating that his grandfather had served in the Soviet army fighting against the Nazis. The US Holocaust Memorial Museum and Yad Vashem condemned the abuse of Holocaust history and the use of comparisons with Nazi ideology for propaganda.
During the second build-up, Russia issued demands to the US and NATO, including a legally binding arrangement preventing Ukraine from ever joining NATO, and the removal of multinational forces stationed in NATO's Eastern European member states. Russia threatened an unspecified military response if NATO continued to follow an "aggressive line". These demands were widely interpreted as being non-viable; new NATO members in Central and Eastern Europe had joined the alliance because their populations broadly preferred to move towards the safety and economic opportunities offered by NATO and the EU, and their governments sought protection from Russian irredentism. The demand for a formal treaty preventing Ukraine from joining NATO was also seen as unviable by Western officials, as it would contravene the treaty's "open door" policy, although NATO showed no desire to accede to Ukraine's requests to join.
Alleged clashes (17–21 February 2022)
Further information: Timeline of the war in Donbas (2022)Fighting in Donbas escalated after 17 February 2022. The Ukrainians and the Russian separatists accused one another of firing into their respective territories. On 18 February, the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics ordered all civilians to leave their capitals, although observers noted that full evacuations would take months. Ukrainian media reported a sharp increase in artillery shelling by the Russian-led militants in Donbas as an attempt to provoke the Ukrainian army. On 19 February both separatist republics declared full mobilisation.
In the days leading up to the invasion, the Russian government intensified a disinformation campaign intended to mute public criticism. Russian state media promoted fabricated videos—many amateur in quality—that purported to show Ukrainian forces attacking Russians in Donbas; evidence showed that the claimed attacks, explosions, and evacuations were staged by Russia. On 21 February, the head of the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) said that Russian forces had killed five Ukrainian "saboteurs" that crossed into Russian territory, capturing one Ukrainian serviceman and destroying two armoured vehicles. The claim was denied by Ukraine and drew warnings that Russia was seeking further justification to start an invasion. The Sunday Times described it as "the first move in Putin's war plan".
Escalation (21–23 February 2022)
On 21 February, Putin announced that the Russian government would recognise the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics. The same evening, Putin directed that Russian troops be deployed into Donbas, in what Russia referred to as a "peacekeeping mission". The 21 February intervention in Donbas was condemned by several members of the UN Security Council; none voiced support. On 22 February, video footage shot in the early morning showed Russian armed forces and tanks moving in the Donbas region. The Federation Council unanimously authorised the use of military force outside Russia.
In response, Zelenskyy ordered the conscription of army reservists; the following day, Ukraine's parliament proclaimed a 30-day nationwide state of emergency. Russia began to evacuate its embassy in Kyiv. The websites of the Ukrainian parliament and government, along with banking websites, were hit by DDoS attacks, widely attributed to Russian-backed hackers. Chinese military attackers were also alleged to have conducted a massive cyberwarfare espionage programme on the eve of the invasion, including on nuclear infrastructure, pointing to advanced Chinese knowledge.
On the night of 23 February, Zelenskyy gave a speech in Russian in which he appealed to the citizens of Russia to prevent war. He also refuted Russia's claims about the presence of neo-Nazis in the Ukrainian government and said that he had no intention of attacking the Donbas region. Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said on 23 February that the separatist leaders in Donetsk and Luhansk had sent a letter to Putin stating that Ukrainian shelling had caused civilian deaths and appealing for military support from Russia.
In response, Ukraine requested an urgent UN Security Council meeting. Half an hour into the emergency meeting, Putin announced the start of military operations in Ukraine. Sergiy Kyslytsya, the Ukrainian representative, subsequently called on the Russian representative, Vasily Nebenzya, to "do everything possible to stop the war" or relinquish his position as president of the UN Security Council; Nebenzya refused.
Declaration of military operations
On 24 February, Putin announced that he had made the decision to launch a "special military operation" in eastern Ukraine. In his pre-invasion speech, Putin said there were no plans to occupy Ukrainian territory and that he supported the right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination. He said the purpose of the "operation" was to "protect the people" in the predominantly Russian-speaking region of Donbas who, according to him, "for eight years now, been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime".
Putin said that Russia sought the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine. Within minutes of Putin's announcement, explosions were reported in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Odessa, and the Donbas region. An alleged leaked report from within the FSB claimed that the intelligence agency was not warned about Putin's plan to invade Ukraine. Immediately following the attack, Zelenskyy announced the introduction of martial law in Ukraine. The same evening, he ordered a general mobilisation of all Ukrainian males between 18 and 60 years old who were prohibited from leaving the country. Russian troops entered Ukraine from the north in Belarus (towards Kyiv); from the northeast in Russia (towards Kharkiv); from the east in the DPR and the Luhansk People's Republic; and from the south in Crimea. Russian equipment and vehicles were marked with a white Z military symbol (a non-Cyrillic letter), believed to be a measure to prevent friendly fire.
Invasion and resistance
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2022) |
The invasion began on 24 February after Putin declared his intended military intervention. The full military operation consisted of infantry divisions supported by armoured units and air support in Eastern Ukraine, along with dozens of missile attacks across both Eastern Ukraine and Western Ukraine. Ostensibly, the main infantry and tank division attacks were launched at four spearhead incursions, creating a Northern front (launched towards Kyiv), a Southern front (originating in Crimea), a Southeastern front (launched at the cities of Luhansk and Donbas), and an Eastern front. An extensive missile bombardment campaign was also conducted with dozens of missile strikes across Ukraine, reaching as far west as Lviv.
On 25 March, the Russian Defense Ministry announced the "first stage" of what they referred as the "military operation in Ukraine" was generally complete, with Ukrainian military forces suffering serious losses, and the Russian military would now be concentrating on the "liberation of Donbas". The "first stage" of the invasion was conducted on four fronts.
- Along an axis towards western Kyiv from Belarus (a northern front), conducted by the Russian Eastern Military District, comprising the 29th, 35th, and 36th Combined Arms Armies
- An axis towards eastern Kyiv from Russia by the Central Military District (a northeastern front), comprising the 41st Combined Arms Army and 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army
- An axis towards Kharkiv by the Western Military District (an eastern front), with the 1st Guards Tank Army and 20th Combined Arms Army
- A southern front (originating in occupied Crimea and Russia's Rostov oblast) with an eastern axis towards Odesa and a western area of operations toward Mariupol, by the Southern Military District, including the 58th, 49th, and 8th Combined Arms Army, the latter also commanding the 1st and 2nd Army Corps of the Russian separatist forces in Donbas
By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the Northern front conducted by the Russian Eastern Military District, comprising the 29th, 35th, and 36th Combined Arms Armies, were retracted from the Kyiv offensive for apparent resupply and subsequent redeployment to the Donbas region to reinforce the southern and the eastern fronts for a renewed invasion front of southeastern Ukraine. The Northeastern front including the Central Military District, comprising the 41st Combined Arms Army and 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army, was similarly withdrawn for resupply and redeployment in Southeastern Ukraine. By 8 April, General Alexander Dvornikov was placed in charge of military operations during the invasion. On 18 April, retired Lt. Gen. Douglas Lute, the former U.S. ambassador to NATO, reported in an interview on the PBS Newshour that Russia had repositioned its troops to initiate a new assault on Eastern Ukraine which would be limited to Russia's original deployment of 150,000 to 190,000 troops for the invasion, though the troops were being well supplied by adequate Russian weapons stockpiles stored within Russia. For Lute, this contrasted sharply with the vast size of the Ukrainian troops consisting of Zelenskyy's conscription of all male Ukrainian citizens between 16 and 60 years of age, however without adequate weapons available in Ukraine's highly limited stockpiles of weapons.
On 26 April, delegates of the USA along with 40 allied nations met at Ramstein Air Base in Germany to discuss forming a sustained coalition to provide economic support along with military supplies and refitting to Ukraine for its battle and possible counter-offensive against Russia. On 27 April, Putin announced in Russian's main legislative assembly that Russia would respond to any combative military provocation from outside of Ukraine with prompt peremptory action possible only with Russian's unique arsenal of nuclear weapons.
First phase: Invasion of Ukraine (24 February to 7 April)
At the start of the invasion on 24 February, the northern front was launched out of Belarus and targeted Kyiv with a northeastern front launched at the city of Kharkiv; the southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearhead fronts including a southern front (originating in Crimea) and a separate probative southeastern front (launched at the cities of Luhansk and Donbas).
First phase — Northern front
See also: Kyiv offensive (2022), Siege of Chernihiv, and Bucha massacreRussian efforts to capture Kyiv included a main probative spearhead front striking south from Belarus on 24 February along the west bank of the Dnipro River, with the apparent aim of encircling the city from the west; the probative spearhead front was fully retracted by 7 April for resupply and redeployment for the active southeastern fronts of the second phase of the Russian invasion. The spearhead front initiated on 24 February for Kyiv was supported by two separate axes of attack from Russia along the east bank of the Dnipro: the western at Chernihiv, and the eastern at Sumy. The eastern axes of attack likely intended to encircle Kyiv from the northeast and east.
On the first day of the invasion, Russian forces advancing towards Kyiv from Belarus gained control of the ghost towns of Chernobyl and Pripyat. Following their breakthrough at Chernobyl, Russian forces were held at Ivankiv, a northern suburb of Kyiv. Russian Airborne Forces attempted to seize two key airfields around Kyiv, launching an airborne assault on Antonov Airport, followed by a similar landing at Vasylkiv, near Vasylkiv Air Base to the south of Kyiv, on 26 February.
These attacks appeared to have been an attempt by Russia to seize Kyiv rapidly, with Spetsnaz infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a rapid mechanised advance from the north. The attacks were unsuccessful. During its initial assaults on Kyiv, Russia reportedly made several attempts to assassinate Volodymyr Zelenskyy using Wagner Group mercenaries and Chechen forces. The Ukrainian government said these efforts had been partially thwarted by anti-war officials within Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB), who shared intelligence of the plans.
By early March, further Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited, after suffering setbacks from Ukrainian defence. As of 5 March, a large Russian convoy, reportedly 64 kilometres (40 mi) in length, had made little progress toward Kyiv. The London-based think tank Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) assessed the Russian performance from the north and east as "stalled". Advances along the Chernihiv axis had largely halted as a siege of the city began. Russian forces also continued advancing from the northwest of Kyiv, capturing Bucha, Hostomel, and Vorzel by 5 March, though Irpin remained contested as of 9 March. By 11 March, it was reported that the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed, taking up positions that offered tree cover. Rocket launchers were also identified. On 16 March, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive to repel Russian forces approaching Kyiv from several surrounding cities.
By 20 March, the Russian military appeared to be waging a rapid invasion to achieve its apparent primary goal of the seizure of Kyiv, along with the occupation of Eastern Ukraine and the displacement of the Ukrainian government. Russian forces quickly became stalled while approaching Kyiv due to several factors, including the disparity in morale and performance between Ukrainian and Russian forces, the Ukrainian use of sophisticated man-portable weapons provided by Western allies, poor Russian logistics and equipment performance, the failure of the Russian Air Force to achieve air superiority, and Russian military attrition during their siege of major cities. Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched strategies and began using standoff weapons, indiscriminate bombing, and siege warfare.
On 25 March, the Ukrainian counteroffensive in Kyiv resulted in several towns to the east and west of Kyiv, including Makariv, being retaken. As part of a general retreat of Russian forces north of Kyiv, as well as attacks on Russian formations by the Ukrainian military, Russian troops in the Bucha area began to retreat north at the end of March. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April. Ukraine claimed to have recaptured the entire region around Kyiv, including Irpin, Bucha, and Hostomel, by 2 April, with evidence of war crimes being uncovered in Bucha. On 6 April, NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg said that the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of their troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for his military actions against Ukraine, by redeploying and concentrating his forces on Eastern Ukraine and Mariupol within the next two weeks, as a precursor to the further expansion of Putin's actions against the rest of Ukraine.
Following the commencement of the second phase of the invasion, Kyiv was left generally free of attack apart from isolated missile strikes, one of which occurred during the visit on 28 April of UN chief Guterres to Kyiv to meet with Zelenskyy to discuss the fate of survivors at the siege of Mariupol.
First phase — Northeastern front
Main articles: Northeastern Ukraine offensive, Battle of Sumy, and Russian occupation of Sumy OblastRussian forces advanced into Chernihiv Oblast on 24 February and besieged its administrative capital. The following day, the oblast's second largest city, Konotop, 90 kilometres (56 mi) from the Russian border, was attacked and captured by Russian forces. A separate advance was made into Sumy Oblast on the same day, where the city of Sumy, just 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the Russo-Ukrainian border, was attacked by Russian units. The Russian advance was bogged down in urban fighting, and Ukrainian forces were successful in holding the city. According to Ukrainian sources, more than 100 Russian armoured vehicles were destroyed and dozens of soldiers were captured. Okhtyrka also came under attack, where Russian forces were spotted deploying thermobaric weapons.
In an assessment of the campaign on 4 March, Frederick Kagan wrote that the Sumy axis was currently "the most successful and dangerous Russian avenue of advance on Kyiv", and commented that the geography favoured mechanised advances as the terrain "is flat and sparsely populated, offering few good defensive positions". Russian forces made several deep advances along axes from the Sumy area, winning several battles in the process. Travelling along highways, Russian forces reached Brovary, an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March. The Pentagon confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left Chernihiv Oblast, while Sumy Oblast remained contested. On 7 April, Dmytro Zhyvytskyi, governor of Sumy Oblast, stated that all Russian troops had left the region, adding that the territory of the region was still unsafe due to rigged explosives and other ammunition left behind by Russian troops.
First phase — Southern front
Main articles: Southern Ukraine offensive, Siege of Mariupol, Battle of Enerhodar, Kramatorsk railway station attack, War in Donbas, Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast, and Russian occupation of Kherson OblastOn 24 February, Russian forces took control of the North Crimean Canal, allowing Crimea to obtain water from the Dnieper, previously cut off since 2014. On 26 February, a siege of Mariupol began as the attack moved east towards the city, while simultaneously linking the front with separatist-held regions in Donbas. En route to Mariupol, Russian forces entered Berdiansk before capturing it the following day. On 1 March, Russian forces started preparing to resume their attack on Melitopol and other nearby cities, initiating a battle. Ivan Fedorov, the mayor of Melitopol, later announced that Russian forces had occupied the city. On the morning of 25 February, Russian units from the DPR advanced towards Mariupol and encountered Ukrainian forces near the village of Pavlopil, where they were defeated. By the evening, the Russian Navy reportedly began an amphibious assault on the coastlines of the Sea of Azov 70 kilometres (43 mi) west of Mariupol. A US defence official said that Russian forces might be deploying thousands of marines from this beachhead.
Another group Russian forces advanced north from Crimea, with the Russian 22nd Army Corps approaching the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant on 26 February. On 28 February, they began a siege at Enerhodar in an attempt to take control of the nuclear power plant. A fire was started at the plant during the battle. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) subsequently clarified that essential equipment had not been damaged. By 4 March, the nuclear power plant fell under Russian control. Despite reports of fires, the power plant recorded no radiation leaks. A third Russian attack group from Crimea moved northwest, where they captured bridges over the Dnieper. On 2 March, Russian troops won a battle at Kherson and captured the city, becoming the first major Ukrainian city to be captured by Russian forces during the invasion. Russian troops then advanced to Mykolaiv and attacked the city two days later, but were later repelled by Ukrainian forces. Also on 2 March, Ukrainian forces initiated a counteroffensive on Horlivka, which had been mainly controlled by the DPR since 2014. Following a renewed missile attack on 14 March in Mariupol, the Ukrainian government claimed more than 2,500 deaths in the city.
By 18 March, Mariupol was completely encircled and fighting reached the city centre, hampering civilian evacuation efforts. On 20 March, an art school in the city, which was sheltering around 400 people, was destroyed by a Russian bombing. The same day, as Russian forces continued their siege of the city, the Russian government demanded a full surrender, which several Ukrainian government officials refused. On 24 March, Russian forces entered central Mariupol as part of the second phase of the invasion. The city administration alleged the Russians were trying to demoralise residents by publicly shouting claims of Russian victories, including statements that Odessa had been captured. On 27 March, Ukraine's deputy prime minister, Olha Stefanishyna, stated that " don't have access to water, to any food supplies, to anything. More than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed", and that Russia's objectives have "nothing to do with humanity". In a telephone conversation between Putin and Macron on 29 March, Putin stated that the bombardment of Mariupol would only end when Ukrainian troops fully surrendered Mariupol, given the advanced state of devastation in the nearly overtaken city.
On 1 April, a rescue effort by the United Nations (UN) to transport hundreds of civilian survivors out of Mariupol with 50 allocated buses was impeded by Russian troops, who refused the buses safe passage into the city while peace talks continued in Istanbul. On 3 April, following the retraction of Russian forces from Kyiv at the end of phase one of the military invasion, Russia began to expand their attack on Southern Ukraine further west with increased bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.
First phase — Eastern front
Main articles: Eastern Ukraine offensive, Battle of Kharkiv (2022), Attack on Belgorod, and Millerovo air base attackIn the east, Russian troops attempted to capture Kharkiv, less than 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the Russian border. During the fighting, Russian tanks were met with strong Ukrainian resistance. On 25 February, the Millerovo air base was attacked by Ukrainian military forces using OTR-21 Tochka missiles. According to Ukrainian officials, this destroyed several Russian Air Force planes and set the airbase on fire. On 28 February, Kharkiv was targeted by missile attacks which killed several people. On 1 March, Denis Pushilin, the head of the DPR, announced that DPR forces had almost completely surrounded the city of Volnovakha. On 2 March, Russian forces were repelled from Sievierodonetsk during an attack against the city. On 17 March, Izium was reportedly captured by Russian forces, although fighting continued.
On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry stated that Russia was prepared to enter the second phase of military operations in seeking to occupy major Ukrainian cities in Eastern Ukraine. On 31 March, the Ukrainian military confirmed Izium was under Russian control. On 31 March, PBS News reported that Kharkiv had been attacked by renewed shelling and missile attacks, at levels equalling or exceeding previous levels of shelling, on the day on which peace talks were to resume with Russia in Istanbul.
Amid the heightened Russian shelling of Kharkiv on 31 March, Russia reported a helicopter strike against an oil supply depot approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of the border in Belgorod and accused Ukraine of the attack. Ukraine, however, denied responsibility for the attack. By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian invasion troops and tank divisions around the towns of Izium, Sloviansk, and Kramatorsk prompted Ukrainian government officials to advise all remaining residents living near the eastern border of Ukraine to evacuate to the western parts of Ukraine within the next 2–3 days in the absence of the timely arrival of arms and munitions previously promised to Ukraine by this time.
First phase — Western Ukraine
On 14 March, Russian forces conducted multiple cruise missile attacks on a military training facility in Yavoriv, Lviv Oblast, close to the Polish border. Local governor Maksym Kozytskyy reported that at least 35 people had been killed in the attacks. On 18 March, Russia expanded the attack to Lviv, with Ukrainian military officials saying initial information suggested that the missiles which hit Lviv were likely air-launched cruise missiles originating from warplanes flying over the Black Sea.
Second phase: Southeastern offensive (8 April to present)
On 8 April, the Russian ministry had announced that all its troops and divisions deployed in southeastern Ukraine would be united under the command and control of General Dvornikov, who was placed in charge of combined military operations, including the redeployed probative fronts originally assigned to the northern front and the north-eastern front which were subsequently withdrawn and reassigned to the southeastern front. By 17 April, progress on the southeastern front appeared to be impeded by troops continuing to hold out in abandoned factories in Mariupol and refusing surrender ultimatums from surrounding Russian troops. On 19 April, The New York Times confirmed that Russia had launched a renewed invasion front referred to as an "eastern assault" across a 300-mile front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk, with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Kyiv in the north and Lviv in Western Ukraine. According to the UK Defence Secretary Ben Wallace, President Putin is considering a mass mobilisation of Russian citizens to replace losses suffered in Ukraine on 9 May. As of 30 April, a NATO official has described Russian advances as “uneven” and “minor”.
Second phase — Donbas front
Main articles: Southern Ukraine offensive, Battle of Donbas (2022), Russian occupation of Kherson, Siege of Mariupol, Battle of Enerhodar, Kramatorsk railway station attack, and Eastern Ukraine offensive Further information: Battle of Kharkiv (2022), Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast, and Attack on BelgorodA Russian missile attack on Kramatorsk railway station in the city of Kramatorsk took place on 8 April, reportedly killing at least 52 people and injuring 87 to 300 people. On 11 April, Zelenskyy announced that Ukraine was expecting a major new Russian offensive in the east. American officials said that Russia had withdrawn or been repulsed elsewhere in Ukraine, and therefore was preparing a subsequent phase to its military operations by focusing on the east, due to the retraction, resupply, and redeployment of infantry and tank divisions to the Southeastern Ukraine front. Military satellites photographed extensive Russian convoys of infantry and mechanised units deploying south from Kharkiv to Izium on 11 April as an apparent part of the planned Russian redeployment of its Northeastern troops to the Southeastern front of the invasion.
On 14 April, it was reported that Ukrainian troops had detonated a bridge between Kharkiv and Izium being used by Russian forces to redeploy troops to Izium, destroying the bridge and impeding the progress of the Russian convoy. On 18 April, with Mariupol almost entirely overtaken by Russian occupation forces, the Ukrainian government announced that the second phase of the reinforced invasion of the Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkiv regions had intensified with increased and expanded invasion forces by the Russians to continue further occupation of the Donbas oblast and its other major cities.
Second phase — Mykolaiv–Odessa front
Main articles: Eastern Ukraine offensive, Battle of Kharkiv (2022), Attack on Belgorod, and Transnistria–Ukraine relations Further information: Russian occupation of Kherson OblastGeneral missile attacks and bombardment of the key cities of Mykolaiv and Odessa continued at the start of the second phase of the invasion. On 22 April, Russia's Brigadier General Rustam Minnekayev, speaking during a defence ministry meeting, indicated that Russia would plan to extend its Mykolayiv–Odessa front after the siege of Mariupol further west into Ukraine in order to include the breakaway region of Transnistria on the border of Ukraine with Moldova. The Ministry of Defence of Ukraine replied to this announcement by describing Russia's intentions as imperialism, saying that it contradicted previous Russian claims that Russia did not have territorial ambitions over Ukraine and that Russia had admitted that "the goal of the 'second phase' of the war is not victory over the mythical Nazis, but simply the occupation of eastern and southern Ukraine". Georgi Gotev, writing for Reuters on 22 April, noted that the extension of Russia's battlefront and occupation of Ukraine from Odessa to Transnistria would transform Ukraine into a landlocked nation without any practical access to the Black Sea. On 24 April, Russia resumed its missile strikes on Odessa destroying military facilities and causing two dozen civilian casualties.
On 27 April, Ukrainian sources indicated that two Russian broadcast towers were destroyed by explosions in Transnistria which were used primarily to rebroadcast Russian television programming. At the end of April, Russia renewed missile attacks on runways in Odesa destroying some of them in a further attempt to weaken Ukrainian's transportation infrastructure.
Second phase — Dnipro–Zaporizhzhia front
Main articles: Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant and Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia OblastGeneral missile attacks and bombardment of the key cities of Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia continued at the start of the second phase of the invasion. On 10 April, the Dnipro International Airport was destroyed during a missile attack.
Second phase — Siege of Mariupol
Main article: Siege of MariupolOn 13 April, Russian forces intensified their attack on the abandoned steel factory at the Azovstal iron and steel works in Mariupol, which was being used by residual Ukrainian defences in the city. By 17 April, Russian forces had surrounded the steel factory where final Ukrainian forces had been operating, with the Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal stating that the Ukrainian soldiers had vowed to ignore the renewed ultimatum to surrender and to fight to the last soul.On 20 April, Putin said that the Siege of Mariupol could be considered as tactically completed with approximately 500 Ukrainian troops entrenched in bunker defences within the Azovstal iron works factory with an estimated one thousand Ukrainian citizens completely sealed off from any type of relief in their siege.
Following meetings with Putin and Zelenskyy on consecutive days, on 28 April UN secretary Guterres stated that he would attempt to organize an emergency evacuation of survivors entrenched in the Mariupol Azovstal iron works in accordance with assurances he had personally received from Putin on his visit to the Kremlin. In response to initiated evacuation efforts by the UN on 30 April, dozens of civilians were photographed by Reuters as being allowed by Russian troops to be evacuated from their entrenched positions in the Azovstal iron works in Mariupol.
Air warfare
On 24 February, Russian forces attacked the Chuhuiv air base, which housed Bayraktar TB2 drones. The attack caused damage to fuel storage areas and infrastructure. The next day, the Millerovo air base was attacked by Ukrainian forces. In the Zhytomyr Airport attack on 27 February, it was reported that Russia used 9K720 Iskander missile systems, located in Belarus, to attack the civilian Zhytomyr Airport. Many Ukrainian air defence facilities were destroyed fully or partially in the first days of the invasion by Russian air strikes.
Russia lost at least ten aircraft on 5 March. On 6 March, the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine reported that 88 Russian aircraft had been destroyed since the war began. However, an anonymous senior US defence official told Reuters on 7 March that Russia still had the "vast majority" of its fighter jets and helicopters that had been amassed near Ukraine available to fly. After the first month of the invasion, Justin Bronk, a British military observer, counted the Russian aircraft losses at 15 fixed-wing aircraft and 35 helicopters, but noted that the true total was certainly higher. In contrast, according to the United States, 49 Ukrainian fighter aircraft were lost by 18 March.
On 13 March, Russian forces conducted multiple cruise missile attacks on a military training facility in Yavoriv, Lviv Oblast, close to the Polish border. Local governor Maksym Kozytskyy reported that at least 35 people had been killed in the attacks. The poor performance of the Russian Air Force has been attributed by The Economist to Russia's inability to suppress Ukraine's medium ranged surface-to-air missile (SAM) batteries, Russia's lack of precision-guided bombs, together with Ukrainian mid-range SAM sites that force planes to fly low, making them vulnerable to Stinger and other shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles, and lack of training and flight hours for Russian pilots rendering them inexperienced for the type of close ground support missions typical of modern air forces.
Naval warfare
Ukraine lies on the Black Sea, which only has access through the Turkish-held Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. On 28 February, Turkey invoked the 1936 Montreux Convention and sealed off the straits to Russian warships not registered as having Black Sea home bases and not returning to their ports of origin. This prevented the passage of four Russian naval vessels through the Turkish Straits. On 24 February, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine announced that an attack on Snake Island by Russian Navy ships had begun. The guided missile cruiser Moskva and patrol boat Vasily Bykov bombarded the island with their deck guns. When the Russian warship identified itself and instructed the Ukrainian soldiers stationed on the island to surrender, their response was "Russian warship, go fuck yourself!" After the bombardment, a detachment of Russian soldiers landed and took control of Snake Island.
Russia stated on 26 February that US drones were supplying intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help target Russian warships in the Black Sea, which the US denied. By 3 March, the Ukrainian frigate Hetman Sahaidachny, the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, was scuttled in Mykolaiv to prevent its capture by Russian forces. On 14 March, the Russian source RT reported that the Russian Armed Forces had captured about a dozen Ukrainian ships in Berdiansk, including the Polnocny-class landing ship Yuri Olefirenko. On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian landing ship docked in Berdiansk – initially reported to be the Orsk and then its sister ship, the Saratov – was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket attack.
On 13 April, the Russian cruiser Moskva, the flagship of the Black Sea Fleet, was, according to Ukrainian sources and a US senior official, hit by two Ukrainian Neptune anti-ship cruise missiles, setting the ship on fire. The Russian Defence Ministry confirmed the warship had suffered serious damage due to a munition explosion caused by a fire, and that its entire crew had been evacuated. The Pentagon spokesman John Kirby reported on 14 April that satellite images showed that the Russian warship had suffered a sizeable explosion onboard but was heading to the east for expected repairs and refitting in Sevastopol. Later on the same day, the Russian Ministry of Defense stated that Moskva had sunk while under tow in rough weather. On 15 April, Reuters reported that Russia launched an apparent retaliatory missile strike against the missile factory Luch Design Bureau in Kyiv where the Neptune missiles used in the Moskva attack were manufactured and designed.
Potential Russian use of low-yield nuclear weapons
On 14 April, The New York Times reported that William Burns of the CIA indicated in a public announcement that the threat of the use of low-yield nuclear weapons was within the weapons capacity of Russia invading Ukraine stating: "The director of the C.I.A. said on Thursday that 'potential desperation' to extract the semblance of a victory in Ukraine could tempt President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia to order the use of a tactical or low-yield nuclear weapon." The use of low-yield tactical nuclear capacity was originally discussed in the decade following the end of WWII by Henry Kissinger who described it as a tactical weapon separable from the use of other atomic weapons in warfare. On 22 April, it was reported that Russia was continuing to test its Satan 2 long-range intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) to upgrade its nuclear arsenal in Autumn of 2022 with Putin stating that other nations should be more wary of Russia's nuclear arsenal. On 24 April, in apparent response to Biden sending Antony Blinken to Kyiv for military support meetings with Zelenskyy on 23 April, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov stated that further support of Ukraine could cause tensions which could potentially lead to a WW3 scenario involving Russia's full arsenal of weapons. The next day after Lavrov's comments, CNBC reported that Secretary Lloyd Austin referred to Russia's nuclear war rhetoric as being "dangerous and unhelpful".
In response to Russia's apparent disregard of safety precautions during the invasion of Ukraine's nuclear power plant at Zaporizhzhia and its disabled former nuclear power plant at Chernobyl, on 26 April Zelenskyy voiced concern that Russian irresponsibility in firing their missiles in the vicinity of Ukraine's active nuclear power plant should lead to international discussion directed toward limiting and controlling Russia as a nation no longer being qualified for the responsible management of its nuclear resources and nuclear weapons stating: "I believe that after all that the Russian military has done in the Chernobyl zone and at the Zaporizhzhia power plant, no one in the world can feel safe knowing how many nuclear facilities, nuclear weapons and related technologies the Russian state has... If Russia has forgotten what Chernobyl is, it means that global control over Russia's nuclear facilities, and nuclear technology is needed." In apparent response to Germany deploying armed tanks to Ukraine, Putin announced in Russian's main legislative assembly that Russia would respond to any combative military provocation from outside of Ukraine with prompt peremptory action possible only with Russian's unique arsenal of nuclear weapons. Press secretary John Kirby speaking for the Pentagon, after announcing the successful delivery of a large deployment of M777 howitzer cannons as now being on Ukrainian soil, responded to Putin's assertion of nuclear potency as being against the process of the peaceful resolution of the current conflict in the Ukraine.
Popular resistance
See also: 2022 protests in Russian-occupied UkraineUkrainian civilians resisted the Russian invasion, volunteering for territorial defence units, making Molotov cocktails, donating food, constructing barriers such as Czech hedgehogs, and helping to transport refugees. Responding to a call from Ukraine's transportation agency, Ukravtodor, civilians dismantled or altered road signs, constructed makeshift barriers, and blocked roadways. Social media reports showed spontaneous street protests against Russian forces in occupied settlements, often evolving into verbal altercations and physical standoffs with Russian troops. By the beginning of April, Ukrainian civilians also began organising as guerrillas, mostly in the wooded north and east of the country. The Ukrainian military announced plans to launch a large-scale guerrilla campaign to complement its conventional defence against the Russian invasion.
In some instances, people physically blocked Russian military vehicles, sometimes forcing them to retreat. The Russian soldiers' response to unarmed civilian resistance varied from reluctance to engage the protesters to firing into the air or directly into crowds. There have been mass detentions of Ukrainian protesters, and Ukrainian media reported forced disappearances, mock executions, hostage-taking, extrajudicial killing, and sexual violence perpetrated by the Russian military. To facilitate Ukrainian attacks, civilians reported Russian military positions via a Telegram chatbot and Diia, a Ukrainian government app previously used by citizens to upload official identity and medical documents. In response, Russian forces began destroying mobile phone network equipment, searching door-to-door for smartphones and computers, and in at least one case killing a civilian found with pictures of Russian tanks.
Foreign military support
Foreign military sales and aid
See also: List of foreign aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian WarSince 2014, the UK, US, EU, and NATO have provided mostly non-lethal military aid to Ukraine. Lethal military support was limited, with the US beginning to sell weapons including Javelin anti-tank missiles starting in 2018, and Ukraine agreeing to purchase TB2 combat drones from Turkey in 2019. As Russia began building up equipment and troops on Ukraine's borders, in January 2022, the US started working with other NATO member states to transfer their US-produced weapons to Ukraine. The UK also began supplying NLAW and Javelin anti-tank weapons. Following the invasion, NATO member states, including Germany, agreed to supply weapons, but NATO as an organisation did not. NATO and its member states also refused to send troops into Ukraine, or to establish a no fly-zone, as this would risk a larger-scale war, a decision which some experts have labelled as a policy of appeasement.
On 26 February, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced that he had authorised $350 million in lethal military assistance, including anti-armor and anti-aircraft systems. The next day the EU stated that it would purchase €450 million (US$502 million) in lethal assistance and an additional €50 million ($56 million) in non-lethal supplies to be supplied to Ukraine, with Poland acting as a distribution hub. During the first week of the invasion, NATO member states supplied more than 17,000 anti-tank weapons to Ukraine; by mid-March, the number was estimated to be more than 20,000.
In three tranches agreed in February, March and April 2022, the European Union has committed to 1.5 billion € intended to support the capabilities and resilience of the Ukrainian Armed Forces and the protection of the Ukrainian civilian population, under the purview of the European Peace Facility line. EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell stated that the EU intended to supply Ukraine with fighter jets. Bulgaria, Poland, and Slovakia had MiG-29s, and Slovakia also had Su-25s, aircraft which Ukraine already flew and which could be transferred without pilot training. However, the planes' owners were reluctant to donate weapons critical for their own territorial defences, and feared that Russia could view it as an act of war if jets fly from their air bases to fight over Ukraine.
As of 11 April, Ukraine was provided with approximately 25,000 anti-air and 60,000 anti-tank weapon systems by the US and its allies. The following day, it was reported that Russia had been provided anti-tank missiles and RPGs by Iran, supplied through undercover networks via Iraq.
On 26 April, the US convened a conference where representatives of more than 40 countries met at the Ramstein Air Base to discuss the military support for Ukraine. On 28 April 2022 US materiel (M777 155 mm howitzers, TPQ-36 Firefinder counterfire radars (Ukraine having previously received TPQ-36s), AN/MPQ-64 (Sentinel radars), and AN/TPQ-53 radars) is in the pipeline of ongoing logistical support for Ukraine's anti-artillery capability, in the Battle of the Donbas.
Foreign military involvement
See also: International Legion of Territorial Defense of UkraineAnatoly Bibilov, president of Georgia's breakaway state South Ossetia, announced on 26 March that troops from South Ossetia had been sent to Ukraine. Later, it was clarified that Bibilov was referring to Ossetians with Russian citizenship or who serve in the Russian military at the fourth military base of the 58th Russian Army, deployed in South Ossetia. Redeployment of troops from the base started on 16 March.
Although NATO and the EU have taken a strict policy of 'no boots on the ground' in support against the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukraine has actively sought volunteers from other countries. On 1 March, Ukraine temporarily lifted visa requirements for foreign volunteers who wished to join the fight against Russian forces. The move came after Zelenskyy created the International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine and called on volunteers to "join the defense of Ukraine, Europe and the world". Ukraine's foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba stated that as of 6 March, approximately 20,000 foreign nationals from 52 countries have volunteered to fight. Most of these volunteers joined the newly created International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine.
On 3 March, Russian Defense Ministry spokesman Igor Konashenkov warned that mercenaries are not entitled to protection under the Geneva Conventions, and captured foreign fighters would not be considered prisoners of war, but prosecuted as criminals. On 11 March, Moscow announced that 16,000 volunteers from the Middle East were ready to join other pro-Russian foreign fighters alongside the Donbas separatists. A video uploaded online showed armed Central African paramilitaries calling to arms to fight in Ukraine with Russian troops.
Over 66,200 Ukrainian men have returned to Ukraine from abroad to fight.
Casualties and humanitarian impact
Casualties
Further information: Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian WarSee also: List of Russian generals killed during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine and List of journalists killed during the Russo-Ukrainian WarBreakdown | Casualties | Time period | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Civilians | 9,487–24,487+ killed (est.) 3,818 killed, 4,000+ wounded (conf.) |
24 February – 28 April 2022 24 February – 24 April 2022 |
Ukrainian government |
2,899+ killed, 3,235+ wounded | 24 February – 28 April 2022 | United Nations | |
Ukrainian forces (ZSU, NGU) |
2,500–3,000 killed, 10,000 wounded | 24 February – 15 April 2022 | Ukrainian government |
2,000–4,000 killed | 24 February – 9 March 2022 | US estimate | |
23,367 killed | 24 February – 16 April 2022 | Russian government | |
Russian Armed Forces | 1,351 killed, 3,825 wounded | 24 February – 25 March 2022 | Russian government |
1,744 killed | 24 February – 22 April 2022 | Meduza news website | |
1,899 killed | 24 February – 29 April 2022 | BBC News Russian | |
Donetsk PR forces | 1,523 killed, 6,167 wounded | 26 February – 28 April 2022 | Donetsk PR |
Luhansk PR forces | 500–600 killed | 24 February – 5 April 2022 | Russian government |
Russian and allied forces (RAF, Rosgvardiya, FSB, PMC Wagner, DPR & LPR) |
10,000+ killed | 24 February – 30 March 2022 | US estimate |
15,000 killed | 24 February – 25 April 2022 | UK estimate | |
23,500 losses | 24 February – 1 May 2022 | Ukrainian government |
With respect to Russian military losses, Ukrainian estimates tended to be high, while Russian estimates of their own losses were much lower. Combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including satellite imagery and video image of military actions. The West has generally accepted Ukrainian figures, but these may have been inflated to emphasise the toll on the Russian military for the sake of morale, while Russia was downplaying its losses, with Russian news outlets largely stopping reporting of the Russian death toll. Ukraine was also quieter about its own military fatalities. Russia and Ukraine admitted to suffering "significant" and "considerable" losses, respectively. According to BBC News, Ukrainian claims of Russian fatalities were including the injured as well. AFP, as well as independent conflict monitors, reported that they had not been able to verify Russian and Ukrainian claims of enemy losses, but suspected they were inflated.
The number of civilian and military deaths is impossible to determine with precision given the fog of war. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) considers the number of civilian casualties to be considerably higher than the figure the United Nations are able to certify.
Prisoners of war
See also: War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine § Treatment of prisoners of warOver a thousand prisoners of war have been captured. In the initial stages of the invasion, on 24 February, Oksana Markarova, Ukraine's ambassador to the US, stated that a platoon of the 74th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade from Kemerovo Oblast surrendered, saying they were unaware that they had been brought to Ukraine and tasked with killing Ukrainians. Russia claimed to have captured 572 Ukrainian soldiers by 2 March 2022, while Ukraine claimed 562 Russian soldiers were being held as prisoners as of 20 March, with 10 previously reported released in prisoner exchanges for five Ukrainian soldiers and the mayor of Melitopol. Subsequently, the first large prisoner exchange took place on 24 March, when 10 Russian and 10 Ukrainian soldiers, as well as 11 Russian and 19 Ukrainian civilian sailors, were exchanged. On 1 April 86 Ukrainian servicemen were exchanged for an unknown number of Russian troops.
On 8 March, a Ukrainian defence reporter with The Kyiv Independent announced that the Ukrainian government was working towards having Russian POWs work to help revive the Ukrainian economy, in full compliance with international law.
In the first weeks of March, human rights organisations called on the Ukrainian government to uphold the rights of Russian prisoners of war under the Third Geneva Convention and to stop circulating videos of captured Russian soldiers being humiliated or intimidated. On 27 March, a video purportedly showing Ukrainian soldiers shooting Russian prisoners in the knees was uploaded on Telegram, prompting concerns about torture and arbitrary executions of prisoners of war. Another video showing Ukrainian troops killing Russian prisoners was posted on Telegram on 6 April and was verified by The New York Times and by Reuters.
The UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine expressed worries about the treatment of Ukrainian prisoners of war held by forces of Russia and the Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics. Videos showing Ukrainian war prisoners being forced to sing pro-Russian songs or carrying bruises attracted concerns about their treatment.
Refugees
Main article: 2022 Ukrainian refugee crisisSee also: Women in the 2022 Russian invasion of UkraineThe war has caused the largest refugee and humanitarian crisis within Europe since the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s; the UN has described it as the fastest growing such crisis since World War II. Because of the continued military build-up in Russia along the Ukrainian border, many neighbouring governments and aid organisations had been preparing for a mass displacement event in the weeks before the invasion. In December 2021, the Ukrainian defence minister estimated that an invasion could force three to five million people to flee their homes.
In the first week of the invasion, the UN reported over a million refugees had fled Ukraine; this subsequently rose to over 5.2 million by 22 April. Most refugees were women, children, the elderly, or people with disabilities. As of 16 March, another 6.5 million people were displaced inside Ukraine. By 20 March, a total of ten million Ukrainians had fled their homes, making it the fastest growing refugee crisis in the contemporary era. Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine as part of mandatory conscription, except if they were responsible for the financial support of three or more children, single fathers, or were the parent/guardian of children with disabilities. Many Ukrainian men, including teenagers, in any case opted to remain in Ukraine to join the resistance.
According to the UN High Commission for Refugees, as of 19 April, there were 2,825,463 refugees in Poland, 757,047 in Romania, 471,080 in Hungary, 426,964 in Moldova, 342,813 in Slovakia, and 23,759 in Belarus, while Russia reported it had received over 549,805 refugees. As of 17 March, over 270,000 refugees had arrived in the Czech Republic. Turkey has been another significant destination, registering more than 58,000 Ukrainian refugees as of 22 March. The EU invoked the Temporary Protection Directive for the first time in its history, granting Ukrainian refugees the right to live and work in the EU for up to three years.
Ukraine has accused Russia of forcibly relocating civilians, to 'filtration centers' in Russian held territory and onwards to Russia, which Ukrainian sources compared to Soviet era population transfers and prior Russian actions in the Chechen War of Independence. As of 8 April, Russia claimed to have evacuated approximately 121,000 Mariupol residents to Russia. RIA Novosti and Ukrainian officials stated that thousands were dispatched to various filtration centers in both Russian and Russian-occupied Ukrainian cities, from which people were redirected to economically depressed regions of Russia. According to Ukraine's National Security and Defense Council Secretary Oleksiy Danilov, Russia also plans to build concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia, whose prisoners will be forcibly involved in the construction of new cities.
A second refugee crisis created by the invasion and by the Russian government's suppression of human rights has been the flight of approximately 300,000 Russian political refugees and economic migrants, the largest exodus from Russia since the October Revolution of 1917, to countries such as the Baltic states, Finland, Georgia, Turkey, and Central Asia. By 22 March, it was estimated that between 50,000 and 70,000 high tech workers had left the country, with a further 70,000 to 100,000 possibly to follow. Fears arose over the impact of this brain-drain flight of talent on future Russian economic development. Some joined the Russian resistance to the Putin regime and sought to help Ukraine, and some faced discrimination for being Russian.
Impact on agriculture and food supplies
Further information: 2022 food crisesUkraine is among the world's top agricultural producers and exporters and is often described as the "bread basket of Europe". During the 2020/21 international wheat marketing season (July–June), it ranked as the sixth largest wheat exporter, accounting for nine per cent of world wheat trade. The country is also a major global exporter of maize, barley and rapeseed. In 2020/21, it accounted for 12 per cent of global trade in maize and barley and for 14 per cent of world rapeseed exports. Its trade share is even greater in the sunflower oil sector, with the country accounting for about 50 per cent of world exports in 2020/2021.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), further to causing the loss of lives and increasing humanitarian needs, the likely disruptions caused by the Russian invasion to Ukraine's grain and oilseed sectors, combined with potential food and fertiliser export difficulties encountered by the Russian Federation as a result of economic sanctions, could jeopardise the food security of many countries, especially those that are highly dependent on Ukraine and the Russian Federation for their food and fertiliser imports. Several of these countries fall into the Least Developed Country (LDC) group, while many others belong to the group of Low-Income Food-Deficit Countries (LIFDCs). For example Eritrea sourced 47% of its wheat imports in 2021 from Ukraine. The other 53% came from the Russian Federation. Overall, more than 30 nations depend on Ukraine and Russia for over 30% of their wheat import needs, with many of them located in North Africa, and in Western and Central Asia.
A Russian attack damaged the Kozarovychi Dam [uk], which regulates flow from the Kyiv Reservoir, causing flooding along the Irpin River. A Russian missile attack on Kyiv Dam on the Dnieper River was blocked by Ukrainian defenses. A breach could have triggered flooding of parts of Kyiv, damaged downstream dams, and threatened the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. Russian forces blew up the dam on the North Crimean Canal which Ukraine had erected to block water flow to agricultural lands in Crimea which Russia had seized in 2014. Russians cut civilian water service as part of the Siege of Mariupol.
Legal implications
Legality
Main article: Legality of the 2022 Russian invasion of UkraineThe invasion of Ukraine violated the Charter of the United Nations and constituted a crime of aggression according to international criminal law, raising the possibility of prosecution under universal jurisdiction. The invasion violated the Rome Statute, which prohibits "the invasion or attack by the armed forces of a State of the territory of another State, or any military occupation, however temporary, resulting from such invasion or attack, or any annexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof". Ukraine did not ratify the Rome Statute and Russia withdrew its signature in 2016.
Human rights violations
International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine
Main article: International Commission of Inquiry on UkraineOn 4 March 2022, the United Nations Human Rights Council voted 32–2, with 13 abstentions, to create the International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, an independent international committee of three human rights experts with a mandate to investigate alleged violations of human rights and of international humanitarian law in the context of the invasion.
War crimes and crimes against humanity
Main article: War crimes in the 2022 Russian invasion of UkraineRussian authorities have been accused of waging war, and committing war crimes and crimes against humanity, in violation of international law. The Russian military carried out indiscriminate attacks on densely populated areas and exposed the civilian population to unnecessary and disproportionate harm. The Russian forces used cluster munitions – a type of weapon that is prohibited by most states because of its immediate and long-term danger to civilians – and fired other explosive weapons with wide-area effects including air-dropped bombs, missiles, heavy artillery shells and multiple launch rockets. Ukrainian forces also fired cluster munition rockets on at least one occasion. The result of the Russian forces' attacks was damage or destruction of civilian buildings including houses, hospitals, schools and kindergartens as well as nuclear power plants, and cultural crimes against 191 cultural properties such as historic buildings and churches. As of 25 March, the attacks had resulted in at least 1,035 civilian deaths and at least 1,650 civilian injuries.
There were allegations of forced deportations of thousands of civilians from Russian-occupied Mariupol to Russia, sexual assaults and the deliberate killing of Ukrainian civilians by members of the Russian forces. At the end of March, Ukrainian forces recaptured the town of Bucha, located north of Kyiv. Afterwards, evidence emerged of war crimes committed by Russian troops, including torture and deliberate killings of civilians, including children. The UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine documented in the first month of the invasion the arbitrary detention in Russian-occupied territories of 21 journalists and civil society activists, and 24 public officials and civil servants. The Monitoring Mission also expressed concern about reports and videos of ill-treatment, torture, and public humiliation of civilians and prisoners of war in territory controlled by Ukraine, allegedly committed by police officers and members of the territorial defence.
On 2 March, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) opened a full investigation into past and present allegations of war crimes, crimes against humanity, or genocide committed in Ukraine by any person from 21 November 2013 onwards, set up an online method for people with evidence to initiate contact with investigators, and sent a team of investigators, lawyers and other professionals to Ukraine to begin collecting evidence. Neither Ukraine nor Russia are parties to the Rome Statute, the legal basis of the ICC, but Ukraine has accepted the ICC's jurisdiction by signing in 2013 and 2014 two declarations to that effect. Two other independent international agencies are also investigating violations of human rights and of international humanitarian law in the area: the International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, established by the United Nations Human Rights Council on 4 March 2022, and the UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine, deployed by OHCHR. The latter started monitoring human rights violations by all parties in 2014 and employs nearly 60 UN human rights monitors. In late March, Prosecutor General of Ukraine Iryna Venediktova stated that the Ukrainian prosecutors had collected evidence for 2,500 "possible war crimes cases" and "several hundred suspects". On 7 April, Russia was suspended from the UN Human Rights Council.
Legal proceedings
Further information: Legality of the 2022 Russian invasion of UkraineInternational Criminal Court
Main article: International Criminal Court investigation in UkraineOn 27 February, Ukrainian foreign minister Dmytro Kuleba called for the International Criminal Court (ICC) to investigate the Okhtyrka kindergarten bombing. On 28 February, Karim Ahmad Khan, the prosecutor of the ICC, said he planned to investigate allegations of war crimes in Ukraine "as rapidly as possible" following the ICC's preliminary examination of the case. Thirty-nine states officially referred the situation in Ukraine to the ICC. On 3 March, Khan announced that evidence was being collected of alleged war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide committed by individuals of all sides during the invasion, and that a full investigation would be opened. Russia is not party to the ICC's Rome Statute, or founding treaty, and therefore does not recognise its authority.
International Court of Justice
Main article: Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)Ukraine filed a lawsuit against Russia before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), accusing Russia of violating the 1948 Genocide Convention (to which both Ukraine and Russia are parties) by falsely claiming genocide as a pretext for invading Ukraine. The International Association of Genocide Scholars supported Ukraine's request. Ukraine asked the ICJ to adopt provisional measures, an order directing Russia to halt its offensive in Ukraine. The ICJ granted Ukraine's request to expedite the proceedings. Russian representatives refused to appear at a court hearing at the Peace Palace in The Hague. On 16 March, the ICJ ordered Russia, as a provisional measure, to "immediately suspend the military operations that it commenced on 24 February 2022 in the territory of Ukraine". The decision was taken after a 13–2 vote, with the Russian and Chinese judges in opposition. It is binding on Russia, but the ICJ has no means to enforce it.
Universal jurisdiction
Main article: Universal jurisdiction investigations of war crimes in UkraineDomestic investigations of potential war crimes committed by Russian forces in Ukraine were opened, under the principle of universal jurisdiction, in countries including Estonia, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland.
Peace efforts
Main article: 2022 Russia–Ukraine peace negotiationsPeace talks: First phase of invasion (24 February to 7 April)
On 28 February, Ukrainian and Russian negotiators began talks in Belarus aimed at a ceasefire and ensuring humanitarian corridors for the evacuation of civilians. After three rounds of talks, no deal was reached. On 5 March, Russia declared a five-and-a-half-hour ceasefire in Mariupol and Volnovakha, to open humanitarian corridors for civilians to evacuate. Ukraine blamed Russian forces for repeatedly breaking the ceasefire by shelling the two cities; the Russian defence ministry stated the firing came from inside both cities against Russian positions. The International Committee of the Red Cross declared that the effort to evacuate civilians had failed.
On 7 March, as a condition for ending the invasion, the Kremlin demanded Ukraine's neutrality, recognition of Crimea, which was annexed by Russia in 2014, as Russian territory, and recognition of the self-proclaimed separatist republics of Donetsk and Luhansk as independent states. The same day, Russia declared a temporary ceasefire in Kyiv, Sumy, and two other cities, starting from 10:30 Moscow Time (UTC+3). On 8 March, Zelenskyy suggested a direct meeting with Putin to end the invasion and expressed willingness to discuss Putin's demands. Zelenskyy said he was ready for dialogue, but "not for capitulation". He proposed a new collective security agreement for Ukraine with the US, Turkey, France, Germany, and Russia as an alternative to the country joining NATO. Zelenskyy's Servant of the People party said that Ukraine would not give up Crimea, Donetsk, and Luhansk. However, Zelenskyy said that Ukraine was considering giving the Russian language protected minority status.
On 10 March, Foreign Ministers Sergey Lavrov and Dmytro Kuleba met for talks in Antalya, Turkey, with Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu as a mediator within the scope of the Antalya Diplomacy Forum, in the first high-level contact between the two sides since the beginning of the invasion. On 15 March, during the fourth round of talks, Zelenskyy suggested that Ukraine would accept not pursuing membership of NATO. On 17 March, the Financial Times reported that a 15-point plan negotiated with Russia was identified by Zelenskyy as offering a more "realistic" possibility for ending the war than previous talks. Mykhailo Podolyak, continuing as the chief negotiator for the Ukrainian peace delegation, indicated that peace negotiations of a 15-point plan would involve the retraction of Russian forces from their advanced positions in Ukraine, along with international guarantees for military support and alliance in case of renewed Russian military action, in return for Ukraine not pursuing further affiliation with NATO.
On 17 March, Çavuşoğlu was the first foreign minister to visit Ukraine after the start of the invasion. In a joint meeting with Kuleba, he reiterated support for Ukraine and revealed plans for a collective security agreement for Ukraine involving the US, Russia, UK, France, Germany, and Turkey, and called for leaders of both countries to meet in person, stating that the "hopes for ceasefire have increased". Shortly afterwards, French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian reportedly received intelligence that the Russians might be disingenuous and warned that Russia was only "pretending to negotiate", in line with a strategy it has used elsewhere.
On 20 March, Turkish presidential spokesman İbrahim Kalın said the two sides were getting closer on four key issues. He cited Russia's demand for Ukraine to renounce ambitions to join NATO, demilitarisation, what Russia has referred to as "denazification", and the protection of the Russian language in Ukraine, with the issues of Crimea and Donbas being the most pressing of the negotiations. However, that same day, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that no significant progress had been made in peace talks, accusing Ukraine of stalling the talks by making proposals unacceptable for Russia. In response, Ukraine reiterated its willingness to negotiate but stated it would not accept Russian ultimatums. On 22 March, UN Secretary-General António Guterres said that "elements of diplomatic progress" were coming into view "on several key issues" and that an immediate cease-fire was possible; he urged the parties involved to cease hostilities immediately and enter into serious negotiations as the war was "unwinnable" on the battlefield.
On 28 March, Zelenskyy confirmed that a renewal of peace talk negotiations with Russia would start in Istanbul on 29 March, with the intention of discussing Ukrainian neutrality towards Russia along with the repudiation of any claims for Ukrainian NATO membership in the future. On 29 March, Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas indicated agreement with Le Drian that any Russian offers of peaceful negotiation about Ukraine or withdrawal from Kyiv should be met with diplomatic scepticism, based on a history of unreliability by Russia in similar peace negotiations with other countries.
Peace talks: Second phase of invasion (8 April to present)
On 11 April, the Chancellor of Austria, Karl Nehammer, visited and spoke with Putin in Moscow in 'very direct, open and hard' talks which were sceptical of the short term peaceful resolution of the invasion. By 26 April, the Secretary General of the United Nations Antonio Guterres visited Russia for the purpose of speaking with Putin and Lavrov in separate meetings, and after the meetings with them indicating skepticism as to any short term resolution of differences between Russia and Ukraine largely due to very different respective perspectives on the circumstances of the invasion presently being adopted by each of the two nations.
Media depictions
Main articles: Disinformation in the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis, Media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis, and Russian information war against Ukraine See also: Media freedom in Russia and PutinismOnline activists, journalists, politicians, and the general population have shared real-time information about the invasion, from both in and out of Ukraine. Authentic first-hand portrayals have however been accompanied by depictions of earlier events or other misinformation, some of it deliberate. While a large portion of these misleading videos and images posted to social media are identified as false content and labeled as such, other sites have not done so.
Putin introduced prison sentences of up to 15 years for "fake news" about Russian military operations, and fines or up to three years prison for calling for sanctions, prompting most Russian outlets to stop reporting on Ukraine. Russian censor Roskomnadzor ordered media to only use information from Russian state sources, and to describe the war as a "special military operation". New stories that described an "assault", "invasion" or "declaration of war" were removed. Roskomnadzor also partially restricted access to Facebook on 25 February, after Facebook refused to stop fact-checking posts by the state-owned Zvezda, RIA Novosti, Lenta.ru, and Gazeta.Ru.
On 3 March, Echo of Moscow's board of directors voted to close down. On 4 March, Roskomnadzor blocked access to several foreign media outlets, including BBC News Russian, Voice of America, RFE/RL, Deutsche Welle, and Meduza, as well as to Facebook and Twitter.
In Russia, pro-Kremlin television pundits like Vladimir Solovyov and state-controlled television channels such as Russia-24, Russia-1, and Channel One mostly follow the government narrative on the war.
Ukrainian propaganda focuses on raising awareness of the war and Ukraine's need for support and weapons. Official Ukrainian social media accounts have targeted posts and videos to recruit soldiers and call for international aid.
State-controlled media in China have seen an opportunity for anti-American propaganda, and along with Cuban state media, have amplified Russian false claims of "secret US biolabs". State-controlled outlets in Serbia and Iran have repeated Russian propaganda, as has RT Actualidad in Latin America. Pundits on Turkish pro-government media have blamed NATO and the US for the war. Fidesz-controlled media outlets in Hungary have claimed that Ukraine provoked the war by becoming “a military base for America”. Vietnam has told reporters not to say "invasion", and to minimise coverage. South Africa's governing African National Congress endorsed the denazification narrative. Pro-Russian propaganda has also been spread by some Indonesian social media users and academics.
Sanctions and ramifications
Main articles: International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and Economic impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Further information: 2021–2022 global energy crisis, 2022 food crises, and Russia in the European energy sectorWestern countries and others imposed limited sanctions on Russia when it recognised the independence of Donbas. With the commencement of attacks on 24 February, a large number of other countries began applying sanctions with the aim of crippling the Russian economy. The sanctions were wide-ranging, targeting individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, bank transfers, exports, and imports. The sanctions included cutting off major Russian banks from SWIFT, the global messaging network for international payments, although there would still be limited accessibility to ensure the continued ability to pay for gas shipments. Sanctions also included asset freezes on the Russian Central Bank, which holds $630 billion in foreign-exchange reserves, to prevent it from offsetting the impact of sanctions and implicated the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline. By 1 March, the total amount of Russian assets being frozen by sanctions amounted to $1 trillion.
Kristalina Georgieva, the managing director of the International Monetary Fund, warned that the conflict posed a substantial economic risk for the region and internationally. She added that the Fund could help other countries impacted by the conflict, complementary to a $2.2 billion loan package being prepared to assist Ukraine. David Malpass, the president of the World Bank Group, said that the conflict would have far-reaching economic and social effects, and reported that the bank was preparing options for significant economic and fiscal support to Ukrainians and the region. Economic sanctions affected Russia from the first day of the invasion, with the stock market falling by up to 39% (RTS Index). The Russian ruble fell to record lows, as Russians rushed to exchange currency. Stock exchanges in Moscow and Saint Petersburg were suspended until at least 18 March, making it the longest closure in Russia's history. On 26 February, S&P Global Ratings downgraded the Russian government credit rating to "junk", causing funds that require investment-grade bonds to dump Russian debt, making further borrowing very difficult for Russia. On 11 April, S&P Global placed Russia under "selective default" on its foreign debt for insisting on payments in rubles.
The National Bank of Ukraine suspended currency markets, announcing that it would fix the official exchange rate. The central bank also limited cash withdrawals to 100,000 hryvnia per day and prohibited withdrawal in foreign currencies by members of the general public. The PFTS Ukraine Stock Exchange stated on 24 February that trading was suspended due to the emergency events.
On 24 March, Joe Biden's administration issued an executive order, which barred the Russian gold reserves from sales in the international market. For Russia, gold has been one of the major avenues to protect its economy from the impact of multiple sanctions which had been imposed since the 2014 annexation of Crimea. To this end, it had been building its foothold in Africa, targeting its countries' gold operations. It also acquired exclusive gold rights in Sudan, after deploying the Wagner Group to shield the government of Omar al-Bashir. A report by the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (GI-TOC) suggested that Russia may use its influence in Africa to evade sanctions and exploit the illicit gold markets, in particular those in the UAE.
Reactions
Main articles: Government and intergovernmental reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and Non-government reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Further information: Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, 2022 anti-war protests in Russia, 2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine, 2022 boycott of Russia and Belarus, and Derussification in UkraineThe invasion received widespread international condemnation from governments and intergovernmental organisations, with reactions including new sanctions imposed on Russia, which triggered widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies. The European Union financed and delivered military equipment to Ukraine. The bloc also implemented various economic sanctions, including a ban on Russian aircraft using EU airspace, a SWIFT ban on certain Russian banks, and a ban on certain Russian media outlets. Non-government reactions to the invasion included widespread boycotts of Russia and Belarus in the areas of entertainment, media, business, and sport.
There were also immediate worldwide protests against the invasion and daily protests in Russia itself. As well as the demonstrations, petitions and open letters were published in opposition to the war, and public figures, both cultural and political, released statements against the war. The protests were met with widespread repression by the Russian authorities. According to OVD-Info, at least 14,906 people were detained from 24 February to 13 March 2022. Human rights organisations and reporters raised concerns of police brutality during the arrests and OVD-Info reported several cases of protestors being tortured under detention. The Russian government cracked down on other forms of opposition to the war, including introducing widespread censorship measures and repression against people who signed anti-war petitions.
In some parts of Ukraine that were newly occupied by Russian armed forces, protests against the occupiers took place. In China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Arab regions, many social media users showed sympathy for Russian narratives due in part to distrust of US foreign policy.
Greenpeace USA protests deliveries of Russian oil
In March, 2022, following Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Greenpeace USA activists set out in boats to intercept a 50,000 ton Greek vessel delivering Russian oil to the port of New York. Activists unfurled a banner "Oil fuels war" to draw attention to the continuous deliveries of Russian oil despite President Biden's call for sanctions. The protest occurred during a 45-day grace period leading up to the White House's imposition of sanctions against Russian oil and gas imports.
See also
- Timeline of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
- List of military engagements during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
- List of invasions and occupations of Ukraine
- List of interstate wars since 1945
- List of ongoing armed conflicts
- List of Russian generals killed during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine
- Post-Soviet conflicts – Armed conflict taking place in former territories of the Soviet UnionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
- Russo-Georgian War – 2008 conflict between Russia and Georgia
- Transnistria War – 1990–1992 conflict between Moldova and Russian-backed self-proclaimed Transnistria
- Second Cold War – Term referring to heightened tensions in the 21st century
Notes
- ^ The Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic were Russian puppet states, having declared their independence from Ukraine in May 2014. In 2022, they received international recognition from each other, Russia, Syria and North Korea, and some other partially recognised states. On 30 September 2022, after a referendum, Russia declared that it had formally annexed both entities. They continue to exist as republics of Russia.
- North Korea has been widely reported to be supporting Russia with troops since October 2024.
- Belarus let Russia use its territory to launch the invasion and to launch missiles into Ukraine. See also: Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
- See § Foreign involvement for more details.
- Including military, paramilitary, and 34,000 separatist militias.
- See table here for a detailed breakdown of civilian deaths by oblast, according to Ukrainian authorities
- Besides servicemen of the Russian Armed Forces, figure includes more than 70 Rosgvardiya members and one FSB member.
- Besides servicemen of the Russian Armed Forces, figure includes Rosgvardiya members.
- The DPR stated 1,536 of its servicemen were killed and 6,217 wounded between 1 January and 28 April 2022, of which 13 died and 50 were wounded between 1 January and 25 February 2022, leaving a total of 1,523 killed and 6,167 wounded in the period of the Russian invasion.
- Russia stated 1,500 DPR and LPR servicemen were killed 24 Feb.–5 April 2022. Taking into account that officially confirmed DPR losses were 979 killed 26 Feb.–7 April 2022, it can be estimated 500–600 LPR servicemen died 24 Feb.–5 April 2022.
- The Ministry of Defence of Ukraine uses the terms "combat losses" and "liquidated". According to the BBC, these figures include wounded soldiers, while others interpret the figures to be referring to only those killed.
- Most likely, new cities meant new industrial cities in Siberia, the construction plans of which were announced by Shoigu in the fall of 2021.
References
- Graham-Harrison, Emma and McCurry, Justin (10 October 2024). "North Koreans deployed alongside Russian troops in Ukraine, sources say". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
- Lister, Tim; Kesa, Julia (24 February 2022). "Ukraine says it was attacked through Russian, Belarus and Crimea borders". Kyiv: CNN. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Murphy, Palu (24 February 2022). "Troops and military vehicles have entered Ukraine from Belarus". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- "Missiles launched into Ukraine from Belarus". BBC News. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- "75 тысяч погибших российских солдат 120 смертей в день – вот цена, которую платит Россия за нападение на соседнюю страну. Новое большое исследование «Медузы» и «Медиазоны» о потерях". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 24 February 2024.
... численность войск на фронте (если при вторжении ее оценивали в 190 тысяч вместе с «народными милициями ДНР и ЛНР», ...
- Bengali, Shashank (18 February 2022). "The U.S. says Russia's troop buildup could be as high as 190,000 in and near Ukraine". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- Hackett, James, ed. (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021 (1st ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: International Institute for Strategic Studies. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-03-201227-8. OCLC 1292198893. OL 32226712M.
- ^ The Military Balance 2022. International Institute for Strategic Studies. February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books.
- "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 30, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
- "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 14, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
- ^ The Military Balance 2022. International Institute for Strategic Studies. February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books.
- "Ukraine", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-01-18, retrieved 2023-01-19
- "Swimming rivers and faking illness to escape Ukraine's draft". BBC News. 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Blake, Daniel Keane, Elly (15 March 2022). "What is the Homes for Ukraine refugees scheme and how do you apply?". Evening Standard. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - "Ukrainian exodus could be Europe's biggest refugee crisis since World War II". El Pais. 3 March 2022.
- ^ "Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
- Ratcliffe, Rebecca; Clayton, Abené; Gabbatt, Adam; Chao-Fong, Léonie; Lock, Samantha; Ambrose, Tom (19 March 2022). "Biden outlines 'consequences' if China aids Russia – as it happened". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
{{cite news}}
:|archive-date=
/|archive-url=
timestamp mismatch; 29 March 2022 suggested (help) - "Ukraine war: Putin being misled by fearful advisers, US says". BBC News. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- Kirby, Jen (28 February 2022). "Putin's invasion of Ukraine, explained". Vox. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- "Conflict in Ukraine". Global Conflict Tracker. Council on Foreign Relations. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- "Russia's invasion of Ukraine". The Economist. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
Though the target of Mr. Putin's tirade on February 21st was Ukraine, the former Soviet republics now in NATO, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, have cause for alarm over his irredentism.
- ^ Perrigo, Billy (22 February 2022). "How Putin's Denial of Ukraine's Statehood Rewrites History". Time. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- "Putin Says He Does Not Plan to 'Restore Empire'". Moscow Times. 22 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ Tabarovsky, Izabella; Finkel, Evgeny (27 February 2022). "Statement on the War in Ukraine by Scholars of Genocide, Nazism and World War II". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
- ^ Abbruzzese, Jason (24 February 2022). "Putin says he is fighting a resurgence of Nazism. That's not true". NBC News. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- "NATO-Russia relations: the facts". NATO. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
NATO is a defensive alliance. Our purpose is to protect our member states. Every country that joins NATO undertakes to uphold its principles and policies. This includes the commitment that 'NATO does not seek confrontation and poses no threat to Russia,' as reaffirmed at the Brussels Summit this year. NATO enlargement is not directed against Russia. Every sovereign nation has the right to choose its own security arrangements. This is a fundamental principle of European security, one that Russia has also subscribed to and should respect. In fact, after the end of the Cold War, Russia committed to building an inclusive European security architecture, including through the Charter of Paris, the establishment of the OSCE, the creation of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, and the NATO-Russia Founding Act.
- ^ Wiegrefe, Klaus (15 February 2022). "NATO's Eastward Expansion: Is Vladimir Putin Right?". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Farley, Robert; Kiely, Eugene (24 February 2022). "Russian Rhetoric Ahead of Attack Against Ukraine: Deny, Deflect, Mislead". FactCheck.org. Photograph by Aris Messinis (Agence-France Presse). Annenberg Public Policy Center. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
Nov. 28 – ... 'Russia has never hatched, is not hatching and will never hatch any plans to attack anyone,' Peskov said. ... Jan. 19 – ... Ryabkov ... 'We do not want and will not take any action of aggressive character. We will not attack, strike, invade, quote unquote, whatever Ukraine.'
- ^ Taylor, Adam (24 February 2022). "Russia's attack on Ukraine came after months of denials it would attack". The Washington Post. Photograph by Evgeniy Maloletka (Associated Press). Nash Holdings. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
On Sunday ... "There is no invasion. There is no such plans," Antonov said.
- ^ Fořtová, Klára (8 March 2022). "Velvyslanec Ukrajiny v Česku denně promlouvá, ruský mlčí a je 'neviditelný'" [Ukraine's ambassador to the Czech Republic speaks daily, the Russian is silent and 'invisible']. Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
Zmejevský ... 'Důrazně jsme odmítli jako nepodložená obvinění Ruska z přípravy, agrese vůči Ukrajině a fámy o vstupu ruských jednotek na ukrajinské území,' stojí v něm.
[Zmeevsky ... 'We emphatically dismissed Russia's allegations of preparation, aggression against Ukraine and rumors of Russian troops entering Ukrainian territory,' he said.] - Hernandez, Joe (23 February 2022) . "Why Luhansk and Donetsk are key to understanding the latest escalation in Ukraine". Photograph by Aleksey Filippov (Agence-France Presse) via Getty Images. NPR. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Hodge, Nathan (26 February 2022). "Russia's Federation Council gives consent to Putin on use of armed forces abroad, Russian agencies report". CNN International. Moscow. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- Nikolskaya, Polina; Osborn, Andrew (24 February 2022). "Russia's Putin authorises 'special military operation' against Ukraine". Reuters. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- Grunau, Andrea; von Hein, Matthias; Theise, Eugen; Weber, Joscha (25 February 2022). "Fact check: Do Vladimir Putin's justifications for going to war against Ukraine add up?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- Waxman, Olivia B. (3 March 2022). "Historians on What Putin Gets Wrong About 'Denazification' in Ukraine". Time. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- "Russia attacks Ukraine". CNN International. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Kirby, Paul (9 March 2022). "Why is Russia invading Ukraine and what does Putin want?". BBC News. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- "Ukrainian president signs decree on general mobilisation of population -Interfax". Reuters. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Zelensky signs decree declaring general mobilization". Interfax-Ukraine. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine rejects Russian demand to surrender port city of Mariupol in exchange for safe passage". CBS News. 20 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine refuses to surrender Mariupol as scope of human toll remains unclear". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "Trending news: BBC: Putin replaces military commander in Ukraine – The Moscow Times". Hindustan News Hub. 8 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine war: Mariupol defenders will fight to the end". Radio New Zealand. 17 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ Arraf, Jane; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Landler, Mark (19 April 2022). "Ukraine Says Russia Begins Assault in the East After Raining Missiles Nationwide". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- "UN resolution against Ukraine invasion: Full text". Al Jazeera. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
The General Assembly ... eplores in the strongest terms the aggression by the Russian Federation against Ukraine in violation of Article 2 (4) of the Charter
- Scheffer, David J. (17 March 2022). "Can Russia Be Held Accountable for War Crimes in Ukraine?". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
Russia's invasion of Ukraine constitutes the crime of aggression under international law.
- ^ Chernova, Anna; Cotovio, Vasco; Thompson, Mark (28 February 2022). "Sanctions slams Russian economy". CNN. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ "NATO to deploy thousands of commandos to nations near Ukraine". Al Jazeera. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- Morin, Rebecca; Subramanian, Courtney; Collins, Michael; Garrison, Joey; Groppe, Maureen (24 February 2022). "World leaders condemn Russian invasion of Ukraine; EU promises 'harshest' sanctions – live updates". USA Today. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Stewart, Briar; Seminoff, Corinne; Kozlov, Dmitry (24 February 2022). "More than 1,700 people detained in widespread Russian protests against Ukraine invasion". CBC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Corder, Mike (3 March 2022). "ICC prosecutor launches Ukraine war crimes investigation". Associated Press. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- Budjeryn, Mariana. "Issue Brief #3: The Breach: Ukraine's Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- Vasylenko, Volodymyr (15 December 2009). "On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document'". The Day. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF). DTRA History Series. Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- "Istanbul Document 1999". Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 19 November 1999. Archived from the original on 1 June 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
- Hall, Gavin E. L. (14 February 2022). "Ukraine: the history behind Russia's claim that Nato promised not to expand to the east". The Conversation. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- Baker, Peter (9 January 2022). "In Ukraine Conflict, Putin Relies on a Promise That Ultimately Wasn't". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
- Leung, Rebecca (11 February 2009). "Yushchenko: 'Live And Carry On'". CBS News. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- "Study: Dioxin that poisoned Yushchenko made in lab". Kyiv Post. London: Businessgroup. Associated Press. 5 August 2009. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
- "Yushchenko to Russia: Hand over witnesses". Kyiv Post. Businessgroup. 28 October 2009. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
- "The Supreme Court findings" (in Ukrainian). Supreme Court of Ukraine. 3 December 2004. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2008.
- "Ukraine-Independent Ukraine". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 January 2008. Archived from the original on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 14 January 2008.
- Cordesman, Anthony H. (28 May 2014). "Russia and the 'Color Revolution'". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- Rachman, Gideon (9 April 2022). "Understanding Vladimir Putin, the man who fooled the world". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
- "Putin calls 'color revolutions' an instrument of destabilization – Dec. 15, 2011". Kyiv Post. Interfax Ukraine. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- Антиоранжевый митинг проходит на Поклонной горе [Anti-orange rally takes place on Poklonnaya Hill] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 4 February 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- Brown, Colin (3 April 2008). "EU allies unite against Bush over Nato membership for Georgia and Ukraine". The Independent. p. 24.
- Evans, Michael (5 April 2008). "President tells summit he wants security and friendship". The Times. p. 46.
President Putin, in a bravura performance before the world's media at the end of the Nato summit, warned President Bush and other alliance leaders that their plan to expand eastwards to Ukraine and Georgia "didn't contribute to trust and predictability in our relations.
- "Ukraine's parliament backs changes to Constitution confirming Ukraine's path toward EU, NATO". unian.info. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- Wong, Edward; Jakes, Lara (13 January 2022). "NATO Won't Let Ukraine Join Soon. Here's Why". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- "Yanukovych tops list of presidential candidates in Ukraine – poll". Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2009.
- Harding, Luke (8 February 2010). "Yanukovych set to become president as observers say Ukraine election was fair". The Guardian. Kyiv. OCLC 60623878. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- "Parliament passes statement on Ukraine's aspirations for European integration". Kyiv Post. 22 February 2013.
- Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 3, 274.
- Marples, David; Mills, Frederick, eds. (2015). Ukraine's Euromaidan: Analyses of a Civil Revolution. Ibidem Press. pp. 9–14.
- "Accountability for killings in Ukraine from January 2014 to May 2016" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. pp. 9, 21–25.
- "Источники РБК: Виктор Янукович находится в Подмосковье". RosBusinessConsulting. 26 February 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- "Rada removes Yanukovych from office, schedules new elections for May 25". Interfax-Ukraine. 24 February 2014. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- Sindelar, Daisy (23 February 2014). "Was Yanukovych's Ouster Constitutional?". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
- Feffer, John (14 March 2014). "Who Are These 'People,' Anyway?". HuffPost. BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
- Polityuk, Pavel; Robinson, Matt; Baczynska, Gabriela; Goettig, Marcin; Graff, Peter; Elgood, Giles (22 February 2014). Roche, Andrew (ed.). "Ukraine parliament removes Yanukovich, who flees Kiev in 'coup'". Reuters. Kyiv. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- Fisher, Max (3 September 2014). "Everything you need to know about the Ukraine crisis". Vox. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
- Grytsenko, Oksana; Vlasova, Anastasia (12 April 2014). "Armed pro-Russian insurgents in Luhansk say they are ready for police raid". Kyiv Post. Luhansk: Businessgroup LLC. Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
- Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). "Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation". Riga: Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
{{cite web}}
:|archive-date=
/|archive-url=
timestamp mismatch; 28 May 2020 suggested (help) - Charap, Samuel; Boston, Scott (21 January 2022). "U.S. Military Aid to Ukraine: A Silver Bullet?". RAND Corporation.
- Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- "Exclusive: Charred tanks in Ukraine point to Russian involvement". Reuters. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- "Ukraine ceasefire violated more than 100 times within days: OSCE". Al Jazeera. 29 July 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- "France says Russia refused to hold ministerial meeting on Ukraine". Reuters. 9 November 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- "Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians'". President of Russia. 12 July 2021. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
... the outcome of both Minsk‑1 and Minsk‑2 which give a real chance to peacefully restore the territorial integrity of Ukraine by coming to an agreement directly with the DPR and LPR with Russia, Germany and France as mediators, contradicts the entire logic of the anti-Russia project.
- "Russia Shouldn't Negotiate With 'Vassal' Ukraine, Ex-President Medvedev Says". Moscow Times. 11 October 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- Michael, Casey (19 June 2015). "Pew Survey: Irredentism Alive and Well in Russia". The Diplomat.
- Socor, Vladimir (24 March 2014). "Putin's Crimea Speech: A Manifesto of Greater-Russia Irredentism". Vol. 11, no. 56. Eurasia Daily Monitor.
- Putin, Vladimir (12 July 2021). "Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians'". The Kremlin. Government of Russia. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
{{cite web}}
:|archive-date=
/|archive-url=
timestamp mismatch; 25 January 2022 suggested (help) - Snyder, Timothy D. (18 January 2022). "How to think about war in Ukraine". Thinking about... (newsletter). Substack. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite". The Times. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- Roth, Andrew (7 December 2021). "Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbour". The Guardian. Moscow. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
- Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?". Royal United Services Institute. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- Agencies (13 September 2014). "Putin wants to destroy Ukraine and restore Soviet Union, says Yatseniuk". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- Bullough, Oliver (28 March 2014). "Vladimir Putin: The rebuilding of 'Soviet' Russia". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- Rubin, Trudy (11 January 2022). "Putin wants to reestablish the Russian empire. Can NATO stop him without war?". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Interstate General Media. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- "173rd Airborne Brigade battalion heads to Latvia as Ukraine comes under Russian attack". Stars and Stripes. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean". Task & Purpose. North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent fratricide, or friendly fire incidents.
- "Putin attacked Ukraine after insisting for months there was no plan to do so. Now he says there's no plan to take over". Kharkiv: CBS News (published 22 February 2022). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- Troianovski, Anton (30 January 2022). "The Hard-Line Russian Advisers Who Have Putin's Ear". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- Galeotti, Mark (5 July 2021). "New National Security Strategy Is a Paranoid's Charter". Moscow Times. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- "Russia's security strategy envisages 'forceful methods'". ABC News. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- Paulick, Jane, ed. (11 March 2022). "Putin's inner circle: Who has the Russian president's ear on the war in Ukraine?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- Harris, Shane; Sonne, Paul (3 December 2021). "Russia planning massive military offensive against Ukraine involving 175,000 troops, U.S. intelligence warns". The Washington Post. Nash Holdings. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
.S. intelligence has found the Kremlin is planning a multi-frontal offensive as soon as early next year involving up to 175,000 troops ... .
- ^ Merchant, Nomaan (25 February 2022). "US intel predicted Russia's invasion plans. Did it matter?". Associated Press. Photographs by Alexei Alexandrov and Alex Brandon (AP Photo). Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Li, David K.; Allen, Jonathan; Siemaszko, Corky (24 February 2022). "Putin using false 'Nazi' narrative to justify Russia's attack on Ukraine, experts say". NBC News. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- "US accuses Moscow of creating Ukraine invasion pretext with 'genocide' claims". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 15 February 2021. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- "Putin Says Conflict in Eastern Ukraine 'Looks Like Genocide'". Moscow Times. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- Путин заявил о геноциде на Донбассе [Putin announced the genocide in the Donbas]. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- Stanley, Jason (26 February 2022). "The antisemitism animating Putin's claim to 'denazify' Ukraine". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- "Ukraine crisis: Vladimir Putin address fact-checked". BBC News. 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Hinton, Alexander (24 February 2022). "Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- "Disinformation About the Current Russia-Ukraine Conflict – Seven Myths Debunked". Directorate-General for European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations (Press release). 24 January 2022. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- Treisman, Rachel (1 March 2022). "Putin's claim of fighting against Ukraine 'neo-Nazis' distorts history, scholars say". NPR. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
- Troianovski, Anton (17 March 2022). "Why Vladimir Putin Invokes Nazis to Justify His Invasion of Ukraine". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
- "Ukrainians Display Patriotism On First Day Of Unity Amid Uncertainty About Russian Invasion". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- Hendrix, Steve; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (16 February 2022). "With solidarity, apathy and a few songs, Ukraine's Unity Day reflects a weary nation". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- "Extracts from Putin's speech on Ukraine". Reuters. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- Düben, Björn Alexander (1 July 2020). "'There is no Ukraine': Fact-Checking the Kremlin's Version of Ukrainian History". LSE International History. London School of Economics. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- Shekhovtsov, Anton (13 April 2022). "The Shocking Inspiration for Russia's Atrocities in Ukraine". Haaretz. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- "Neo-Nazi Russian nationalist exposes how Russia's leaders sent them to Ukraine to kill Ukrainians". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- Horvath, Robert. "Putin's fascists: the Russian state's long history of cultivating homegrown neo-Nazis". The Conversation. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- Berger, Miriam (24 February 2022). "Russian President Valdimir Putin says he will 'denazify' Ukraine. Here's the history behind that claim". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- Campbell, Eric (3 March 2022). "Inside Donetsk, the separatist republic that triggered the war in Ukraine". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- Schipani, Andres; Olearchyk, Roman (29 March 2022). "'Don't confuse patriotism and Nazism': Ukraine's Azov forces face scrutiny". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- "The Azov Battalion: How Putin built a false premise for a war against "Nazis" in Ukraine". CBS News. 22 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- Lawler, Dave; Basu, Zachary (24 February 2022). "Ukrainian President Zelensky says Putin has ordered invasion as country prepares for war". Axios. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Snyder, Timothy. "Putin's Hitler-like tricks and tactics in Ukraine". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- "Yad Vashem Statement Regarding the Russian Invasion of Ukraine" (Press release). Yad Vashem. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- Kirby, Paul (2 March 2022). "Ukraine conflict: Who's in Putin's inner circle and running the war?". BBC News. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). "Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- MacKinnon, Mark (21 December 2021). "Putin warns of unspecified military response if U.S. and NATO continue 'aggressive line'". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Szayna, Thomas S. (29 October 1997). "The Enlargement of NATO and Central European Politics". Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- Coyer, Cassandre (25 February 2022). "Why is Ukraine not in NATO and is it too late to join? Here's what experts, NATO say". The Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
{{cite news}}
:|archive-date=
/|archive-url=
timestamp mismatch; 29 March 2022 suggested (help) - MacKinnon, Mark; Morrow, Adrian. "Putin orders snap nuclear drill". The Globe and Mail. Phillip Crawley. p. A3.
- Brown, David (17 February 2022). "Ukraine: How big is Russia's military build-up?". BBC News. Photograph by the Russian Defence Ministry; Graphics by Sandra Rodriguez Chillida and Prina Shah. BBC. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- Talmazan, Yuliya; Shabad, Rebecca; Williams, Abigail (17 February 2022). "Ukraine, West accuse Russia of trying to create pretext for invasion after shelling in east". NBC News. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- "Russian-backed separatists announce civilian evacuation from eastern Ukraine as escalation stokes Russian invasion fears". NBC News. 18 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- Smith, Alexander (18 February 2022). "Warning siren sounds in rebel-held capital in east Ukraine -Reuters witness". MSN News. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- "Ukraine conflict: Rebels declare general mobilisation as fighting grows". BBC News. 19 February 2022. Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- Light, Felix (20 February 2022). "In the Closest Russian City to Ukraine's Separatist Region, There Are Few Signs of Refugees". Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- Ponomarenko, Illia (18 February 2022). "47 shelling incidents leave 5 injured in Donbas". The Kyiv Independent. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- Volvach, Yaroslava (18 February 2022). "How Russian proxy forces are attempting to provoke the Ukrainian army and are lying about a new Ukrainian offensive". NV.UA. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
- "Separatist leaders in eastern Ukraine declare full military mobilisation". Reuters. 19 February 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - Bellingcat Investigation Team (23 February 2022). "Documenting and Debunking Dubious Footage from Ukraine's Frontlines". Bellingcat. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Harding, Luke; Roth, Andrew; Walker, Shaun (21 February 2022). "'Dumb and lazy': the flawed films of Ukrainian 'attacks' made by Russia's 'fake factory'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- Gilbert, David (21 February 2022). "Russia's 'Idiotic' Disinformation Campaign Could Still Lead to War in Ukraine". Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
- Philp, Catherine (22 February 2022). "Russian claim of sabotage 'the first move in Putin's war plan'". The Sunday Times. News UK. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- "Russian Army Says Killed 5 'Saboteurs' From Ukraine On Russian Territory". Barron's. 21 February 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- "Address by the President of the Russian Federation". President of Russia. 21 February 2022. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- "Extracts from Putin's speech on Ukraine". Reuters. 21 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- Kottasová, Ivana; Qiblawi, Tamara; Regan, Helen (21 February 2022). "Putin orders troops into separatist-held parts of Ukraine". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- Philp, Catherine; Wright, Oliver; Brown, Larissa (22 February 2022). "Putin sends Russian tanks into Ukraine". The Times. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- Lederer, Edith (22 February 2022). "Putin gets no support from UN Security Council over Ukraine". ABC News. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- "Videos appear to show Russian armed forces moving deep into separatist region of Ukraine". Business Insider. 22 February 2022.
- Zinets, Natalia; Williams, Matthias (22 February 2022). "Ukrainian president drafts reservists but rules out general mobilisation for now". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- Kingsley, Thomas (23 February 2022). "Ukraine to introduce a state of emergency and tells its citizens to leave Russia immediately". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- "Ukraine's Parliament approves state of emergency". Reuters. 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- D'agata, Charlie; Redman, Justine; Ott, Haley (23 February 2022). "Ukraine calls up reservists, declares national emergency as U.S. and allies hit Russia with new sanctions". CBS News. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Litvinova, Dasha (23 February 2022). "Russia evacuates embassy in Ukraine as crisis escalates". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- Bajak, Frank (23 February 2022). "Ukraine hit by more cyberattacks, destructive malware". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Bajak, Frank (25 February 2022). "Cyberattacks accompany Russian military assault on Ukraine". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- Milmo, Dan (25 February 2022). "Russia unleashed data-wiper malware on Ukraine, say cyber experts". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- Milmo, Dan (1 April 2022). "China accused of launching cyber-attacks on Ukraine before Russian invasion". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- "Mystery of alleged Chinese hack on eve of Ukraine invasion". BBC News. 7 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
- Zelenskyy, Volodymyr (23 February 2022). Україна прагне миру! І робить для цього все! [Ukraine seeks peace! And does everything for this!] (Video) (in Russian). Ukraine. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022.
- Sonne, Paul (24 February 2022). "Ukraine's Zelensky to Russians: 'What are you fighting for and with whom?'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- "Zelensky's Last-Ditch Plea for Peace". Foreign Policy. 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- Cruz Bustillos, Dominic (24 February 2022). "Full Translation: Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's Feb. 23 Speech". Lawfare. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- "Kremlin Says Ukraine Rebels Have Asked Russia for 'Help' Against Kyiv". Moscow Times. 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- "Russia says Donbas separatists ask Putin for military support". Deutsche Welle. 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- "Ukraine – Security Council, 8974th meeting". United Nations. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- Mauldin, William (23 February 2022). "U.S. Says Russia Will Face U.N. Security Council Resolution". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Leff, Alex; Wood, Patrick (24 February 2022). "Read the impassioned plea from Ukraine's U.N. ambassador to Russia to stop the war". NPR. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- ^ "Putin announces formal start of Russia's invasion in eastern Ukraine". Meduza. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Haltiwager, John (23 February 2022). "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech". MSN. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- "Full text: Putin's declaration of war on Ukraine". The Spectator. 24 February 2022.
- Hinton, Alexander (25 February 2022). "Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented". The Conversation.
- "Ukraine conflict: Russian forces attack after Putin TV declaration". BBC News. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Sheftalovich, Zoya (24 February 2022). "Putin announces 'special military operation' in Ukraine". Politico. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Ball, Tom (7 March 2022). "This war will be a total failure, FSB whistleblower says". The Times. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- Lock, Samantha (24 February 2022). "Russia-Ukraine crisis live news: Putin has launched 'full-scale invasion', says Ukrainian foreign minister – latest updates". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Gilbert, Asha C. (25 February 2022). "Reports: Ukraine bans all male citizens ages 18 to 60 from leaving the country". USA Today. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- Peltz, Jennifer; Lederer, Edith (23 February 2022). "'It's too late': Russian move roils UN meeting on Ukraine". AP News. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- ^ Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (5 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4". CriticalThreats. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- ^ Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (4 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- ^ Dutton, Jack (25 February 2022). "Russian Military Base Blown Up as Ukraine Fights Back". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ "Ukrainian Armed Forces attacked Millerovo with Tochka-U". Rostov Gazeta. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- "Operation in Ukraine proceeds as planned, first stage goals complete". TASS. 26 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- "Russia targets east Ukraine, says first phase over". BBC. 26 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- Varner, Joe (28 March 2022). "It's been one month since Russia began its invasion of Ukraine. Here's where we stand". The Hub. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- "Russian invasion of Ukraine lacks a battlefield commander, U.S. officials say". Yahoo! News. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- ^ Bielieskov, Mykola (21 September 2021). "The Russian and Ukrainian Spring 2021 War Scare". Center for Strategic & International Studies. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
- ^ Epstein, Jake; Haltiwanger, John (6 April 2022). "NATO chief says Putin still wants to control all of Ukraine, despite repositioning forces to the eastern Donbas region". Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- "Russia's battle for the east has begun, Zelenskyy says". PBS NewsHour. 18 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- "US and allies gather at Ramstein to discuss how to help Ukraine defeat Russia’s ‘unjust invasion’". The link to one of the latest articles is in "Stars and Stripes" under the title I have just quoted, BY JOHN VANDIVER AND JENNIFER H. SVAN • STARS AND STRIPES • APRIL 26, 2022. .
- "Germany's Ukraine Tank Plan at Risk Over Bullet Shortage". By Arne Delfs. April 27, 2022. Bloomberg News.
- "Nuke-ready Putin vows 'lightning-fast' retaliation against other nations in Ukraine war". By Evan Simko-Bednarski and Lee Brown. NY Post. April 27, 2022.
- "Ukraine loses control of Chernobyl nuclear site, amid battles in Kyiv outskirts". The Times of Israel. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- Українські військові під Києвом зупинили колону російських танків [The Ukrainian military stopped a column of Russian tanks near Kyiv]. Gazeta (in Ukrainian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- "Battle Underway for Airbase on Kyiv Outskirts". Moscow Times. AFP. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- "Russia claims to take control of Hostomel airport just outside Kyiv". The Times of Israel. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- Окупанти намагаються висадити десант у Василькові, йдуть бої [The occupiers are trying to land in Vasylkiv, fighting is going on] (in Ukrainian). Ukrinform. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- У Василькові збили винищувач та два гвинтокрили окупантів [A fighter and two helicopters of the occupiers were shot down in Vasylkiv] (in Ukrainian). Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle". 19FortyFive. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- Rana, Manveen (3 March 2022). "Volodymyr Zelensky survives three assassination attempts in days". The Times. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- Stern, David L. (5 March 2022). "After temporary cease-fires break down, Putin threatens Ukraine's government". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- Arnold, Edward (6 March 2022). How is the war in Ukraine going for Russia?. DW News. Interviewed by Rebecca Ritters. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022 – via YouTube.
- Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh; McGee, Luke; Gigova, Radina (7 March 2022). "'A family died... in front of my eyes': Civilians killed as Russian military strike hits evacuation route in Kyiv suburb". CNN. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- "Bucha, Vorzel, Hostomel under enemy's control, situation remains critical". Ukrinform. 7 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olga (8 March 2022). ""Irpin can't be bought, Irpin fights": Mayor refuses Russian demand to surrender". CNN. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- Murphy, Paul (11 March 2022). "Stalled 40-mile-long Russian convoy near Kyiv now largely dispersed, satellite images show". CNN. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- Cullison, Alan; Coles, Isabel; Trofimov, Yaroslav (16 March 2022). "Ukraine Mounts Counteroffensive to Drive Russians Back From Kyiv, Key Cities". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ^ Sly, Liz; Lamothe, Dan (20 March 2022). "Russia's war for Ukraine could be headed toward stalemate". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- Boot, Max (21 March 2022). "Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- Kemp, Richard (22 March 2022). "The Russian army has run out of time". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- Gordon, Michael R.; Leary, Alex (21 March 2022). "WSJ News Exclusive | Russia, Failing to Achieve Early Victory in Ukraine, Is Seen Shifting to 'Plan B'". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- Ali, Idrees; Stewart, Phil (27 February 2022). "Russian forces appear to shift to siege warfare in Ukraine- U.S. official". Reuters. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Ukraine war: Ukrainian fightback gains ground west of Kyiv". BBC News. 23 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- ^ Walters, Joanna; Bartholomew, Jem; Belam, Martin; Lock, Samantha (25 March 2022). "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine takes back towns east of Kyiv; hopes of Mariupol humanitarian corridor grow – live". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- Rudenko, Olga (2 April 2022). "Hundreds of murdered civilians discovered as Russians withdraw from towns near Kyiv (GRAPHIC IMAGES)". The Kyiv Independent. Archived from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- "Ukraine war latest: Ukraine says it has retaken entire Kyiv region". BBC News. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- "Russian strike targets Kyiv shortly after UN chief meets with Zelenskyy: Live Ukraine updates". By Celina Tebor and Ryan W. Miller, USA TODAY. April 29, 2022.
- Ward, Alexander (25 February 2022). "'Almost not possible' for Ukraine to win without West's help, Ukraine official says". Politico. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- "Ukraine war news from February 25: Kyiv suburbs breached, Russian forces face resistance, Zelensky warns Russia will 'storm' capital". Financial Times. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- "Бои под Сумами: артиллерия и "Байрактары" уничтожили 100 танков и 20 "Градов" оккупантов". Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ Polyakovskaya, Tanya (26 February 2022). Российская военная техника заняла территорию бывшего аэропорта "Бердянск" – горсовет [Russian military equipment occupied the territory of the former airport "Berdyansk" – city council] (in Russian). Berdyansk City Council. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- "Pentagon: Russia has fully withdrawn from Kyiv, Chernihiv". The Washington Post. 6 April 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- Kalatur, Anastasiya (8 April 2022). "Sumy region liberated from Russian troops". Ukrayinska Pravda. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- Marrow, Alexander; Ostroukh, Andrey (24 February 2022). "Russian forces unblock water flow for canal to annexed Crimea, Moscow says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- NEXTA (26 February 2022). "The tanks of the occupiers have circled #Berdyansk and are heading towards #Mariupol. https://t.co/jwsIoORzH0" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ Lister, Tim; Alkhaldi, Celine; Voitovych, Olga; Mezzofiore, Gianluca (24 March 2022). "Ukrainians claim to have destroyed large Russian warship in Berdyansk". CNN. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- Zadorozhnaya, Anastasia (1 March 2022). Войска оккупанта готовят наступление на Мелитополь [Invader's troops are preparing an attack on Melitopol]. RIA Melitopol (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- Korobova, Marina (1 March 2022). "Мелитополь не сдался, Мелитополь – временно оккупирован" – городской голова о ситуации на 1 марта ["Melitopol did not surrender, Melitopol is temporarily occupied" – the mayor on the situation on March 1]. Mestnyye Vesti (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- "Fierce battles raging in all directions near Mariupol – mayor". Interfax-Ukraine. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). "Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret" [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. Ellenszél (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- "Battle ongoing near Mariupol – mayor". Ukrinform. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ""Amphibious assault" underway west of Mariupol on the Sea of Azov, senior US defense official says". CNN. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- "Russian Navy Carries Out Amphibious Assault Near Mariupol". The Maritime Executive. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- "Russian forces are about 31 miles outside southeastern Ukrainian city of Mariupol, US defense official says". CNN. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- "Ukraine official says Russian troops approaching Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant". National Post. 26 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- "The Russians paused the invasion, but aren't losing". Australian Financial Review. 28 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- "Ukraine nuclear plant on fire after Russia shelling". News.com.au. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- "Russian forces attacking Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant in Ukraine, per multiple reports". Business Insider Australia. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- "Russian forces strike Ukraine from multiple fronts, including at power plant". ABC News. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- "Russian troops take Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant". ABC News. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- "Ukraine loses control over crossing to Kherson". Ukrinform. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- Schwirtz, Michael; Pérez-Peña, Richard (2 March 2022). "First Ukraine City Falls as Russia Strikes More Civilian Targets". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- "Ukrainian defenders repelled attack on Mykolaiv city, fighting continues on outskirts". Ukrinform. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- "First in 7 days of war Ukrainian units go on offensive advancing to Horlivka – Arestovych". Interfax Ukraine. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- Huijboom, Stefan (22 June 2015). "Resident of Russian-held Horlivka: 'We have nothing'". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- Lister, Tim; Kesa, Julia (14 March 2022). "Ukraine puts death toll in Mariupol bombardment at more than 2,500". CNN. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- Boffey, Daniel; Tondo, Lorenzo (18 March 2022). "Fighting reaches central Mariupol as shelling hinders rescue attempts". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- "Russian forces bomb school sheltering 400 people in Mariupol, city council says". CNN. 20 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- "Ukraine war in maps: Tracking the Russian invasion". BBC News. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- Clark, Mason; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (24 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 24". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- Scully, Rachel (27 March 2022). "Ukrainian official: Mariupol 'simply does not exist anymore'". The Hill. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- "Ukraine War: Putin demands Mariupol surrender to end shelling". BBC News. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- "Ukraine: No 'plan B' for evacuation of shattered Mariupol, say humanitarians, as Friday attempt fails". UN News. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- "Missiles hit Ukraine refinery, 'critical infrastructure' near Odessa". The Straits Times. SPH Media Trust. Reuters. 3 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
- "Video analysis reveals Russian attack on Ukrainian nuclear plant veered near disaster". NPR. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- Losh, Jack (25 February 2022). "Kharkiv's Resistance to Russia's War Has Already Begun". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- "Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої" [Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place]. Channel 24. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- "Russia-Ukraine War: What to know on Day 7 of Russian assault". AP News. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olya (1 March 2022). "Russian-backed separatist leader expects his forces to surround Mariupol on Tuesday". CNN. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- Новини України: Російське вторгнення: поточна ситуація на Луганщині [News of Ukraine: Russian invasion: the current situation in Luhansk region]. galinfo.com.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- "Pentagon says Russian advance is frozen". BBC News. 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 18". Institute for the Study of War. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- "Russia says first phase of Ukraine operation mostly complete, focus now on Donbass". Yahoo! Finance. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- "На Київщині ЗСУ звільнили 15 населених пунктів – зведення Генерального штабу". Радіо Свобода. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- "Росіяни контролюють Ізюм – Генштаб ЗСУ". Український мілітарний центр. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- Hewson, Jack; Ram, Ed; Frantsev, Dmitri (30 March 2022). "Civilians endure intense suffering as Russian shelling reduces Kharkiv to 'a smoking ruin'". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- "Russia alleges Ukrainian helicopters struck Belgorod fuel depot". Al Jazeera. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
- "War in Ukraine: Russia accuses Ukraine of attacking oil depot". BBC News. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
- Picheta, Rob (6 April 2022). "The fight for Sloviansk may be 'the next pivotal battle' of Russia's war in Ukraine". CNN. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- "Russia strikes Ukraine army base near Poland as it widens attacks". Al Jazeera. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- Lister, Tim; Tawfeeq, Mohammed; Voitovych, Olga; McCarthy, Simone; John, Tara (13 March 2022). "Dozens killed as Russian forces strike targets in western Ukraine". CNN. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- Zadorozhnyy, Petro; Kesaieva, Yulia; Tawfeeq, Mohammed; Federico-O'Murchú, Seán; Renton, Adam; Qiblawi, Tamara (18 March 2022). "Russia has attacked Lviv. Here's why the western city is so important to Ukraine's defense". CNN. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- "UK Defence Secretary warns Vladimir Putin could declare a new world war within days". 30 APRIL 2022, by Adam Cole.News.com.au.
- "Russia bombards Kharkiv but Ukrainians having ‘tactical successes’, says Zelenskiy". 30 APRIL 2022.The Guardian.
- Laizans, Janis; Piper, Elizabeth (8 April 2022). "Ukraine and allies blame Russia for strike on station that killed over 50". Reuters. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
- Tebor, Celina; Lee, Ella (8 April 2022). "'An evil without limits': Dozens killed, injured in rocket strike on train station in eastern Ukraine: Live updates". USA Today News. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
- "Live Updates / Tens of thousands feared dead in Mariupol". NBC News. 11 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- Bacon, John; Mansfield, Erin; Wadington, Katie; Santucci, Jeanine; Vanden Brook, Tom; Tebor, Celina. "EU to consider Ukraine membership in weeks; Russia warns of 'direct military confrontation' with US: April 10 recap". USA Today.
- Telford, Taylor; Timsit, Annabelle; Pietsch, Bryan; Duplain, Julian (10 April 2022). "As war enters bloody new phase, Ukraine again calls for more weapons". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- Saric, Ivana (10 April 2022). "Satellite images: Russian military convoy heads south toward Donbas region". Axios.
- Chaturvedi, Amit, ed. (14 April 2022). "Ukraine Military Claims It Blew Up A Bridge Destroying Russian Convoy". NDTV. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- April 18, 2022. "Ukraine says 'Battle of Donbas' has begun, Russia pushing in east". Reuters.
- ^ Hubenko, Dmytro (22 April 2022). "Russia eyes route to Trans-Dniester: What do we know?". Deutsche Welle.
- "Russia plans to seize Donbas, southern Ukraine: Military official". Al Jazeera. 22 April 2022.
- "Russian general says Moscow aim is to leave Ukraine as a landlocked country". By Georgi Gotev. EURACTIV.com with Reuters. 22 April 2022.
- "Russia renews Mariupol attack, missiles hit Odesa". By Reuters, Jerusalem Post staff. 24 April 2022.
- "New explosions in Transnistria: antennas broadcasting Russian radio channel destroyed". 26 APRIL 2022, by Roman Petrenko. Ukrainian Truth.
- "A Russian missile strike damaged the runway of an airport in Odesa, rendering it unusable, Ukraine says". By Sarah Al-Arshani. April 30, 2022. Yahoo News.
- Cojan, Liviu, ed. (10 April 2022). "Dnipro airport in eastern Ukraine "completely destroyed" by new Russian military bombing: "And missiles continue to fly"". Tylaz. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- "Russian rockets destroy airport in Ukrainian city of Dnipro". Al Jazeera. 10 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel; McKernan, Bethan (13 April 2022). "Last marines defending Mariupol 'running out of ammunition'". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- Ukraine war: Mariupol defenders will fight to the end." April 17, 2022. RNZ News.
- "Putin claims victory in Mariupol despite steel-mill holdouts". By ADAM SCHRECK. AP News. 21 April 2022.
- "U.N. chief Guterres calls for escape route from Mariupol 'apocalypse'". By Alessandra Prentice. Reuters. April 28, 2022.
- "Civilians flee Azovstal bunkers in evacuation led by U.N." Reuters. May 1, 2022.
- "Ukraine: Video appears to show aftermath of missile strike on air base in Chuhuiv". Sky News. 24 February 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
- Sheetz, Michael (24 February 2022). "Satellite imagery shows Russian attack on Ukraine from space". CNBC. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- "Airport in central Ukraine reportedly targeted by missile fired from Belarus". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- @KyivIndependent (28 February 2022). "Russia used Iskander missile systems to attack Zhytomyr Airport. The air strikes were conducted from Belarus, using Russian ballistic missile launchers. Earlier, Belarus said it wouldn't allow air strikes from its territory amid Ukraine's upcoming peace talks with Russia" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022 – via Twitter.
- Beale, Jonathan (14 April 2022). "Ukraine's battle for control of its skies". BBC News. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- Trevithick, Joseph. "The Russian Air Force Just Had A Terrible Day Over Ukraine". The Drive. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- "Enemy loses 88 aircraft, helicopters in Ukraine – General Staff". Interfax-Ukraine. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- Ali, Idrees; Stewart, Phil (7 March 2022). "Putin has deployed nearly 100% of pre-staged forces into Ukraine- U.S. Official". Reuters.
- Bronk, Justin (24 March 2022). "Analysis: Russia falls back on urban siege warfare in Ukraine". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- Sheerin, Jude, ed. (18 March 2022). "How much of Ukraine's air force is still operational?". BBC News. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- "Russia strikes Ukraine army base near Poland as it widens attacks". Al Jazeera. 13 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- Lister, Tim; Tawfeeq, Mohammed; Voitovych, Olga; McCarthy, Simone; John, Tara (13 March 2022). "Dozens killed as Russian forces strike targets in western Ukraine". CNN. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- "The curious case of Russia's missing air force". The Economist. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea". Reuters. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022). "Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- "Russia cancelled Black Sea passage bid of four warships: Turkey". Al Jazeera. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- @PokiRae_ (25 February 2022). "Ukrainian soldier deployed on Snake Island live streamed the moment a Russian warship opened fire on the Island. All 13 soldiers lost their lives" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022 – via Twitter.
- "Russian Navy Captures Ukraine's Outpost on Snake Island". The Maritime Executive. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh (24 February 2022). "February 24, 2022 Russia-Ukraine news". CNN. Entry: Audio emerges appearing to be of Ukrainian fighters defending island from Russian warship. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- "Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові ['Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- Visontay, Elias (25 February 2022). "Ukraine soldiers told Russian officer 'go fuck yourself' before they died on island". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- Hodge, Nathan; Cotovio, Vasco; Lieberman, Oren (26 February 2022). "Pentagon denies Russia's claim that it's "highly likely" US used surveillance drones to help Ukrainian navy". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу [The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order]. Armed Forces of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 4 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- "Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov". Interfax Ukraine. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- Evans, Michael (4 March 2022). "Ukraine scuttles its flagship frigate as Russians close in". The Times. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- Evans, Michael. "Ukraine scuttles its flagship frigate as the Russians close in". The Times. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- "Analysis: Russian Armed Forces capture dozen Ukrainian ships in Berdyansk". Navy Recognition. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- Polityuk, Pavel; Heritage, Timothy (24 March 2022). Heavens, Andrew (ed.). "Ukraine says it has destroyed a large Russian landing ship". Reuters. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine PM to head to Washington; Russian warship sunk by Ukraine missile strike, say US officials – live". The Guardian. 16 April 2022. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
- "Russia confirms severe damage to Black Sea Fleet Flagship Moskva, Crew Abandoned Ship". Free Press Journal. 14 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- Forgey, Quint. "Pentagon confirms explosion aboard Russian warship". Politico. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- "Russian warship Moskva has sunk – state media". BBC News. 14 April 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
- Polityuk, Pavel; Piper, Elizabeth (15 April 2022). "Ukraine says fighting rages in Mariupol, blasts rattle Kyiv". Reuters.
- "C.I.A. Director Airs Concern That Putin Might Turn to Nuclear Weapons". The New York Times. By David E. Sanger and Julian E. Barnes. April 14, 2022.
- Henry Kissinger. 1957. Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy. New York: Published for the Council on Foreign Relations by Harper & Brothers. Foreword by Gordon Dean (pp. vii-x).
- 'Russia to deploy new intercontinental nuclear missiles by autumn'. Al Jazeera. 23 Apr 2022.
- "Russia's Lavrov Warns of 'Real' Danger of World War III". The Moscow Times. 25 April 2022.
- APR 26 2022. "Pentagon chief calls Russia nuclear rhetoric 'dangerous'; U.S. to send diplomats back to Ukraine". By Holly Ellyatt, Natasha Turak, and Amanda Macias. Live Updates. CNBC.
- April 27, 2022. "Zelenskyy demands 'global control' over Russia's nuclear capabilities after 'completely irresponsible actions'". By Tyler O'Neil.
- "Germany's Ukraine Tank Plan at Risk Over Bullet Shortage". By Arne Delfs. April 27, 2022. Bloomberg News.
- "Nuke-ready Putin vows 'lightning-fast' retaliation against other nations in Ukraine war". By Evan Simko-Bednarski and Lee Brown. NY Post. April 27, 2022.
- "Pentagon press secretary John Kirby holds a news briefing". PBS News Hour. Apr 27, 2022.
- Raghavan, Sudarsan; O'Grady, Siobhán; Shefte, Whitney; Khudov, Kostiantyn (28 February 2022). "In a Kyiv under siege, neighbors dig trenches and raise barriers to brace for Russian assault". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
- Kirby, Jen (3 March 2022). "The other members of Ukraine's resistance". Vox. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
- ^ Hunter, Daniel (1 March 2022). "How Ukrainian Civilians Are Resisting Military Force". YES! Magazine. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- Motyl, Alexander J. (12 April 2022). "Russians Likely to Encounter Growing Guerrilla Warfare in Ukraine". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
- "Ukrainian Civilians Take On Russian Invaders With Words And Deeds". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- Schwirtz, Michael; Santora, Marc; Hill, Evan; Cardia, Alexander (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- "Ukrainian authorities accuse Russians of opening fire on civilian protest". CNN International. 5 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- "Ordinary Ukrainians are resisting Vladimir Putin's occupying force in Kherson and elsewhere". The Economist. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
- ^ Tim Judah (10 April 2022). "How Kyiv was saved by Ukrainian ingenuity as well as Russian blunders". Financial Times.
- ^ "Military assistance to Ukraine" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- "Turkey, Ukraine sign military cooperation agreements". ABC News. 17 October 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- Brennan, Margaret; Watson, Eleanor (20 January 2022). "U.S. and NATO to surge lethal weaponry to Ukraine to help shore up defenses against Russia". CBS News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- Ripley, Tim (18 January 2022). "UK supplies anti-tank weapons to Ukraine". Janes Information Services. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- "Germany to ship anti-aircraft missiles to Ukraine — reports". Deutsche Welle. 3 March 2022.
- "Defence Secretary statement to the House of Commons on Ukraine: 9 March 2022". GOV.UK. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- Chalmers, John (24 February 2022). "NATO has no plans to send troops into Ukraine, Stoltenberg says". Reuters.
- Dimsdale, Connie (25 February 2022). "How the response to Russia's invasion would be different if Ukraine was a Nato member". i.
- Bond, Ian (22 February 2022). "The west knows the cost of appeasement. We can't rule out any option for stopping Putin". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- Lewis, Simon; Melander, Ingrid (4 March 2022). "NATO rejects Ukraine no-fly zone, unhappy Zelenskiy says this means more bombing". Reuters. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- Vogt, Adrienne; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren; Ravindran, Jeevan; Wilkinson, Peter; Yeung, Jessie; Lendon, Brad; George, Steve; Wagner, Meg (26 February 2022). "Blinken authorizes $350 million more in US military assistance to Ukraine". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- Vogt, Adrienne; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren; Ravindran, Jeevan; Wilkinson, Peter; Yeung, Jessie; Lendon, Brad; George, Steve; Wagner, Meg (26 February 2022). "$350 million in US military assistance will include "anti-armor and anti-aircraft systems," official says". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- "EU shuts airspace to Russian airlines, will buy Ukraine arms". AP News. Associated Press. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- "Ukraine war: EU to buy and deliver weapons to Kyiv, says Ursula von der Leyen". Euronews. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- Blenkinsop, Philip; Siebold, Sabine (27 February 2022). "EU tightens Russian sanctions and buys weapons for Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- Schmitt, Eric (12 March 2022). "The White House approves $200 million in arms and equipment for Ukraine". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- Emmott, Robin; Melander, Ingrid (17 March 2022). "NATO vows more help for Ukraine, begins planning to adapt to 'new reality'". Reuters. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- "EU support to Ukraine: Council agrees on third tranche of support under the European Peace Facility for total €1.5 billion". 13 April 2022.
- Weber, Peter (28 February 2022). "EU nations intend to supply Ukraine with fighter jets, foreign policy chief says". The Week. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- "US rejects 'high risk' transfer of Polish jets to Ukraine". BBC. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- Brennan, David (1 March 2022). "EU's Ukraine Fighter Jet Promise Falling Apart as Russia Advances". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- Park, Chan-kyong (11 April 2022). "Zelensky cites Korean war in appeal to Seoul to send anti-aircraft weapons". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- Slawson, Nicola (12 April 2022). "First Thing: Russia using weapons 'smuggled by Iran' in Ukraine". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- "US rallies global allies to help Ukraine repel Russia". Politico. 26 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
- Senior Defense Official (28 Apr 2022) Senior Defense Official Holds a Background Briefing, April 28, 2022
- Sky News (28 Apr 2022) Can Russia be pushed out of Ukraine entirely? Retired Air Vice Marshal Sean Bell 2:25/4:08 use 155mm howitzers, coupled with counterfire radar (i.e. TPQ-53) against Russian artillery
- "Georgian breakaway region says it sent troops to Ukraine to 'help protect Russia'". The Times of Israel. 26 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- "Georgia's Breakaway Region Sends Troops to Ukraine". Moscow Times. 26 March 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- "Военных из Южной Осетии отправили в зону спецоперации на Украине". RBK TV. 26 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- "More S. Ossetian Servicemen Sent to Ukraine". Civil.ge. 28 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- Военные из Южной Осетии отправились в Украину, "чтобы добить нацистов" [The military from South Ossetia went to Ukraine "to finish off the Nazis"]. JAM News (in Russian). 16 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- "Reports: Russia's Tskhinvali Base Units Sent to Ukraine". Civil Georgia. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- LeBlanc, Paul (28 February 2022). "Why the US isn't sending troops into Ukraine". CNN. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- Timsit, Annabelle; Taylor, Adam; Cheng, Amy (1 March 2022). "Ukraine is asking foreigners to help fight Russia. Some are heeding the call, despite enormous risks". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ Abend, Lisa (7 March 2022). "Meet the Foreign Fighters Risking Their Lives in Ukraine". Time. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- Lemon, Jason (3 March 2022). "Russia Vows Prosecution of Foreign Fighters After 16K Join Ukraine". Newsweek. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- "Ukraine war: Putin seeks foreign volunteers to fight in Ukraine". BBC News. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
- Ball, Tom (11 March 2022). "African fighters prepare to join Russian troops". The Times. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- Prentice, Alessandra (5 March 2022). "Over 66,200 Ukrainian men have returned from abroad to fight, says defence minister". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
- "Some 3,818 Ukrainian civilians die due to Russian aggression, over 4,000 people injured - PGO". Interfax-Ukraine.
- "Ukraine: civilian casualty update 29 April 2022". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
- Herb, Jeremy (15 April 2022). "Exclusive: Zelensky says world should be prepared for possibility Putin could use nuclear weapons". CNN. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- "Up to 6,000 Russians may have been killed in Ukraine so far, U.S. official estimates". CBS News. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- "Russian Defense Ministry to publish data on military deaths from Ukrainian documents". TASS. 16 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- "Russian army says 1,351 soldiers killed in Ukraine". Al Arabiya. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- "Кто гибнет на войне с Украиной. Исследование «Медиазоны»". Медиазона.
- "Russia Loses Over 300 Officers in Ukraine War – Report". The Moscow Times. 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- Каждый пятый - офицер. О чем говорят подтвержденные потери России в войне с Украиной
- Сколько российских военных уже погибли на войне с Украиной - новое исследование Би-би-си
- "The overview of the current social and humanitarian situation in the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of hostilities in the period from 23 to 29 April 2022". Human Rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 28 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
- ^ "The overview of the current social and humanitarian situation in the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of hostilities in the period from 19 and 25 February 2022". Human Rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 12 February 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- Новости, Р. И. А. (5 April 2022). Буча и концентрированное зло: последний аргумент против русских. РИА Новости (in Russian).
- "Overview of the social and humanitarian situation that has developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military operations in the period from 2 to 8 April 2022". Human Rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
- "What next for Russia?". The Economist. 2 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
- "Defence Secretary statement to the House of Commons on Ukraine: 25 April 2022". GOV.UK.
"Britain estimates 15,000 Russian troops killed since Ukraine invasion began".{{cite news}}
:|archive-date=
requires|archive-url=
(help) - ^ "З початку повномасштабного вторгнення в Україну російська армія втратила близько 23,5 тис. військовослужбовців - Генштаб ЗСУ". Interfax-Ukraine. 1 May 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
- "The total combat losses of the enemy from 24.02 to 26.04". Ministry of Defence of Ukraine.
- ^ Ivshina, Olga; Prosvirova, Olga (21 March 2022). "BBC investigation reveals confirmed Russian military deaths". BBC News. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
Ukrainian military sources say that so far as many as 15,000 have been killed, though this figure may include injured as well as dead.
- ^ "ВСУ: Российские потери составляют почти 22 тысячи человек". BBC News Russian. 24 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- Mehta, Amar. "Ukraine war: Putin accuses West of plot to destroy Russia - and says secret service foiled attempt to kill journalist". Sky News.
- Зубкова, Даша (25 April 2022). "Russian Troops Personnel Losses On April 24 Up 100 To 21,900 Killed, Equipment By 11 Tanks And 2 Aircraft". Ukrainian News Agency.
- ^ "As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say". The New York Times. 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ^ Meyer, David (14 March 2022). "Why is it so hard to get accurate death tolls in the Russia-Ukraine war?". Fortune. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- Roth, Andrew (22 March 2022). "How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine?". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
- ^ "Russia admits 'significant losses of troops' in Ukraine". 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine not to reveal own military death toll until war ends". www.ukrinform.net.
- "Ukraine conflict death toll: what we know". France 24. 13 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Witte, Griff (26 February 2022). "Civilians are dying in Ukraine. But exactly how many remains a mystery". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- "Ukraine: Civilian casualties as of 24.00 15 March 2022 [EN/RU/UK] – Ukraine". ReliefWeb. 15 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- Choi, Joseph (24 February 2022). "Ukrainian ambassador says Russian platoon surrendered to Ukrainian forces". The Hill. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- "Moscow: Nearly 500 of its troops have been killed in Ukraine". WHDH. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- Abdulkerimov, Bahtiyar (20 March 2022). "Ukraine holding 562 Russian prisoners of war". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- "Ukraine, Russia Exchange Prisoners For First Time Since Invasion, Ukrainian Military Officer Says". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- Ljunggren, David (17 March 2022). "Ukraine swapped nine Russian soldiers to free detained mayor". Reuters. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- "Ukraine announces first proper POWs exchange with Russia". Interfax. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Today's key developments". BBC News. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Some 86 Ukrainian servicemen released under exchange with Russia – President's Office dpty head". Interfax-Ukraine. 1 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
- "Ukraine war latest: Red Cross forced to postpone evacuation of Mariupol". BBC News.
- Villarreal, Daniel (8 March 2022). "Ukraine government says Russian POWs will 'work to revive' economy". Newsweek. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- "Prisoners of war in the Russian invasion of Ukraine must be protected". Amnesty International. 7 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
- "Ukraine: Respect the Rights of Prisoners of War". Human Rights Watch. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- "Ukraine promises "immediate investigation" after video surfaces of soldiers shooting Russian prisoners". CNN. 27 March 2022. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- "Does video show Russian prisoners being shot?". BBC News. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- ^ "Ukraine: Apparent POW Abuse Would Be War Crime". Human Rights Watch. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- Hill, Evan (6 April 2022). "Video appears to show Ukrainian troops killing captured Russian soldiers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- Reuters (7 April 2022). "Video appears to show Ukrainian forces killing Russian captive". Reuters. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
{{cite news}}
:|last=
has generic name (help) - "Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine (Reporting period: 24 February – 26 March)" (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine.
- "Protecting Ukrainian refugees: What can we learn from the response to Kosovo in the 90s?". British Future. 7 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- "IntelBrief: China Seeks to Balance Its Interests as Russia's War on Ukraine Intensifies". The Soufan Center. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
Over a week into the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the war has raged on, spurring the most serious humanitarian crisis in Europe since the wars in the Balkans in the 1990s.
- Beaumont, Peter (6 March 2022). "Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- Aguilera, Jasmine (25 February 2022). "Russia's Invasion of Ukraine May Trigger a Refugee Crisis. Here's How the World Is Preparing". Time. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine". Mother Jones. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
- Sawer, Patrick (25 February 2022). "Ukrainian families torn apart as women and children flee but men are ordered back to the fight". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- "Refugees flee Ukraine for the EU, men told to stay and fight". ABC News. 26 February 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- "Ukraine latest updates: UN says 6.5m displaced inside Ukraine". Al Jazeera. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- "Ukraine war latest: Our neighbours want us dead, Zelensky tells Israeli MPs". BBC News. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- "Russia hits Ukraine fuel supplies, airfields in new attacks". Associated Press. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- Tondo, Lorenzo (9 March 2022). "Ukraine urged to take 'humane' approach as men try to flee war". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
- Men, some in their teens, join Ukraine's resistance fighters | DW News. DW News. 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022 – via YouTube.
- "How many Ukrainians have fled their homes and where have they gone?". BBC News. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
- "Ukrainian Refugees Hope for Peace, but More Expected to Flee". U.S. News. 17 March 2022.
- "Over 20,000 Ukrainians arrive in Turkey, says top official". Hürriyet Daily News. 8 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: 58 bin Ukraynalı savaş sonrası Türkiye'ye geldi" [Interior Minister Soylu: 58 thousand Ukrainians came to Turkey after the war] (in Turkish). BBC. 22 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "How many refugees have fled Ukraine and where are they going?". BBC News. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory". BBC News. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ Mackintosh, Eliza; Ochman, Oleksandra; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Polglase, Katie; Rebane, Teele; Graham-Yooll, Anastasia (8 April 2022). "Russia or die: After weeks under Putin's bombs, these Ukrainians were given only one way out". CNN. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
-
- Бутченко, Максим (15 April 2022). "В духе Сталина. Фильтрационные лагеря, допросы и вывоз в глушь — как Москва насильно депортирует украинцев Донбасса". NV.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- Шаповал, Валентина (18 April 2022). "Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев". Segodnya (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- Горичева, Юлия; Тохмахчи, Анна (11 April 2022). ""Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах". Current Time TV (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- Ганюкова, Ольга (10 April 2022). "Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек". Obozrevatel (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- Курпита, Татьяна (17 April 2022). ""Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев". TSN (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- Пилипенко, Евгений (24 March 2022). "Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка". LIGA.net (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- Климов, Александр (5 April 2022). "В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова". NV.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk". The Times. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- "ФОТО. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев". sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- Куприянова, Ольга (24 March 2022). "Фильтрационные лагеря и трудоустройство на Сахалине: украинцев из оккупированных городов принудительно отправляют в россию" [Filtration camps and employment on Sakhalin: Ukrainians from occupied cities are forcibly sent to Russia]. 1+1 (in Russian). Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- "Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири, - Данилов" [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia - Danilov]. Цензор.НЕТ (in Russian). Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- "Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири – Данилов" [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia - Danilov]. LIGA (in Russian). 22 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- "Шойгу назвал места для строительства новых городов в Сибири". РБК.
- Bacchi, Umberto; Davydova, Angelina (4 April 2022). "Russia's war migrants find mixed reception in Georgia". The Japan Times. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- "Who are the Russians leaving their country?". Deutsche Welle. 5 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- "Растет число россиян, претендующих на право временного проживания в Казахстане". Radio Ozodi (in Russian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
- Бишкек. Жизнь по-новому [Bishkek: Life in a New Way] (in Russian). Настоящее время. Док. 6 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- Metz, Cade; Satariano, Adam (13 April 2022). "'Russian Tech Industry Faces 'Brain Drain' as Workers Flee". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- "Russians who left their country since the invasion of Ukraine – BBC News". BBC News. 14 April 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022 – via YouTube.
- "Georgia, a bleak new home for Russian exiles". France 24, Agence France-Presse. 8 March 2022.
- Kolotilov, Vasiliy; King, Laura (1 April 2022). "Fleeing Putin's Russia: Exiles search for new identity, but find new problems". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ^ FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (2022). Food Outlook – Biannual Report on Global Food Markets: November 2021. : Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 978-92-5-135248-9. OCLC 1291390883.
- "FAO Information Note: The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict, 25 March 2022 Update" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization. 25 March 2022.
- "LDCs at a Glance | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". United Nations. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- "FAO Country Profiles". fao.org. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- ^ Nicholas Hildyard; Josh Klemm (8 April 2022). "Weaponising water — Ukraine's dams are targets in Putin's war".
- "A Reminder of the Importance of the Crime of Aggression: Considering the Situation of Russia and Ukraine". Opinio Juris. 4 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- Guilfoyle, Douglas; McIntyre, Juliette; Paige, Tamsin Phillipa (24 February 2020). "Is international law powerless against Russian aggression in Ukraine? No, but it's complicated". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- Quell, Molly (24 February 2022). "Ukraine has few legal options to hold Russia accountable for invasion". Courthouse News Service. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- Dworkin, Anthony (25 February 2022). "International law and the invasion of Ukraine – European Council on Foreign Relations". European Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- Johnson, Heidi (4 March 2022). "UN Human Rights Council establishes commission to investigate Russian human rights violations against Ukraine". JURIST. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- "Human Rights Council establishes an Independent International Commission of Inquiry to investigate all alleged violations of human rights in the context of the Russian Federation's aggression against Ukraine". United Nations Human Rights Council. 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- "Russian military commits indiscriminate attacks during the invasion of Ukraine". Amnesty International. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- "Ukraine: Deadly Attacks Kill, Injure Civilians, Destroy Homes". Human Rights Watch. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ Bogner, Matilda (25 March 2022). "Situation in Ukraine. Statement delivered by the Head of Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine on the situation in Ukraine". Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.
- "Ukraine: Russian Cluster Munition Hits Hospital – 4 Civilians Killed, 10 Wounded". Human Rights Watch. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- ^ HRMMU Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine, 24 February – 26 March 2022 (PDF) (Report). UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine. 28 March 2022.
- Lance, Rachel. "The Enduring Danger of Cluster Bombs". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- Bostock, Bill (19 April 2022). "Ukraine used cluster munitions — which many countries have banned — to force Russian troops out of a village, report says". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- "Ukraine nuclear power plant attack: All you need to know". Al Jazeera. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- Reid, Anna (15 March 2022). "Ukrainian heritage is under threat – and so is the truth about Soviet-era Russia". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- "Crimes against history: mapping the destruction of Ukraine's culture". The Guardian. 24 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- "Ukraine: US condemns 'unconscionable' forced deportations of civilians from Mariupol". The Guardian. 20 March 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- Engelbrecht, Cora (29 March 2022). "Reports of sexual violence involving Russian soldiers are multiplying, Ukrainian officials say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- "War in Ukraine: Street in Bucha found strewn with dead bodies". BBC News. 2 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- "In Bucha, the scope of Russian barbarity is coming into focus". The Washington Post. 7 April 2022. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022.
- Callaghan, Louise (2 April 2022). "Bodies of mutilated children among horrors the Russians left behind". The Times. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
- "Ukraine documents alleged atrocities by retreating Russians". CBS News. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- "Russians use abduction, hostage-taking to threaten Ukrainian journalists in occupied zones". Reporters without borders. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- "Ukraine War: Civilians abducted as Russia tries to assert control". BBC News. 25 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- "ICC prosecutor: Team leaves to investigate war crimes in Ukraine". Thomson Reuters. 3 April 2022. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
{{cite news}}
:|archive-date=
/|archive-url=
timestamp mismatch; 3 March 2022 suggested (help) - "Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Karim A.A. Khan QC, on the Situation in Ukraine: Additional Referrals from Japan and North Macedonia; Contact portal launched for provision of information". icc-cpi.int. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- "Statement of ICC Prosecutor, Karim A.A. Khan QC, on the Situation in Ukraine: "I have decided to proceed with opening an investigation."". icc-cpi.int. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
- Farmer, Ben; Kozyreva, Tanya; Townsley, Simon (30 March 2022). "I'm building 2,500 war crimes cases against Vladimir Putin's invasion, says Ukraine's chief prosecutor". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- Nichols, Michelle (7 April 2022). "U.N. suspends Russia from human rights body, Moscow then quits". Reuters. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- Wong, Tessa (27 February 2022). "Ukraine live updates: Kyiv warned of toxic fumes after strike on oil depot". BBC News. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- "Ukraine: Russia faces war crimes investigation". BBC News. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
- Shank, Michael (17 March 2022). "Prosecute Putin for War Crimes. But Prosecute the U.S., Too". Newsweek. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- Milanovic, Marko (27 February 2022). "Ukraine Files ICJ Claim against Russia". European Journal of International Law. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
- Wintour, Patrick (7 March 2022). "International court of justice to fast-track ruling on Russian invasion". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
- Corder, Mike (7 March 2022). "Russia snubs UN court hearings in case brought by Ukraine". Associated Press. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
- "Order of 16 March 2022" (PDF). International Court of Justice. 16 March 2022.
- "International Court of Justice orders Russia to suspend invasion of Ukraine". Deutsche Welle. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- "Guerre en Ukraine, en direct". Le Monde (in French). 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- Kinetz, Erika (25 March 2022). "How Would Those Accused of Ukraine War Crimes Be Prosecuted?". Frontline. PBS. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- "Lithuania opens probe into crimes against humanity in Ukraine attacked by Russia". LRT. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "Judgment Day: European Nations Start Probing Alleged Russian War Crimes in Ukraine". Voice of America. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- "Åklagare i Sverige utreder krigsbrott i Ukraina" [Prosecutors in Sweden are investigating war crimes in Ukraine] (in Swedish). SVT. 19 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- Oatis, Jonathan, ed. (15 March 2022). "Poland's Kaczynski calls for peacekeeping mission in Ukraine". Reuters. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- "Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks". Deutsche Welle. 7 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- "Russia declares brief ceasefire to allow civilians to leave 2 cities in Ukraine". India Today. 5 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- "Russia declares partial ceasefire in two Ukrainian cities". Business Line (India). Reuters. 5 March 2022. ISSN 0971-7528. OCLC 456162874. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022 – via Business Line.
- "Live updates: Ukrainian paramedic remembered for bravery". Associated Press. 6 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
Russia promised to stop the shelling of Mariupol, a port city of 430,000, and Volnovakha, a city in the east, but violated the cease-fire.
- ^ "Fleeing civilians face Russian bombardment as evacuation ceasefire breaks down in Ukraine and humanitarian crisis worsens". Australian Broadcasting Commission. 6 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- Blair, Edmund; Prentice, Alessandra (6 March 2022). "Evacuation of Mariupol fails again, stranding civilians under siege". Reuters. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- "Neutrale Ukraine? Ein Balanceakt, den Österreich kennt" [Neutral Ukraine? A balancing act Austria knows]. ORF (in German). 17 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- Belton, Catherine (7 March 2022). "Russia will stop 'in a moment' if Ukraine meets terms – Kremlin". Reuters. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- "Russia announces ceasefire in Kyiv, 3 other cities for humanitarian corridors". Hindustan Times. 7 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- "Ukraine's Zelenskiy Says Open to 'Compromise' with Russia on Crimea, Separatist Territories". Moscow Times. 8 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
- Bateman, Tom (10 March 2022). "Israel's Bennett plays peacemaker in Ukraine-Russia war". BBC News.
- Belton, Catherine (11 March 2022). "Analysis: Two weeks into Ukraine war, analysts detect faint glimmers of compromise emerge". Reuters. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- "Alternative to NATO proposed by Zelensky's party". The Jerusalem Post. 8 March 2022. Archived from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
{{cite news}}
:|archive-date=
/|archive-url=
timestamp mismatch; 26 March 2022 suggested (help) - Kirby, Paul (30 March 2022). "Why has Russia invaded Ukraine and what does Putin want?". BBC News. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- "'No progress' as top Russia, Ukraine diplomats talk in Turkey". Al Jazeera. 10 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- "Russia said to ease stance at talks, Zelensky says Ukraine accepts not joining NATO". The Times of Israel. 15 March 2022. OCLC 969749342. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
- Reed, John; Olearchyk, Roman; Shotter, James; Schwartz, Felicia (16 March 2022). "Zelensky says Ukrainian and Russian positions becoming more 'realistic'". Financial Times. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- "What could a Ukraine-Russia peace agreement look like?". Turkish Radio and Television Corporation. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
- "Çavuşoğlu: İki ülkeye ziyaretin neticesinde ateşkes umudumuz biraz daha arttı" [Çavuşoğlu: As a result of the visit to the two countries, our hope for a ceasefire has increased a little more] (in Turkish). Turkey: Euronews. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- ^ "French Foreign Minister says Russia is 'pretending to negotiate' in Ukraine talks". Radio France Internationale. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- "Turkey says Russia and Ukraine nearing agreement on 'critical' issues". Reuters. 20 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- "Kremlin says no significant progress yet in peace talks with Ukraine". Al Arabiya. 21 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- "Time to negotiate end to 'unwinnable' war in Ukraine, Guterres declares". UN News. 22 March 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
- Lock, Samantha; Boffey, Daniel (28 March 2022). "Zelenskiy says Ukraine willing to discuss neutrality at Russia talks". The Guardian. Lviv. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- Kallas, Kaja (29 March 2022). "Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas on war in Ukraine and the Russian threat". PBS NewsHour (Interview). Interviewed by Judy Woodruff. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- Schmidt, Nadine; Robertson, Nic; Picheta, Rob (11 April 2022). "Austria's leader says his face-to-face meeting with Putin was 'not a friendly visit'". CNN International. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
- "U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres signals little hope for peace in Ukraine before meeting Putin in Moscow". BY PAMELA FALK. APRIL 26, 2022. CBS News.
- Stelter, Brian (17 March 2022). "Zelensky meets Americans where they are with video calls and mass media". CNN. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
- Seitz, Amanda; Klepper, David (25 February 2022). "Propaganda, fake videos of Ukraine invasion bombard users". ABC News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
- Coleman, Alistair; Sardarizadeh, Shayan (24 February 2022). "Ukraine conflict: Many misleading images have been shared online". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- Kern, Rebecca; Scott, Mark; Goujard, Clothilde (24 February 2022). "Social media platforms on the defensive as Russian-based disinformation about Ukraine spreads". Politico. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- Sardarizadeh, Shayan (25 April 2022). "Ukraine war: False TikTok videos draw millions of views". BBC News. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
- Kralova, Simona; Vetsko, Sandro (2 March 2022). "Ukraine: Watching the war on Russian TV – a whole different story". BBC News. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- "Even Russia's Kremlin-backed media is going off message and beginning to question Putin's war on Ukraine". Fortune. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- "Putin Signs Law Introducing Jail Terms for 'Fake News' on Army". Moscow Times. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- "Ukraine invasion: Russia passes law threatening 15 years in jail for spreading 'fake' information about the military". Sky News. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- "Russia Duma Passes Law on 'Fake News'". Moscow Times. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- "Use Only Official Sources About Ukraine War, Russian Media Watchdog Tells Journalists". Moscow Times. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- "Do not call Ukraine invasion a 'war', Russia tells media, schools". Al Jazeera. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- "Live Briefing: Ukraine Under Attack". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
Russia's national media watchdog Roskomnadzor has warned news outlets across the country that Russia's actions in Ukraine cannot be called a 'war' or an 'invasion' and should instead be referred to as a "special military operation in Ukraine.
- Landen, Xander (26 February 2022). "Russia Tells Media to Delete Stories Mentioning Ukraine 'Invasion'". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- "Russia Bans Media Outlets From Using Words 'War,' 'Invasion'". Moscow Times. 26 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- "Russia Puts 'Partial Restriction' on Facebook Access Citing Censorship on State Media". India.com. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022.
- Bond, Shannon (25 February 2022). "Russia is limiting access to Facebook. The company says it was ordered to stop fact-checking". NPR. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- Troianovski, Anton (3 March 2022). "Echo of Moscow, a liberal Russian radio station, is shut down". The New York Times.
- "Russia blocks access to BBC and Voice of America websites". Reuters. 4 March 2022.
- "Facebook, Multiple Media Sites Partially Down in Russia – AFP, NGO". Moscow Times. 4 March 2022.
- Milmo, Dan (4 March 2022). "Russia blocks access to Facebook and Twitter". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- Cosic, Jelena (8 March 2022). "Canada sanctions 10 Putin allies, including Russia's leading TV propagandists". International Consortium of Investigative Journalists.
- Gessen, Masha (4 March 2022). "The War That Russians Do Not See". The New Yorker. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- Grafton-Green, Patrick (3 March 2022). "School children force fed Putin's propaganda as Russian media hides Ukraine truths". LBC. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- Emma Gray, Putin's Media War, CPJ Press Freedom Reports, 27 March 2000. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
- Vorobyov, Niko (24 February 2022). "How is the Ukraine invasion being viewed in Russia?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- Simmons, Ann (26 February 2022). "Russian State Media Bolster Putin's Narrative for Ukraine Invasion". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- Korenyuk, Maria; Goodman, Jack (4 March 2022). "Ukraine war: 'My city's being shelled, but mum won't believe me'". BBC News. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
- Brewster, Thomas (1 March 2022). "Ukraine's Propaganda Offensive, Led By Ad-Tech Entrepreneurs, Appears To Be Winning". Forbes. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
- Schechner, Sam; Meichtry, Stacy (27 February 2022). "How Zelensky and Putin Are Using Online Media in the War for Ukraine". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
- Kroll, Andy (2 March 2022). "China's Propaganda Machine Gears Up for Putin — and Blames America for the Invasion". Rolling Stone.
- Wilner, Michael; Maria Delgado, Antonio; Gámez Torres, Nora (14 March 2022). "Explainer: How Russia's war in Ukraine is shuffling U.S. alliances in Latin America". Miami Herald. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- Wong, Edward (11 March 2022). "U.S. Fights Bioweapons Disinformation Pushed by Russia and China". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- "Putin supporters demonstrate in Belgrade backing Ukrainian invasion". Business Standard India, Associated Press. 14 March 2022.
- Brodsky, Jason M.; Daoud, David (10 March 2022). "Why Iran and Hezbollah Are Quietly Applauding Putin's War on Ukraine". Haaretz. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- Ziabari, Kourosh (9 March 2022). "In Backing Russia on Ukraine, Iran Is on the Wrong Side of History". Foreign Policy.
- Sesin, Carmen (8 March 2022). "Russian propaganda targeting Spanish-language users proliferates on social media". NBC News. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- Ragip Soylu (13 April 2022). "Russia-Ukraine war: Turkey's talk show generals sway public against Nato". Middle East Eye.
- Higgins, Andrew; Novak, Benjamin (3 April 2022). "Pro-Putin Leaders in Hungary and Serbia Set to Win Re-election". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 April 2022.
- ^ Eligon, John (17 March 2022). "In Some Parts of the World, the War in Ukraine Seems Justified". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- Dikole, S. A. (11–17 March 2022). "Situation in Ukraine is about denazification of the country by Russia" (PDF). ANC Today. African National Congress. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- "Why are Indonesians on social media so supportive of Russia?". Al Jazeera. 19 March 2022.
- Iswara, Aditya Jaya, ed. (15 March 2022). "Kenapa Mayoritas Netizen Indonesia Dukung Invasi Rusia ke Ukraina dan Kagum dengan Putin?" [Why do the majority of Indonesian netizens support the Russian invasion of Ukraine and admire Putin?]. Kompas (in Indonesian). BBC News Indonesia. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- "Tracking sanctions against Russia". Reuters. 9 March 2022.
- Melander, Ingrid; Gabriela, Baczynska (24 February 2022). "EU targets Russian economy after 'deluded autocrat' Putin invades Ukraine". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- "China State Banks Restrict Financing for Russian Commodities". Bloomberg News. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- "Western allies will remove Russian banks from Swift". BBC News. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- Davidson, Kate; Weaver, Aubree Eliza (28 February 2022). "The West declares economic war on Russia". Politico. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022.
- Fleming, Sam; Solomon, Erika; Borrelli, Silvia Sciorilli (26 February 2022). "Italy move adds to EU momentum for cutting Russian banks from Swift". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022.
- Pop, Valentina (25 February 2022). "EU leaders agree more Russia sanctions, but save some for later". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- "Germany Backs 'Targeted' Russian SWIFT Removal: Ukraine Update". Yahoo. Yahoo News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- Chazan, Guy (22 February 2022). "Scholz takes heat off Germany with decision to freeze Nord Stream 2 project". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
- Riley, Charles (1 March 2022). "The West's $1 trillion bid to collapse Russia's economy". CNN.
- "IMF, World Bank Chiefs Warn Of Global Impacts From Ukraine War". Barron's. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Thompson, Mark. "Russian stocks crash 33% and ruble plunges to record low". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- "Moscow Exchange resumes trading on its markets at 10:00am". Moscow Exchange. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- Mudgill, Amit (24 February 2022). "Russian stocks nosedive 20% as trading resumes on Moscow Exchange". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- "Russian central bank decides not to reopen stock market trading next week". Reuters. 12 March 2022.
- Elbahrawy, Farah (4 March 2022). "Russia Keeps Stock Trading Shut in Nation's Longest Closure". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- Ostroff, Caitlin (26 February 2022). "Russia Cut to Junk Rating by S&P, Ukraine's Rating Lowered". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
- "Live updates: Russia invades Ukraine, country braces for major Donbas offensive". CNN. 11 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- Ostroff, Caitlin (24 February 2022). "Ukraine Central Bank Halts Currency Market, Limits Cash Withdrawals". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- "RUSSIAN HARMFUL FOREIGN ACTIVITIES SANCTIONS". US Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- "U.S. Executive Order Sanctions the Trade of Russia's Gold Reserves". OCCRP. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
- Klein, David (11 April 2022). "Report: Isolated Russia Could Turn to Africa's Gold Industry". OCCRP. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- Lewis, David; McNeill, Ryan; Shabalala, Zandi (24 April 2019). "Gold worth billions smuggled out of Africa". Reuters. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- "EU adopts new set of measures to respond to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine". Europa (web portal).
- "EU imposes sanctions on state-owned outlets RT/Russia Today and Sputnik's broadcasting in the EU". Europa (web portal).
- Timsit, Annabelle; Fernández Simon, Maite (2 March 2022). "Russia boycott: A list of global campaigns that are underway in support of Ukraine". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- Burakovsky, Arik (3 March 2022). "Putin's Invasion of Ukraine Has Sparked Antiwar Protests in Russia. They Could Be His Undoing". Time. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- Кто против войны. Все открытые письма с призывами остановить вторжение в Украину [Who is against the war. All open letters with calls to stop the invasion of Ukraine]. Zona.media (in Russian). Mediazona. 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
- Нет войне – Как российские власти борются с антивоенными протестами [No to war – How Russian authorities are fighting anti-war protests]. OVD-Info (in Russian). Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- Shevchenko, Vitaly (15 March 2022). "Ukraine war: Protester exposes cracks in Kremlin's war message". BBC News. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
- "Joint Letter to the United Nations Human Rights Council on the human rights situation in Russia". Human Rights Watch. 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- Давыдова, Гера (3 March 2022). "Кто за? Воюем!". Жители захваченных украинских городов протестуют против российских военных ["Who agrees? Let's fight!" Residents of captured Ukrainian cities protest against the Russian military]. Медиазоне (in Russian). Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- МАРТЫНКО, КРИСТИНА (5 March 2022). Жители Херсона протестуют под обстрелами российских оккупантов: Мы не боимся! Херсон – это Украина! [Residents of Kherson protest under fire from Russian invaders: We are not afraid! Kherson is Ukraine!]. КП в Украине (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- Бойко, Иван (7 March 2022). Во время митинга в Новой Каховке оккупанты убили одного человека, а семь – ранили [During a rally in Nova Kakhovka, the invaders killed one person and wounded seven] (in Russian). Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
- Repnikova, Maria; Zhou, Wendy (11 March 2022). "What China's Social Media Is Saying About Ukraine". The Atlantic. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- "#IStandWithPutin trending in India amid Russia-Ukraine conflict". DT Next. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022.
- Poddar, Umang (8 March 2022). "How Indians on the internet view India's tacit support of Russia". Quartz. Archived from the original on 21 March 2022.
{{cite web}}
:|archive-date=
/|archive-url=
timestamp mismatch; 29 March 2022 suggested (help) - "5 Alasan yang Bikin Banyak Warga RI Dukung Rusia Invasi Ukraina" [5 reasons why many Indonesians support Russia's invasion of Ukraine]. CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 14 March 2022.
- Azmi, Hadi (19 March 2022). "How Russia and Ukraine are trying to win the battle on Malaysia's social media". South China Morning Post.
- Danya Hajjaji (7 April 2022). "Ukraine War: Arab Social Media Unsympathetic, Sees Western Hypocrisy". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022.
- "Activists protest tanker as Russian oil imports flow into US ahead of ban". the Guardian. 22 March 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
Further reading
- Wood, Elizabeth A.; Pomeranz, William E.; Merry, E. Wayne; Trudolyubov, Maxim (15 December 2015). Roots of Russia's War in Ukraine. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-80138-6. OCLC 1008637056.
- D'Anieri, Paul (31 October 2019). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48609-5.
- Smith, Christopher M. (15 March 2022). Ukraine's Revolt, Russia's Revenge. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-8157-3925-8. OCLC 1287616684.
- Menon, Rajan; Rumer, Eugene B. (6 February 2015). Conflict in Ukraine: The Unwinding of the Post-Cold War Order. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53629-5. OCLC 1029335958.
External links
- Media related to 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine at Wikimedia Commons
- Russia invades Ukraine live updates. CNN.
- Ukraine live updates. BBC News.
- Video of aftermath, including injured pregnant woman being carried, after Russian airstrike on hospital in Mariupol, Ukraine. Sky News, March 9, 2022
- Russia invades Ukraine. Reuters, 10 March 2022
- Video archive by RFE/RL
- Tracking Social Media Takedowns and Content Moderation During the 2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine (updated weekly)
Russo-Ukrainian War | |
---|---|
Background | |
Main events | |
Impact and reactions |
|
Cyberwarfare | |
Media | |
Related |
|
Ongoing armed conflicts | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
| ||||||||||
Americas |
| ||||||||||
Asia |
| ||||||||||
Europe |
|
Russia–Ukraine relations | |
---|---|
Diplomatic posts | |
Diplomacy |
|
Russo-Ukrainian War |
|
Incidents | |
Related |
|
Category:Russia–Ukraine relations |
War in Donbas (2014–2022) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||
General topics | |||||
Timeline | |||||
Battles |
| ||||
Other events |
| ||||
Self-proclaimed states |
| ||||
(Pro-) Russian |
| ||||
Ukrainian |
|
Vladimir Putin | |
---|---|
| |
Political activities |
|
Presidency |
|
Domestic policy | |
Foreign policy |
|
Family |
|
Public image | |
- Media from Commons
- News from Wikinews
- Quotations from Wikiquote
- 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
- 2022 controversies
- Russo-Ukrainian War
- Ongoing conflicts in Europe
- Conflicts in 2022
- February 2022 events in Ukraine
- March 2022 events in Ukraine
- April 2022 events in Ukraine
- February 2022 events in Europe
- March 2022 events in Europe
- April 2022 events in Europe
- 2022 in international relations
- 2022 in Ukraine
- 2022 in Russia
- Invasions of Ukraine
- Invasions by Russia
- Military history of Ukraine
- Post-Soviet conflicts
- Russian irredentism
- Russia–NATO relations
- Russia–Ukraine military relations
- Ukraine–NATO relations
- Belarus–Ukraine relations
- Vladimir Putin
- Volodymyr Zelenskyy
- Wars involving Belarus
- Wars involving Chechnya
- Wars involving the Donetsk People's Republic
- Wars involving the Luhansk People's Republic
- Wars involving Russia
- Wars involving Ukraine