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Revision as of 16:53, 19 April 2007 by SieBot (talk | contribs) (robot Modifying: cy:Beatrix, brenhines yr Iseldiroedd)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)| Queen Beatrix | |
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| Queen of the Netherlands | |
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| Reign | April 30 1980–Present |
| Predecessor | Juliana † |
| Issue | Prince Willem-Alexander Prince Friso Prince Constantijn |
| House | Orange-Nassau |
| Father | Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands † |
| Mother | Juliana of the Netherlands † |
Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands (born January 31, 1938 as Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard van Oranje-Nassau, Prinses der Nederlanden, Prinses van Oranje-Nassau, Prinses van Lippe-Biesterfeld) has been the queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands since April 30, 1980.
Early life
Queen Beatrix is daughter of the late Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Prince of Lippe-Biesterfeld. Her godparents are King Leopold III of Belgium, Duke Adolphe of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (brother of her maternal grandfather Prince Hendrik), Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, and Allene Countess de Kotzebue.
Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands is a direct descendant of Sophia, Electress of Hanover via her granddaughter Anne, Princess Royal (1709–1759). The queen could claim British nationality because of her descent from Sophia, based on The Act for the Naturalization of the Most Excellent Princess Sophia, Electress and Duchess Dowager of Hanover, and the Issue of her Body (the Sophia Naturalization Act) from 1705, as she was born before the act was repealed in 1948.
When the queen was a young girl, the Dutch royal family fled the German invasion of the Netherlands in World War II, moving to Britain in May 1940 and then to Ottawa, Canada. The family lived at Stornoway. She attended Rockcliffe Park Public School, during their exile in Canada.
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Education
While in Canada, Princess Beatrix attended nursery and primary school. On her return to the Netherlands, she continued her primary education at The Workshop (De Werkplaats), Kees Boeke's progressive school in Bilthoven. In April 1950, Princess Beatrix entered the Incrementum, a part of Baarnsch Lyceum, where, in 1956, she passed her school-graduation examinations in the subjects of arts and classics.
On January 31, 1956, Princess Beatrix celebrated her 18th birthday. From that date, under the Constitution of the Netherlands, she was entitled to assume the royal prerogative. At that time, her mother installed her in the Council of State.
Princess Beatrix began her university studies the same year, at Leiden University. In her first years at the university, she attended lectures in sociology, jurisprudence, economics, parliamentary history and constitutional law. In the course of her studies she also attended lectures on the cultures of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, the Charter of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, international affairs, international law, history and European law.
While at the university, the Princess visited various European and international organisations in Geneva, Strasbourg, Paris, and Brussels. She was also an active member of the Leiden Women Students' Association. In the summer of 1959, she passed her preliminary examination in law, and she obtained her law degree in July 1961.
Political involvement and marriage
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Princess Margriet *
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Her appearance on the political scene was almost immediately marked by controversy. In 1965, Princess Beatrix became engaged to the German aristocrat Claus von Amsberg, a diplomat working for the German Foreign Office. Her marriage to him caused a massive protest during the wedding day in Amsterdam on 10 March 1966. Prince Claus had served in the Hitler Youth and the Wehrmacht and was, therefore, associated by a part of the Dutch with German Nazism. Protests included the memorable slogan "I want my bicycle back," a reference to the memory of occupying German soldiers confiscating Dutch bicycles. A smoke bomb was thrown at the wedding carriage by a group of Provos causing a violent street battle with the police. As time went on, however, Prince Claus became one of the most popular members of the Dutch monarchy and his 2002 death was widely mourned.
An even more violent riot occurred on 30 April 1980, during the investiture (sovereigns of the Netherlands are not crowned as such) of Queen Beatrix. Some people, including anarchist squatters, used the occasion to protest against poor housing conditions in the Netherlands and against the monarchy in general. Clashes with the police and security forces turned brutal and violent. The latter event is reflected in contemporary Dutch literature in the books of A.F.Th. van der Heijden. After the 1977 election there was some difficulty in forming a coalition “the Queen sent for the three leaders together and some hours later unanimous advice was publicised: ‘thanks to the Queen the deadlock was overcome’ ”.
Queen of the Netherlands
On 30 April 1980, Beatrix became Queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands when her mother abdicated. She approaches her role as queen with more formality than Queen Juliana, and many admire her professionalism. While the Dutch monarchy remains extremely popular, in recent times the Dutch media have openly criticized the royal family. The Dutch media has also published many "tabloid" stories, similar to the stories that have plagued the House of Windsor for decades. Some Dutch subjects view the monarchy as an ongoing "soap opera," rather than an institution that plays an important role in Dutch society. As a result, Beatrix's current challenge is to keep the Dutch monarchy modern, efficient, and most of all, in tune with the wishes of the Dutch people.
As queen, Beatrix wields more power than most of Europe’s reigning monarchs. In domestic matters, she has little political say; however, in international relations, the queen has much more latitude. It was once reported that she threatened to dismiss a cabinet minister if he turned down her request to open a Dutch embassy in Jordan.
On 6 October 2002, Queen Beatrix's husband died after a long illness. A year and a half later, her mother died after a long battle with senile dementia, while her father succumbed to cancer in December 2004.
Beatrix is rarely quoted directly in the press, since the government information service (Rijksvoorlichtingsdienst) makes it a condition of interviews that she may not be quoted. This rule was introduced shortly after her inauguration, reportedly to protect her from political complications that may arise from "off-the-cuff" remarks. It does not apply to her son Prince Willem-Alexander.
On 8 February 2005, Beatrix received a rare honorary doctorate from Leiden University. Rare, because the Queen does not usually accept such honours. In her acceptance speech she reflected on the monarchy and her own 25 years as queen. The speech was broadcast live.
It is not known if Beatrix will follow the example of her mother and grandmother and abdicate. Those closest to her have stated that she has never seriously talked about abdication.
She has been a long-time member of the Club of Rome and the Bilderberg Group.
On 19 April and 30 April 2005, she celebrated her 25th anniversary of her reign. She was interviewed on Dutch television, was offered a concert on Dam Square by the city of Amsterdam, and a celebration took place in The Hague, the country's seat of government.
Personal wealth
According to a 2005 Forbes website report, the queen's personal wealth is estimated at $4.7 billion. If this estimate is indeed accurate, it makes her one of the richest people in the world. It is also believed, however, that the queen's assets are tied up in stakes in Royal Dutch Petroleum (now 60% of Royal Dutch Shell), among other companies.
Paintings, historical artifacts and jewellery belonging to the House of Orange are usually bound up with the performance of royal duties and have a certain cultural value. This property has been placed in the hands of trusts: the House of Orange-Nassau Archives Trust and the House of Orange-Nassau Historic Collections Trust. Part of the collection is on permanent loan to Het Loo Palace Museum in Apeldoorn and the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.
The regalia (liba ma halqa) (crown, orb and sceptre, Sword of State, royal banner, and ermine mantle) have been placed in the Crown Property Trust. The trust also holds the items used on ceremonial occasions, such as the carriages, table silver, and dinner services. Placing these goods in the hands of a trust ensures that they will remain at the disposal of the monarch in perpetuity.
The Royal Archives comprise the personal archives of the royal family as well as their library, photographic archives, and art collection. The library encompasses the books of the House of Orange-Nassau and the music library. The library was begun in 1813, following the return of the Orange-Nassaus to the Netherlands. King William I allowed the Stadholder's library to remain part of the Royal Library in The Hague. The library houses a collection of some 70,000 books, journals and brochures. The music library has 6,000 scores, going back to the mid-1700s.
Expenditure on the Royal House is governed by or pursuant to the Royal House Finances Act (1972). There are three categories of expenditure: allowances paid to the Queen, the Princes of Orange and Princess Máxima, totalling some €5.6 million in 2006. Official expenses are incurred in the performance of official duties and are included in the budget of the most relevant ministry. They will total some €22.5 million in 2006. Other expenses relate to the management of the royal household. Under the Royal House Finances Act, they are not included in the budget of the royal household. They will total some €71.7 million in 2006.
Ancestry
| Beatrix of the Netherlands | Father: Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld |
Paternal Grandfather: Bernhard of Lippe |
Paternal Great-grandfather: Ernst Casimir of Lippe-Biesterfeld |
| Paternal Great-grandmother: Caroline of Wartensleben | |||
| Paternal Grandmother: Armgard of Sierstorpff-Cramm |
Paternal Great-grandfather: Aschwin of Sierstorpff-Cramm | ||
| Paternal Great-grandmother: Hedwig of Sierstorpff | |||
| Mother: Juliana of the Netherlands |
Maternal Grandfather: Hendrik of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
Maternal Great-grandfather: Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin | |
| Maternal Great-grandmother: Princess Marie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt | |||
| Maternal Grandmother: Wilhelmina of the Netherlands |
Maternal Great-grandfather: William III of the Netherlands | ||
| Maternal Great-grandmother: Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont |
Children
The queen and her late husband, Prince Claus, have three sons:
- Prince Willem-Alexander, The Prince of Orange and his mother's heir apparent (born 1967)
- Prince Friso (born 1968)
- Prince Constantijn (born 1969)
Grandchildren
Queen Beatrix and her late husband, Prince Claus, have eight grandchildren:
- Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, second in line to the throne, after her father
- Princess Alexia of the Netherlands
- Princess Ariane of the Netherlands
- Countess Eloise of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg
- Count Claus-Casimir of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer van Amsberg
- Countess Leonore of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg
- Countess Luana of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg
- Countess Zaria of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg
Titles
Queen Beatrix's titles are:
"Beatrix, by the Grace of God Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, etc. etc. etc."
The triple 'etc.' refers to the title Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld and the following titles formerly borne by the princes of Orange. These being dormant titles, they are retained in the masculine form.
- Marquis of Veere and Vlissingen
- Count of Katzenelnbogen, Vianden, Diez, Spiegelberg, Buren, Leerdam, and Culemborg
- Viscount of Antwerp (now in Belgium)
- Baron of Breda, Diez, Beilstein, the town of Grave and the lands of Cuijk, IJsselstein, Cranendonk, Eindhoven, Liesveld, Herstal, Warneton, Arlay and Nozeroy
- Hereditary Lord and Seigneur of Ameland
- Lord of Besançon (now in France), Borculo, Bredevoort, Bütgenbach, Clundert, Daasburg, Geertruidenberg, Hooge en Lage Zwaluwe, 't Loo, Lichtenvoorde, Montfoort, Naaldwijk, Niervaart, Polanen, Steenbergen, Sint-Maartensdijk, Sankt Vith, Soest, Ter Eem, Turnhout, Willemstad, and Zevenbergen.
The queen signs official documents "Beatrix" and is addressed as "Your Majesty" (Dutch: "Uwe Majesteit"). Queen Beatrix' mother Queen Juliana frowned upon this title. She preferred to be addressed as "Mevrouw", Dutch for "Madam". Queen Beatrix re-introduced the Royal Style of Majesty when addressing her.
Queen Beatrix is Grand Master of the Military Order of William (Militaire Willemsorde) and the other Dutch orders of merit. She is an Extra Lady of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, a Dame of the Order of the Elephant (Elefantordenen) and has received numerous other medals and decorations. Queen Beatrix International Airport in Oranjestad, Aruba, is named after Queen Beatrix.
See also: Line of succession to the Dutch ThronePrime Ministers of the Netherlands during The Queen's reign
- Dries van Agt (1977–1982)
- Ruud Lubbers (1982–1994)
- Wim Kok (1994–2002)
- Jan Peter Balkenende (2002–present)
External links
| Beatrix of the Netherlands House of Orange-NassauBorn: 31 January 1938 | ||
| Preceded by† Juliana | Queen of the Netherlands 1980- |
Incumbent Heir: Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange |
- Dutch monarchs
- Queens regnant
- Reigning monarchs
- Current national leaders
- House of Orange-Nassau
- Congressional Gold Medal recipients
- Female heads of state
- Recipients of the Royal Victorian Chain
- Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
- Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav
- Knights of the Elephant
- Knights of the Garter
- Knights of the Golden Fleece
- 1938 births
- Living people