Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 27.63.1.37 (talk) at 13:49, 2 December 2024. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

University of Cambridge

Coat of arms
Latin: Universitas Cantabrigiensis
Other name	The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Cambridge
Motto	Latin: Hinc lucem et pocula sacra
Motto in English	Literal: From here, light and sacred draughts. Nonliteral: From this place, we gain enlightenment and precious knowledge.
Type	Public research university Ancient university
Established	c. 1209; 815 years ago (1209)
Endowment	£2.47 billion (2023; excluding colleges)
Budget	£2.32 billion (2022/2023; excluding colleges)
Chancellor	The Lord Sainsbury of Turville
Vice-Chancellor	Deborah Prentice
Academic staff	5,940 (2022/23)
Administrative staff	6,525 (2022/23)
Students	22,975 (2022/23)
Undergraduates	13,750 (2022/23)
Postgraduates	9,225 (2022/23)
Location	Cambridge, England
Campus	University town: 617 hectares (1,520 acres)
Colours	Cambridge Blue
Affiliations	ACU EUA IARU LERU Russell Group SES Universities UK
Website	cam.ac.uk

History

Founding

Prior to the founding of the University of Cambridge in 1209, Cambridge and the area surrounding it already had developed a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation due largely to the intellectual reputation and academic contributions of monks from the nearby bishopric church in Ely. The founding of the University of Cambridge, however, was inspired largely by an incident at the University of Oxford during which three Oxford scholars, as an administration of justice in the death of a local Oxford-area woman, were hanged by town authorities without first consulting ecclesiastical authorities, who traditionally would be inclined to pardon scholars in such cases. But during this time, Oxford's town authorities were in conflict with King John. Fearing more violence from Oxford townsfolk, University of Oxford scholars began leaving Oxford for more hospitable cities, including Paris, Reading, and Cambridge. Enough scholars ultimately took residence in Cambridge to form, along with the many scholars already there, the nucleus for the new university's formation.

By 1225, a chancellor of the university was appointed, and writs issued by King Henry III in 1231 established that rents in Cambridge were to be set secundum consuetudinem universitatis, according to the custom of the university, and established a panel of two masters and two townsmen to determine these. A letter from Pope Gregory IX two years later to the chancellor and the guild of scholars granted the new university ius non trahi extra, or the right not to be drawn out, for three years, meaning its members could not be summoned to a court outside of the diocese of Ely. After Cambridge was described as a studium generale in a letter from Pope Nicholas IV in 1290, and confirmed as such by Pope John XXII's 1318 papal bull, it became common for researchers from other European medieval universities to visit Cambridge to study or give lecture courses.

Foundation of the colleges

The 31 colleges of the present-day University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the university; no college within the University of Cambridge is as old as the university itself. The colleges within the university were initially endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, which were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, and they have left some traces, including the naming of Garret Hostel Lane and Garret Hostel Bridge, a street and bridge in Cambridge.

The University of Cambridge's first college, Peterhouse, was founded in 1284 by Hugh de Balsham, the Bishop of Ely. Multiple additional colleges were founded during the 14th and 15th centuries, and colleges continued to be established during modern times, though there was a 204-year gap between the founding of Sidney Sussex in 1596 and that of Downing in 1800. The most recent college to be established is Robinson, which was built in the late 1970s. Most recently, in March 2010, Homerton College achieved full university college status, making it technically the university's newest full college.

In medieval times, many colleges were founded so that their members could pray for the souls of the founders. University of Cambridge colleges were often associated with chapels or abbeys. The colleges' focus began to shift in 1536, however, with the dissolution of the monasteries and Henry VIII's order that the university disband the canon law that governed the university's faculty and stop teaching scholastic philosophy. In response, colleges changed their curricula from canon law to classics, the Bible, and mathematics.

Nearly a century later, the university found itself at the centre of a Protestant schism. Many nobles, intellectuals, and also commoners saw the Church of England as too similar to the Catholic Church and felt that it was being used by The Crown to usurp the counties' rightful powers. East Anglia emerged as the centre of what ultimately became the Puritan movement. In Cambridge, the Puritan movement was particularly strong at Emmanuel, St Catharine Hall, Sidney Sussex, and Christ's. These colleges produced many nonconformist graduates who greatly influenced, by social position or preaching, some 20,000 Puritans who ultimately left England for New England and especially Massachusetts Bay Colony during the Great Migration decade of the 1630s, settling in the colonial-era Colony of Virginia and other fledgling American colonies.

Mathematics and mathematical physics

The university quickly established itself as a global leader in the study of mathematics. The university's examination in mathematics, known as the Mathematical Tripos, was initially compulsory for all undergraduates studying for the Bachelor of Arts degree, the most common degree first offered at Cambridge. From the time of Isaac Newton in the late 17th century until the mid-19th century, the university maintained an especially strong emphasis on applied mathematics, and especially mathematical physics. Students awarded first class honours after completing the mathematics Tripos exam are called wranglers, and the top student among them is known as the Senior Wrangler, a position that has been described as "the greatest intellectual achievement attainable in Britain."

The Cambridge Mathematical Tripos is highly competitive and has helped produce some of the most famous names in British science, including James Clerk Maxwell, Lord Kelvin, and Lord Rayleigh. However, some famous students, such as G. H. Hardy, disliked the Tripos system, feeling that students were becoming too focused on accumulating high exam marks at the expense of the subject itself.

Pure mathematics at the University of Cambridge in the 19th century achieved great things, though it largely missed out on substantial developments in French and German mathematics. By the early 20th century, however, pure mathematical research at Cambridge reached the highest international standard, thanks largely to G. H. Hardy and his collaborators, J. E. Littlewood and Srinivasa Ramanujan. W. V. D. Hodge and others helped establish Cambridge as a global leader in geometry in the 1930s.

Modern period

The Cambridge University Act 1856 formalised the university's organisational structure and introduced the study of many new subjects, including theology, history, and Modern languages. Resources necessary for new courses in the arts, architecture, and archaeology were donated by Viscount Fitzwilliam of Trinity College, who also founded Fitzwilliam Museum in 1816. In 1847, Prince Albert was elected the university's chancellor in a close contest with the Earl of Powis. As chancellor, Albert reformed university curricula beyond its initial focus on mathematics and classics, adding modern era history and the natural sciences. Between 1896 and 1902, Downing College sold part of its land to permit the construction of Downing Site, the university's grouping of scientific laboratories for the study of anatomy, genetics, and Earth sciences. During this period, the New Museums Site was erected, including the Cavendish Laboratory, which has since moved to West Cambridge, and other departments for chemistry and medicine. The University of Cambridge began to award PhD degrees in the first third of the 20th century; the first Cambridge PhD in mathematics was awarded in 1924.

The university contributed significantly to the Allies' forces in World War I with 13,878 members of the university serving and 2,470 being killed in action during the war. Teaching, and the fees it earned, nearly came to a halt during World War I, and severe financial difficulties followed. As a result, the university received its first systematic state support in 1919, and a Royal commission was appointed in 1920 to recommend that the university (but not its colleges) begin receiving an annual grant. Following World War II, the university experienced a rapid expansion in applications and enrollment, partly due to the success and popularity gained by many Cambridge scientists. This was not without controversies, however. For example, Cambridge researchers were accused in 2023 of helping to develop weapon systems for Iran.

Parliamentary representation

The University of Cambridge was one of only two universities to hold parliamentary seats in the Parliament of England and was later one of 19 represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The constituency was created by a Royal charter of 1603 and returned two members of parliament until 1950 when it was abolished by the Representation of the People Act 1948. The constituency was not a geographical area; rather, its electorate consisted of university graduates. Before 1918, the franchise was restricted to male graduates with a doctorate or MA degree.

Women's education

For the first several centuries of its existence, as was the case broadly in England and the world, the University of Cambridge was only open to male students. The first colleges established for women were Girton College, founded by Emily Davies in 1869, Newnham College, founded by Anne Clough and Henry Sidgwick in 1872, Hughes Hall, founded in 1885 by Elizabeth Phillips Hughes as the Cambridge Teaching College for Women, Murray Edwards College, founded in 1954 by Rosemary Murray as New Hall, and Lucy Cavendish College, founded in 1965. Prior to ultimately being permitted admission to the university in 1948, female students were granted the right to take University of Cambridge exams beginning in the late 19th century. Women were also allowed to study courses, take examinations, and have prior exam results recorded retroactively, dating back to 1881; for a brief period after the turn of the 20th century, this allowed the steamboat ladies to receive ad eundem degrees from the University of Dublin. In 1998, a special graduation ceremony was held in which the women who attended Cambridge before admission was allowed in 1948 were finally conferred their degrees.

Beginning in 1921, women were awarded diplomas that conferred the title associated with the Bachelor of Arts degree. But since women were not yet admitted to the Bachelor of Arts degree program, they were excluded from the university's governance structure. Since University of Cambridge students must belong to a college, and since established colleges remained closed to women, women found admissions restricted to the few university colleges that had been established only for them. Darwin College, the first graduate college of the university, matriculated both male and female students from its inception in 1964 and elected a mixed fellowship. Undergraduate colleges, starting with Churchill, Clare, and King's colleges, began admitting women between 1972 and 1988. Among women's colleges at the university, Girton began admitting male students in 1979, and Lucy Cavendish began admitting men in 2021. But the other female-only colleges have remained female-only colleges as of 2023. As a result of St Hilda's College, Oxford, ending its ban on male students in 2008, Cambridge is now the only remaining university in the United Kingdom with female-only colleges; the two female-only colleges at the university are Newnham and Murray Edwards. As of the 2019–2020 academic year, the university's male to female enrollment, including post-graduates, was nearly balanced with its total student population being 53% male and 47% female.

In 2018 and later years, the university has come under some criticism and faced legal challenges over alleged sexual harassment at the university. In 2019, for example, former student Danielle Bradford, represented by sexual harassment lawyer Ann Olivarius, sued the university for its handling of her sexual misconduct complaint. "I was told that I should think about it very carefully because making a complaint could affect my place in my department", Bradford alleged in 2019. In 2020, hundreds of current and former students accused the university in a letter, citing "a complete failure" to deal with sexual misconduct complaints.

Town and gown

The relationship between the university and the city of Cambridge has sometimes been uneasy. The phrase town and gown continues to be employed to distinguish between Cambridge residents (town) and University of Cambridge students (gown), who historically wore academical dress. Ferocious rivalry between Cambridge's residents and university students have periodically erupted over the centuries. During the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, strong clashes led to attacks and looting of university properties as locals contested the privileges granted by the British government to the University of Cambridge's academic staff. Residents burned university property in Market Square to the famed rallying cry "Away with the learning of clerks, away with it!". Following these events, the University of Cambridge's Chancellor was given special powers allowing him to prosecute criminals and reestablish order in the city. Attempts at reconciliation between the city's residents and students followed; in the 16th century, agreements were signed to improve the quality of streets and student accommodation around the city. However, this was followed by new confrontations when the plague reached Cambridge in 1630 and colleges refused to assist those affected by the disease by locking their sites.

Such conflicts between Cambridge's residents and university students have largely disappeared since the 16th century, and the university has grown as a source of enormous employment and expanded wealth in Cambridge and the region. The university also has proven a source of extraordinary growth in high tech and biotech start-ups and established companies and associated providers of services to these companies. The economic growth associated with the university's high tech and biotech growth has been labeled the Cambridge Phenomenon, and has included the addition of 1,500 new companies and as many as 40,000 new jobs added between 1960 and 2010, mostly at Silicon Fen, a business cluster launched by the university in the late 20th century.

Myths, legends and traditions

Partly because of the University of Cambridge's extensive history, which now exceeds 800 years, the university has developed a large number of traditions, myths, and legends. Some are true, some are not, and some were true but have been discontinued but have been propagated nonetheless by generations of students and tour guides.

One such discontinued tradition is that of the wooden spoon, the prize awarded to the student with the lowest passing honours grade in the final examinations of the university's Mathematical Tripos. The last of these spoons was awarded in 1909 to Cuthbert Lempriere Holthouse, an oarsman of the Lady Margaret Boat Club at St John's College. It was over one metre in length and had an oar blade for a handle. It can now be seen outside the Senior Combination Room of St John's College. Since 1908, examination results have been published alphabetically within class rather than in strict order of merit, which made it difficult to ascertain the student with the lowest passing grade deserving of the spoon, leading to discontinuation of the tradition.

Each Christmas Eve, The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, sung by the Choir of King's College, are broadcast globally on BBC World Service television and radio and syndicated to hundreds of additional radio stations in the U.S. and elsewhere. The radio broadcast has been a national Christmas Eve tradition since 1928, though the festival has existed since 1918 and the celebration itself originated even earlier at Truro Cathedral in Cornwall in 1880. The first television broadcast of the festival was in 1954.

Locations and buildings

Buildings

The university occupies a central location within the city of Cambridge. University of Cambridge students represent approximately 20 percent of the town's population, which was 145,674 as of 2021, resulting in a lower age demographic in the city.

Most of the university's older colleges are located near the city centre, through which River Cam flows. Students and others traditionally punt on the River Cam, which provides views of the university's buildings that surround the river.

A few of the notable University of Cambridge buildings are King's College Chapel; the history faculty building designed by James Stirling; and the New Court and Cripps Buildings at St John's College. The brickwork of several colleges is notable: Queens' College has some of the earliest patterned brickwork in England and the brick walls of St John's College are examples of English bond, Flemish bond, and Running bond.

Sites

The university is divided into several sites, which house the university's various departments, including:

• Addenbrooke's Hospital
• Downing Site
• Madingley/Gorton
• New Museums Site
• North West Cambridge Development
• Old Addenbrooke's Site
• Old Schools
• Sidgwick Site
• Silver Street/Mill Lane
• West Cambridge

The university's School of Clinical Medicine is based in Addenbrooke's Hospital, where medical students undergo their three-year clinical placement period after obtaining their BA degree. The West Cambridge site is undergoing a major expansion and will host new buildings and fields for university sports. Since 1990, Cambridge Judge Business School, on Trumpington Street, provides management education courses and is consistently ranked among the top 20 business schools in the world by Financial Times.

Many of the sites are quite close together, and the area around Cambridge is reasonably flat. Furthermore, students are not permitted to hold car park permits except under special circumstances. For these reasons, of the favourite modes of transport for students is the bicycle; an estimated one-fifth of journeys in the city are made by bike.

Notable locations

The University of Cambridge and its constituent colleges include many notable locations, some of which are iconic or of historical, academic, religious, and cultural significance, including:

• Bridge of Sighs, Cambridge
• Cambridge University Botanic Garden
• Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge
• Downing Site
• Fenner's
• Goldie Boathouse
• King's College Chapel, Cambridge
• Lady Mitchell Hall
• Mathematical Bridge
• Nevile's Court, Trinity College, Cambridge
• Sidgwick Site
• St Bene't's Church
• The Backs
• Trinity College Chapel, Cambridge
• West Cambridge

Organisation and administration

Cambridge is a collegiate university, which means that its colleges are self-governing and independent, each with its own property, endowments, and income. Most colleges bring together academics and students from a broad range of disciplines. Each faculty, school, or department at the university includes academics affiliated with differing colleges. The university is legally structured as an exempt charity and a common law corporation. Its corporate titles include the Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.

The college faculties are responsible for giving lectures, arranging seminars, performing research, and determining the syllabi for teaching, all of which is overseen by the university's general board. Together with the central administration headed by the Vice-Chancellor, the college faculties make up the University of Cambridge. Facilities such as libraries are provided on all these levels by the university. The Cambridge University Library is the university's largest and primary library. Squire Law Library is the primary library for the university's students of law. Individual colleges each maintain a multi-discipline library designed for each college's respective undergraduates. College libraries tend to operate 24/7 and their usage in generally restricted to members of the college. Conversely, libraries operated by departments are generally open to all students of the university, regardless of subject.

Colleges

The colleges are self-governing institutions with their own endowments and property, each founded as components of the university. All students and most academics are attached to a college. The colleges' importance lies in the housing, welfare, social functions, and undergraduate teaching they provide. All faculties, departments, research centres, and laboratories belong to the university, which arranges lectures and awards degrees, but undergraduates receive their overall academic supervision within the colleges through small group teaching sessions, which often include just one student; though in many cases students go to other colleges for supervision if the teaching fellows at their college do not specialise in a student's particular area of academic focus. Each college appoints its own teaching staff and fellows, both of whom are members of a university department. The colleges also decide which undergraduates to admit to the university, in accordance with university standards and regulations. Costs to students for room and board vary considerably from college to college. Similarly, the investment in student education by each college at the university varies widely between the colleges.

Cambridge has 31 colleges, two of which, Murray Edwards and Newnham, admit women only. The other colleges are mixed. Darwin was the first college to admit both men and women. In 1972, Churchill, Clare, and King's were the first previously all-male colleges to admit female undergraduates. In 1988, Magdalene became the last all-male college to accept women. Clare Hall and Darwin admit only postgraduates, and Hughes Hall, St Edmund's, and Wolfson admit only mature undergraduate and graduate students who are 21 years or older on the date of their matriculation. Lucy Cavendish, which was previously a women-only mature college, began admitting both men and women in 2021. All other colleges admit both undergraduate and postgraduate students without any age restrictions.

Colleges are not required to admit students in all subjects; some colleges choose not to offer subjects such as architecture, art history, or theology, but most offer a complete range of academic specialties and related courses. Some colleges maintain a relative strength and associated reputation for expertise in certain academic disciplines. Churchill, for example, has a reputation for its expertise and focus on the sciences and engineering, in part due to the requirement imposed by Winston Churchill upon the college's founding that 70% of its students studied mathematics, engineering, and the sciences. Other colleges have more informal academic focus and even demonstrate ideological focus, such as King's, which is known for its left-wing political orientation, and Robinson and Churchill, both of which have a reputation for academic focus on sustainability and environmentalism. Three theological colleges at the university, Westcott House, Westminster College, and Ridley Hall Theological College, are members of the Cambridge Theological Federation and associated in partnership with the university.

The University of Cambridge's 31 colleges are:

1. Christ's
2. Churchill
3. Clare
4. Clare Hall
5. Corpus Christi
6. Darwin
7. Downing
8. Emmanuel
9. Fitzwilliam
10. Girton
11. Gonville & Caius
12. Homerton
13. Hughes Hall
14. Jesus
15. King's
16. Lucy Cavendish
17. Magdalene
18. Murray Edwards
19. Newnham
20. Pembroke
21. Peterhouse
22. Queens'
23. Robinson
24. Selwyn
25. Sidney Sussex
26. St Catharine's
27. St Edmund's
28. St John's
29. Trinity
30. Trinity Hall
31. Wolfson

Schools, faculties and departments

In addition to the 31 colleges, the university maintains over 150 departments, faculties, schools, syndicates, and other academic institutions. Members of these are usually members of one of the colleges, and responsibility for the entire academic programme of the university is divided among them.

The university has a department dedicated to providing continuing education, the Institute of Continuing Education, which is based primarily in Madingley Hall, a 16th-century manor house in Cambridgeshire. Its award-bearing programmes include both undergraduate certificates and part-time master's degrees.

A school in the University of Cambridge is a broad administrative grouping of related faculties and other units. Each has an elected supervisory body known as a Council, composed of representatives of the various constituent bodies. The University of Cambridge maintains six such schools:

• Arts and Humanities
• Biological Sciences
• Clinical Medicine
• Humanities and Social Sciences
• Physical Sciences
• Technology

Teaching and research at the university is organised by faculties. The faculties have varying organisational substructures that partly reflect their respective histories and the university's operational needs, which may include a number of departments and other institutions. A small number of bodies called syndicates hold responsibility for teaching and research, including for the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate, the University Press, and the University Library.

Central administration

Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor

The Chancellor of the university is limitless term position that is mainly ceremonial and is held currently by David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville, who succeeded the Duke of Edinburgh following his retirement on his 90th birthday in June 2011. Lord Sainsbury was nominated by the nomination board. The election took place on 14 and 15 October 2011 with Sainsbury taking 2,893 of the 5,888 votes cast, and winning on the election's first count.

The current vice-chancellor is Deborah Prentice, who began her role in July 2023. While the Chancellor's office is ceremonial, the Vice-Chancellor serves as the university's de facto principal administrative officer. The university's internal governance is carried out almost entirely by Regent House augmented by some external representation from the Audit Committee and four external members of the University's Council.

Senate and the Regent House

The university Senate consists of all holders of the MA or higher degrees and is responsible for electing the Chancellor and the High Steward. Until 1950 when the Cambridge University constituency was abolished, it was also responsible for electing two members of the House of Commons. Prior to 1926, the university Senate was the university's governing body, fulfilling the functions that Regent House has provided since. Regent House is the university's governing body, comprising all resident senior members of the university and the colleges, the Chancellor, the High Steward, the Deputy High Steward, and the Commissary. Public representatives of Regent House are the two Proctors, elected to serve for one year terms upon their nominations by the colleges.

Council and General Board

Although the University Council is the university's principal executive and policy-making body, the Council reports to, and is held accountable by, Regent House through a variety of checks and balances. The council is obliged to advise Regent House on matters of general concern to the university, which it does by publishing notices to the Cambridge University Reporter, the university's official journal. In March 2008, Regent House voted to increase from two to four the number of external members on the council, and this was approved by Her Majesty the Queen in July 2008.

The General Board of the Faculties is responsible for the university's academic and educational policies and is accountable to the council for its management of these affairs. Faculty boards are accountable to the general board; other boards and syndicates are accountable either to the general board or to the council. Under this organizational structure, the university's various arms are kept under supervision of both the central administration and Regent House.

Finances

Endowment

The Cambridge University Endowment Fund is the main vehicle of investment for the University. In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2023, the university group, excluding colleges, reported a total endowment of £3.736 billion. The figure includes both restricted and unrestricted funds. When reported strictly using Statements of Recommended Practice (SORPs) guidelines, which accounted for only donations that meet certain criteria among non-profit organizations in the UK, endowment reserve stood at £2.469 billion. The 31 colleges reported collective endowment reserve of £4.582 billion.

Benefactions and fundraising

In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2023, the central university, excluding colleges, reported total consolidated income of £2.518 billion, of which £569.5 million was from research grants and contracts. In July 2022, the Dear World, Yours Cambridge Campaign for the university and colleges concluded, raising a total of £2.217 billion in commitments.

The university maintains multiple scholarship programs. The Stormzy Scholarship for Black UK Students covers tuition costs for two students and maintenance grants for up to four years. In 2000, Bill Gates of Microsoft donated US$210 million through the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to endow Gates Cambridge Scholarships for students from outside the United Kingdom to pursue full-time postgraduate study at Cambridge.

In October 2021, the university suspended its £400m collaboration with the United Arab Emirates, citing allegations that UAE was involved in illegal hacking of the university's computer and storage systems using NSO Group's Pegasus software. UAE also was behind the leak of over 50,000 phone numbers, including hundreds belonging to British citizens. Stephen Toope, the university's outgoing Vice-Chancellor, said the decision to suspend its collaboration with UAE also was a result of additional revelations about UAE's Pegasus software hacking.

Bonds

The University of Cambridge borrowed £350 million in October 2012 by issuing 40-year security bonds, whose interest rate is approximately 0.6 percent higher than the British government's 40-year bond.

Affiliations and memberships

The University of Cambridge is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities, the G5, the League of European Research Universities, the International Alliance of Research Universities, and it is part of the so-called golden triangle of research intensive universities in the south of England. It is also closely linked to the high tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen and is part of Cambridge University Health Partners, Europe's largest academic health science centre.

Academic profile

Admissions

Process

Admission to the University of Cambridge is extremely competitive. In 2022, for instance, around 15% of applicants were admitted. In 2021, Cambridge introduced an over-subscription clause to its offers of admission, which also permits the university to withdraw acceptances if too many students meet its selective entrance criteria. The clause can be invoked in the event of circumstances outside the reasonable control of the university. The clause was introduced following a record number of A-level pupils who obtained the highest grades from teacher assessment, which was introduced due to the cancellation of A-level examinations during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The university's standard offer for most courses is set at A*AA, with A*A*A for science courses, or equivalent in other examination systems, e.g. 7,6,6 or 7,7,6 in IB. Due to a high proportion of applicants receiving the highest school grades, an interview process was introduced as a component of consideration for admission. Interviews are performed by College Fellows, who evaluate candidates on unexamined factors including potential for original thinking and creativity. Prior to 2020 these interviews were normally held in person but moved online during the COVID-19 pandemic and have, at most colleges, remained online since. For exceptional candidates, a matriculation offer is sometimes offered, requiring only two A-levels at grade E or above. Sutton Trust maintains that the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge recruit disproportionately from eight schools, which account for 1,310 Oxbridge places over three years contrasted with 1,220 from 2,900 other schools.

Strong applicants who are not successful in being admitted to their chosen college at the university may be placed in the Winter Pool, where they can be considered for admission to other university colleges, which maintains consistency throughout the colleges, some of which receive more applicants than others.

Undergraduate applications are processed through UCAS, and the deadline for their submission currently is mid-October in the year before prior to beginning. Until the 1980s, candidates for all subjects were required to take special entrance examinations, which have since been replaced by additional tests for some subjects, such as the Thinking Skills Assessment and Cambridge Law Test. The university has at times considered reintroducing an admissions exam for all subjects.

Graduate admission is first decided by the faculty or department responsible for the applicant's respective academic subject. An offer of acceptance effectively guarantees admission to the university, though not necessarily the applicant's preferred choice of college.

Winter pool

The Winter Pool or inter-College Pool is part of the undergraduate application process intended to ensure that the best applicants are offered admission. Approximately 20–25% of undergraduate admissions are awarded through the Pool. Each college can place applicants in the Winter Pool. These applicants' applications are then considered by Admissions Tutors or Directors of Studies during the pool, which takes place over three days in January prior to the release of the university's admissions decisions.

For each subject, colleges create an ordered list of the pooled applicants they seek to admit, and take turns choosing applicants. Colleges with specific student requirements, such as mature colleges and women-only colleges, are given priority over applicants eligible for their colleges. Some applicants are selected from the pool by the college that originally pooled them. Once all the colleges have selected as many applicants as they need, the pool ends. Some applicants are then interviewed a second time by the colleges before final admissions decisions are made.

Colleges can pool any candidate, either because the college has no space but believes the applicant is strong enough to get a place, or because the college wants to compare that applicant to other pooled applicants. Most applicants in the pool are pooled at their original college's discretion, but some candidates meet the compulsory pooling criteria.

There were, as of the 2020–21 admissions cycle, only two grounds for compulsory pooling. For post-qualified applicants, their achieved grades at A level or equivalent and, for applicants with overseas interviews, an interview score of at least eight is achieved in all interviews. The second criterion does not apply to medicine applicants. Previously, AS-Level UMS have been used as pooling criteria, but after A-levels became linear this was discontinued.

As of 2012, there is only one specifically identified category for pooled applicants, which is known as S, meaning that the application is in special need of reassessment. This is used when candidates whose initial interview scores are of questionable accuracy, such as when a candidate received very different scores from different interviewers, experienced technical issues with interviews conducted over the internet, or was impacted by significant extenuating circumstances such as illness or the loss of a family member.

Pooled applicants who are fished by a college may be offered a place immediately or may be invited for an interview. In 2020, just 89 applicants were invited for second interviews, 34 of whom received offers of admission.

Each year, approximately 3,500 applicants receive offers from their preference college and a further 1,000 to 1,100 applicants are offered admission by another college through the pool. On average, one in five applicants is pooled and around one in four pooled applicants receives an offer of admission.

Statistics released by the university show that some colleges regularly receive particularly high numbers of applicants, and these colleges tend to take fewer applicants from the pool. Other colleges regularly draw a greater proportion of their undergraduate intake from the pool.

Access

Public debate in the United Kingdom exists over whether admissions processes used at the University of Oxford and Cambridge are entirely merit-based and fair, whether enough students from state schools are encouraged to apply, and whether these students are offered sufficient admission. In 2020–21, 71% of all successful applicants were from state schools compared to approximately 93% of all students in the UK who attended state schools and 82% of post-16 students).

Critics have argued that the relative lower percent of state school applicants with the required grades for admission to Cambridge and Oxford has had a negative impact on Oxford and Cambridge's collective reputation, though both universities have encouraged pupils from state schools to apply to help redress the perceived imbalance. Others counter that government pressure to increase state school admissions constitutes inappropriate social engineering. The proportion of undergraduates drawn from independent schools has dropped over the years, constituting, as of 2020, 26% of total admissions among the university's 3,436 applicants from independent schools compared to 23% of the 9,237 applications from state schools. Cambridge, together with Oxford and Durham, was among those universities that adopted formulae in 2009 to rate the GCSE performance of schools, using data from the Department for Children, Schools and Families, and took this into account when assessing university applicants.

With the release of admissions figures, The Guardian reported in 2013 that ethnic minority candidates had lower success rates in individual subjects even when they had the same grades as white applicants. The university was criticised for what was seen as institutional discrimination against ethnic minority applicants in favour of white applicants. The university denied the claims of institutional discrimination, stating the figures did not take into account other variables. A subsequent article reported that, in the years 2010 to 2012, ethnic minority applicants to medicine with 3 A* grades or higher were 20% less likely to gain admission than white applicants with similar grades. The university refused to provide figures for a wider range of subjects, claiming that assembling and releasing such information was excessively costly.

Given the competitive nature of gaining admission to the University of Cambridge, a number of educational consultancies have emerged to offer support with the application process. Some claim they can improve chances for admission, though these claims have never been independently verified. None of these companies are affiliated with or endorsed by the University of Cambridge. The university informs applicants that all necessary information regarding the application process is publicly available through the university and none of these services is providing any insight not already publicly available to applicants.

The University of Cambridge has been criticised for admitting a lower percentage of Black students, though many apply. Of the 31 colleges at Cambridge, six of them admitted fewer than 10 Black or mixed race students between 2012 and 2016. Similar criticism exists over a relatively lower admission rate for white working class applicants; in 2019, only 2% of admitted students were white working class.

In January 2021, Cambridge created foundation courses for disadvantaged students. While the usual entry requirements are A*AA in A-Levels, the one-year foundation course has 50 places for students who achieve BBB. If successful on the course, students receive a recognised CertHE qualification and can progress to degrees in the arts, humanities, and social sciences at the university. Candidates include those who have been in care, who are estranged from their families, who have missed significant periods of learning because of health issues, those from low-income backgrounds, and those from schools with few students attending universities.

Teaching

The University of Cambridge academic year is divided into three academic terms determined by the statutes of the university. Michaelmas term lasts from October to December; the Lent term last from January to March; and the Easter term last from April to June.

Within these terms, undergraduate teaching takes place during eight-week periods called full terms. According to university statutes, it is a requirement during these periods that all students live within three miles of the Church of St Mary the Great, which is known as keeping term. Students eligible for graduation must fulfill this condition for nine terms (three years) while pursuing a Bachelor of Arts or twelve terms (four years) when pursuing a Master of Science, engineering, or mathematics degree.

These terms are shorter than those of many other British universities. Undergraduates are also expected to prepare heavily in the three holidays known as the Christmas, Easter, and Long Vacation holiday periods, which are referred to by the university as vacations rather than holidays; students vacate the premises during these periods but are still expected to be pursuing studies and assignments.

The Tripos exam involves a mixture of lectures organised by the university department) and supervised and organised by the colleges. Science subjects involve laboratory sessions organised by the departments. The relative importance of these methods of teaching varies according to the needs of the subject. Supervisions are typically weekly hour-long sessions in which small groups of students, usually between one and three students, who meet with a member of the teaching staff or with a doctoral student. Students are normally required to complete an assignment in advance of this supervision, which they then discuss with the supervisor during the session. The assignment is often an essay on a subject assigned by the supervisor, or a problem sheet set by the lecturer. Depending on the subject and college, students sometimes receive between one and four supervisory sessions each week. This pedagogical system is often cited as being unique to Oxford, where supervisions are known as tutorials, and Cambridge and is sometimes credited with the exceptional nature generally associated with the education at these two world-renowned universities. A tutor named William Farish developed the concept of grading students' work quantitatively at the University of Cambridge in 1792.

Research

The University of Cambridge has research departments and teaching faculties in nearly every academic discipline, and ll research and lectures are conducted by university departments. The colleges are charged with giving or arranging most supervisions, student accommodation, and funding most extracurricular activities. During the 1990s, the University of Cambridge added a substantial number of new specialist research laboratories on several sites around the city, and major expansion continues. From 2000 to 2006, the University of Cambridge maintained a research partnership with MIT in the United States, known as the Cambridge–MIT Institute, which was discontinued after evolving into what is now called the CMI Partnership Programme.

Graduation tradition and ceremony

The university's governing body Regent House manages and votes on graduations. A formal meeting of Regent House, known as a congregation, is held for this purpose, which is typically the final act during which all university procedures for undergraduate and graduate students and other degrees are finalised. After degrees are approved, candidates for graduation are required to request their respective college presents them during commencement congregation.

Graduates receiving an undergraduate degree wear the academic dress to which they are entitled prior to graduating; for example, most students becoming Bachelor of Arts graduates wear undergraduate gowns and not BA gowns. Graduates receiving a post-graduate degree wear the academic dress that they were entitled to before graduating if their first degree was also from the University of Cambridge; if their first degree was from another university, they wear the academic dress of the degree that they are about to receive. The BA gown without the strings is worn if the graduate is 24 years old or younger, and the MA gown without strings is worn if the graduate is 24 years old or older. Graduates are presented their degrees in Senate House by each respective college in order of foundation or recognition by the university, except for the university's royal colleges.

During the University of Cambridge's congregation ceremony, graduands are brought forth by the Praelector of their respective college, who takes them by the right hand and presents them to the vice-chancellor to receive the degree they have earned. The Praelector presents graduands with the following Latin statement, substituting "____" with the name of the degree and substituting "woman" for "man" if the graduate is female:

"Dignissima domina, Domina Procancellaria et tota Academia praesento vobis hunc virum quem scio tam moribus quam doctrina esse idoneum ad gradum assequendum _____; idque tibi fide mea praesto totique Academiae.

The Latin statement translates in English as, "Most worthy Vice-Chancellor and the whole University, I present to you this man whom I know to be suitable as much by character as by learning to proceed to the degree of ____; for which I pledge my faith to you and to the whole University."

After presentation, the graduate is called by name and kneels before the vice-chancellor and proffers their hands to the vice-chancellor, who clasps them and then confers the degree through the following Latin statement, known as the Trinitarian formula (in nomine Patris), which may be omitted at the request of the graduand:

"Auctoritate mihi commissa admitto te ad gradum ____, in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti, which translates in English as: "By the authority committed to me, I admit you to the degree of ____, in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit."

The new graduate then rises, bows, and leaves the Senate House through the Doctor's door in Senate House Passage, where they receive their degree certificate.

Libraries and museums

The University of Cambridge has 116 libraries. Cambridge University Library, which holds over eight million volumes, is the central research library. It is a legal deposit library, which entitles it to request a free copy of every book published in the UK and Ireland.

In addition to the University Library and its dependents, almost every faculty or department has a specialised library; for example, the History Faculty's Seeley Historical Library houses in excess of 100,000 books. Every college also maintains a library, partly for the purpose of undergraduate teaching; older colleges often possess many early books and manuscripts in a separate library. For example, Trinity College's Wren Library houses over 200,000 books printed before 1800 and Corpus Christi College's Parker Library has over 600 medieval manuscripts, representing one of the largest such collections in the world. Churchill Archives Centre on the campus of Churchill College houses the official papers of former British prime ministers Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher.

The university operates eight arts, cultural, and scientific museums, and a botanical garden. Fitzwilliam Museum is the art and antiquities museum; Kettle's Yard is the university's contemporary art gallery; the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology houses the university's collections of local antiquities along with archaeological and ethnographic artefacts from around the world; Cambridge University Museum of Zoology houses a wide range of zoological specimens from around the world and is known for its iconic finback whale skeleton that hangs outside the museum. Cambridge University Museum of Zoology also holds specimens collected by Charles Darwin, an 1831 University of Cambridge alumnus. Other museums include the Museum of Classical Archaeology, Whipple Museum of the History of Science, Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, the university's geology museum, which displays some of Darwin's geological specimens and equipment (Darwin had studied under Adam Sedgwick, and wrote "I a geologist" in a notebook in 1838), and Polar Museum, part of the Scott Polar Research Institute, which is dedicated to Captain Scott and his men and focuses on the exploration of the Polar Regions. Cambridge University Botanic Garden, created in 1831, is the university's botanical garden.

Publishing and assessments

The university's publishing arm, Cambridge University Press & Assessment, is the oldest printer and publisher in the world and the second largest university press in the world. It is also the largest department of the university by financial income, reporting income above £800 million.

The university established its Local Examination Syndicate in 1858, now known as Cambridge University Press & Assessment after its merger with Cambridge University Press. It is the largest assessment agency in Europe. Cambridge University Press & Assessment plays a leading role in researching, developing, and delivering assessments around the world.

Awards

The University of Cambridge issues a number of prestigious awards and prizes annually to accomplished University of Cambridge faculty and students. It also issues some awards to those of varying global academic accomplishment regardless of whether their recipient is affiliated with the University of Cambridge. Some of these awards and prizes rank among the world's most estimable academic and intellectual accomplishments. Among the most prominent of them are:

• Adam Smith Prize, awarded annually to the university's top-performing student in economics
• Adams Prize, awarded annually by University of Cambridge mathematics faculty to a UK resident in recognition of distinguished research in mathematics
• Browne Medal, awarded annually to students who win the Latin and Greek poetry competition
• Carus Greek Testament Prizes, a prize issued to winners of an annual competition of the university's undergraduate and graduate in Greek translation of New Testament passeges
• Chancellor's Gold Medal, a prize issued to winners of the university's annual poetry competition
• Porson Prize, a prize for students who develop the best Greek composition
• Raymond Horton-Smith Prize, awarded annually to the University of Cambridge Medical School student for the best medical school thesis
• Seatonian Prize, awarded annually for the best English language poem on a sacred subject
• Senior Wrangler, awarded annually to the university's top performing student on the Part II of Mathematical Tripos
• Thirlwall Prize, awarded every other year for the best essay about British literature or history
• Thomas Bond Sprague Prize, awarded annually to the top performing Part III of the Mathematical Tripos student in the areas of probability, statistics, finance and optimization.
• Tyson Medal, awarded annually to the top astronomy student
• Mayhew Prize, awarded annually to the top performing Part III of the Mathematical Tripos student in areas of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP)

Reputation and rankings

Owing to its age and its social and academic status, the University of Cambridge is considered to be one of Britain's most prestigious or elite universities and to form, along with the University of Oxford, a top two that stand above other UK universities in this regard.

The University of Cambridge is routinely ranked among the world's top five universities, and has sometimes been ranked as the world's best. As of 2024, the University of Cambridge is ranked the second-best university in the world behind the MIT and the best university in Europe by QS Rankings. ARWU ranks Cambridge the fourth-best university in the world as of 2024 behind Harvard, Stanford, and MIT. Times Higher Education ranks Cambridge third-best in the world (tied with Stanford) in its 2023 rankings behind Oxford and Harvard.

In April 2022, QS Rankings ranked Cambridge's programmes among the world's best. Cambridge's Arts and Humanities program is ranked second-best in the world. The University of Cambridge's Engineering and Technology program is ranked second-best in the world. Its Life Sciences and Medicine program is ranked fourth-best in the world. Its Natural Sciences program is ranked third-best in the world. Its Social Sciences and Management program is ranked fourth-best in the world.

In 2011, Times Higher Education recognised the University of Cambridge as one of the world's six super brands in its "World Reputation Rankings" along with Berkeley, Harvard, MIT, Oxford, and Stanford.

The University of Cambridge has been highly ranked by most international and UK league tables. It was ranked the best university in the world by QS World University Rankings in both their 2010–11 and 2011–12 rankings.

In 2006, a Thomson Scientific study reported that the University of Cambridge had the highest research paper output of any British university and ranked first in research production as assessed by total paper citation count in ten of 21 major British research fields. An evidence-based study published the same year showed that the University of Cambridge won a larger proportion (6.6%) of total British research grants and contracts than any other university, ranking first in three out of four major measured discipline fields.

Student life

Formal halls and May balls

One privilege of student life at the University of Cambridge is the opportunity to attend formal dinners at a student's respective college, known as Formal Hall that are held regularly during academic terms and daily at some of the university's colleges. During Formal Hall, students typically sit down for a meal in their gowns while fellows and sometimes guests eat separately at a so-called High Table. The beginning and end of the function is usually marked with grace, which is said in Latin. Special Formal Halls are organised for Christmas and the Commemoration of Benefactors.

After the exam period, May Week is held during which it is customary to celebrate by attending May Balls, which are all-night lavish parties held in the colleges where food, drinks, and entertainment are provided. So-called Suicide Sunday, the first day of May Week, is a popular date for garden parties.

JCR and MCR

In addition to university-wide representation, students can participate in their own college student unions, which are known as Junior Combination Room (JCR) for undergraduates and Middle Combination Room (MCR) for post-graduates. These serve as a link between college staff and members and include officers elected annually between the fellow students; individual JCR and MCRs also report to Cambridge Students' Union, which offers training courses for some of the positions within the body.

Societies

Numerous student-run societies exist at the University of Cambridge designed to encourage students who share common passions or interests to periodically meet or discuss these interests. As of 2010, there were 751 registered societies at the university. In addition to these, individual colleges often promote their own societies and sports teams.

Although technically independent from the university, Cambridge Union, a globally-renowned debate organization and the oldest debate organization in the world, offers students high-level debate and public speaking experience. Drama societies include the Amateur Dramatic Club (ADC) and the comedy club Footlights, whose alumni include many well-known show business personalities. The university's Chamber Orchestra, composed entirely of university students, offers a range of orchestra programs, including symphonies.

Sports

Rowing is one of the most popular sports at the University of Cambridge, and there are competitions between colleges, notably the bumps races. The University of Cambridge's rowing competition against Oxford is known as the Boat Race. Varsity matches against Oxford also exist in other sports, including cricket, rugby, chess, and tiddlywinks. Athletes who representing the university in a varsity match are entitled to a Blue or a Half Blue, depending on the sport and other criteria.

The University of Cambridge Sports Centre opened in August 2013. Phase one included a sports hall, a fitness suite, a strength and conditioning room, a multi-purpose room, and Eton and Rugby fives courts. Phase two of its development included five glass-backed squash courts and a team training room. Future phases include indoor and outdoor tennis courts and a swimming pool.

The university also has an athletic track at Wilberforce Road, an indoor cricket school, and Fenner's, the cricket ground for Cambridge University Cricket Club. The university has an ice hockey club called Cambridge University Ice Hockey Club. The Hawks' Club is a private members' club for the university's leading sportsmen. The Ospreys are the equivalent female club.

Student newspapers and radio

Cambridge's oldest student newspaper is Varsity. Established in 1947, notable figures who have edited the newspaper include Jeremy Paxman, BBC media editor Amol Rajan, and Vogue international editor Suzy Menkes. The student newspaper also has featured the early writings of Zadie Smith, who appeared in Varsity's literary anthology offshoot The Mays, Robert Webb, Tristram Hunt, and Tony Wilson.

Varsity has a circulation of 9,000 and is the only student publication published weekly. News stories from Varsity have appeared in The Guardian, The Times, The Sunday Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Independent, and i.

Other student publications include The Cambridge Student, which is funded by Cambridge Students' Union and is published fortnightly, The Tab, and The Mays Founded by two University of Cambridge students in 2009, The Tab is an online media outlet featuring light-hearted features content. The Mays is a literary anthology including student prose, poetry, and visual art from both University of Cambridge and Oxford students. Founded in 1992 by three Cambridge students, the anthology publishes once a year and is overseen by Varsity Publications Ltd., the same body responsible for Varsity. Another literary journal, Notes, is published roughly twice per term. Additionally, many colleges have their own student-run publications.

The student radio station, Cam FM, is run jointly by University of Cambridge and Anglia Ruskin University students. The station holds an FM licence (frequency 97.2 MHz), and hosts a mixture of music, talk, and sports shows.

Student Union

All students at the University of Cambridge are represented by Cambridge Students' Union, which was founded in 2020 as a merger of two student unions, Cambridge University Students' Union (CUSU) and the Graduate Union (GU). CUSU previously represented all University students, and GU represented graduate students.

The eight most important positions in Cambridge Students' Union are occupied by sabbatical officers. In 2020, the sabbatical officers were elected with a turnout of 20.88% of the whole student body.

In 2021, Cambridge Students' Union launched a petition opposing the financial collaboration between the university and the government of United Arab Emirates that was worth £400m. The Union cited a "values gap" and threat to "academic freedom and institutional autonomy" following the release of internal UAE documents. Citing UAE's history of violating international human rights laws, it warned that university staff were vulnerable under the partnership to repression by gender, sexuality, or freedom of expression.

In 2023, 72% of the Students' Union voted in favour of hosting talks regarding the removal of all animal products from cafes and canteens operated by the university's catering services. The students backed vegan food in response to threats to the climate and biodiversity. The vote is non-binding since the university controls the catering service. The vote was supported by the student chapter of Plant-Based Universities. After the vote, Darwin College decided to serve only vegan food at its May Ball in 2023.

Politics

A protest in Cambridge with an attendance of over a thousand students and residents – the city's largest demonstration – called on the University of Cambridge to divest from Israel over Israel's actions in the Gaza Strip during the Israel–Hamas war. Students and staff also walked out of lectures in protest over the same issues.

Students and staff at the University of Cambridge wrote an open letter to the university, with more than 1,400 signatories, demanding it acknowledge the "slaughter of innocent Palestinians", "sever financial ties with Israel" as it had with Russia following the invasion of Ukraine, and demanding it investigate its financial ties with arms manufacturers that potentially supplied to Israel, mentioning, among others, Plasan and Caterpillar.

Notable alumni and academics

This section should include only a brief summary of List of University of Cambridge people. See Misplaced Pages:Summary style for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text.

This section may contain excessive or irrelevant examples. Please help improve the article by adding descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples. (October 2024)

The University of Cambridge has produced many distinguished alumni in various fields. As of 2020, 70 alumni have won Nobel Prizes. As of 2019, Cambridge alumni, faculty members, and researchers have won 11 Fields Medals and seven Turing Awards. Highly notable University of Cambridge alumni by specialty include:

Education

Notable alumni in academia include the founders and early professors of Harvard University, including John Harvard himself; Emily Davies, founder of Girton College at Cambridge, the first residential higher education institution for women, and John Haden Badley, founder of the first mixed-sex public school (i.e. private) in England; Anil Kumar Gain, 20th century mathematician and founder of the Vidyasagar University in Bengal, Siram Govindarajulu Naidu, founder and vice chancellor of Sri Venkateswara University; and Menachem Ben-Sasson, president of Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel.

Humanities, music, and art

In the humanities, Greek studies were inaugurated at the University of Cambridge in the early sixteenth century by Desiderius Erasmus; contributions to the field were made by Richard Bentley and Richard Porson. John Chadwick was associated with Michael Ventris in the decipherment of Linear B. The Latinist A. E. Housman taught at the university but is more widely known for his contributions as a poet. Simon Ockley made a significant contribution to Arabic Studies.

University of Cambridge academics include economists such as John Maynard Keynes, Thomas Malthus, Alfred Marshall, Milton Friedman, Joan Robinson, Piero Sraffa, Ha-Joon Chang, and Amartya Sen. Notable philosophers include Francis Bacon, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Leo Strauss, George Santayana, G. E. M. Anscombe, Karl Popper, Bernard Williams, Allama Muhammad Iqbal, and G. E. Moore. Notable alumni historians include Thomas Babington Macaulay, Frederic William Maitland, Lord Acton, Joseph Needham, E. H. Carr, Hugh Trevor-Roper, Rhoda Dorsey, E. P. Thompson, Eric Hobsbawm, Quentin Skinner, Niall Ferguson, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., and Karl Schweizer.

Notable alumni in religion include Rowan Williams, the former Archbishop of Canterbury and his predecessors; William Tyndale, the biblical translator; Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Latimer, and Nicholas Ridley, known as the Oxford martyrs from the place of their execution; Benjamin Whichcote and the Cambridge Platonists; William Paley, the Christian philosopher known primarily for formulating the teleological argument for the existence of God; William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson, largely responsible for the abolition of the slave trade; Evangelical churchman Charles Simeon; John William Colenso, the bishop of Natal who interpreted Scripture and its relations with native peoples that seemed dangerously radical at the time; John Bainbridge Webster and David F. Ford, theologians; and six winners of the Templeton Prize, the highest accolade in the world associated with the study of religion.

Notable University of Cambridge alumni in the field of musical composition include Ralph Vaughan Williams, Charles Villiers Stanford, William Sterndale Bennett, Orlando Gibbons and, more recently, Alexander Goehr, Thomas Adès, John Rutter, Julian Anderson, Judith Weir, and Maury Yeston. The university has also produced world-renowned instrumentalists and conductors, including Colin Davis, John Eliot Gardiner, Roger Norrington, Trevor Pinnock, Andrew Manze, Richard Egarr, Mark Elder, Richard Hickox, Christopher Hogwood, Andrew Marriner, David Munrow, Simon Standage, Endellion Quartet, and Fitzwilliam Quartet. Although the university in music predominantly for its contributions to choral music, university alumni in popular music include members of contemporary bands such as Radiohead, Hot Chip, Procol Harum, Clean Bandit, Sports Team songwriter and entertainer Jonathan King, Henry Cow, and the singer-songwriter Nick Drake.

Artists Quentin Blake, Roger Fry, Rose Ferraby, and Julian Trevelyan, sculptors Antony Gormley, Marc Quinn, and Anthony Caro, and photographers Antony Armstrong-Jones, Cecil Beaton, and Mick Rock are each University of Cambridge alumni.

Literature

Writers to have studied at the university include the Elizabethan dramatist Christopher Marlowe, his fellow University Wits, Thomas Nashe, and Robert Greene, arguably the first professional authors in England, and John Fletcher who collaborated with Shakespeare on The Two Noble Kinsmen, Henry VIII, and the lost Cardenio and succeeded him as house playwright for The King's Men. Samuel Pepys matriculated in 1650, known for his diary, the original manuscripts of which are now housed in the Pepys Library at Magdalene College. Lawrence Sterne, whose novel Tristram Shandy is judged to have inspired many modern narrative devices and styles. In the following century, the novelists W. M. Thackeray, author of Vanity Fair, Charles Kingsley, author of Westward Ho! and Water Babies, and Samuel Butler, remembered for The Way of All Flesh and Erewhon, are all University of Cambridge alumni.

Ghost story writer M. R. James served as provost of King's College from 1905 to 1918. Novelist Amy Levy was the first Jewish woman to attend the university. Modernist writers to have attended the university include E. M. Forster, Rosamond Lehmann, Vladimir Nabokov, Christopher Isherwood, and Malcolm Lowry. Playwright J. B. Priestley, physicist and novelist C. P. Snow, and children's writer A. A. Milne are each early 20th century alumni of the university. They were followed by postmodernists Patrick White, J. G. Ballard, and early postcolonial writer E. R. Braithwaite. More recently, alumni include comedy writers Douglas Adams, Tom Sharpe and Howard Jacobson, the popular novelists A. S. Byatt, Salman Rushdie, Nick Hornby, Zadie Smith, Louise Dean, Robert Harris, and Sebastian Faulks, action writers Michael Crichton, David Gibbins, and Jin Yong, and contemporary playwrights and screenwriters, including Julian Fellowes, Stephen Poliakoff, Michael Frayn, and Peter Shaffer, as well as musical theatre writers Toby Marlow and Lucy Moss.

Within poetry, University of Cambridge alumni include the poets Edmund Spenser, author of The Faerie Queene, metaphysical poets John Donne, who wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls, George Herbert and Andrew Marvell, and John Milton, who is renowned for Paradise Lost, Restoration poet and playwright John Dryden, pre-romantic poet Thomas Gray best known his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, William Wordsworth, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, whose joint work Lyrical Ballads is often cited as marking the beginning of the Romantic movement, later Romantics including Lord Byron and the post-romantic Lord Tennyson, authors of the best known carpe diem poems, including Robert Herrick known for "To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time" with the first line "Gather ye rosebuds while ye may", and Andrew Marvell, who authored "To His Coy Mistress", classical scholar and lyric poet A. E. Housman, war poets Siegfried Sassoon and Rupert Brooke, modernist T. E. Hulme, confessional poets Ted Hughes, Sylvia Plath, and John Berryman, and, more recently, Cecil Day-Lewis, Joseph Brodsky, Kathleen Raine, and Geoffrey Hill.

At least nine Poets Laureate graduated from the University of Cambridge. University alumni have also made notable contributions to literary criticism, having produced, among others, F. R. Leavis, I. A. Richards, C. K. Ogden, and William Empson, often collectively known as the Cambridge Critics, the Marxists Raymond Williams, sometimes regarded as the founding father of cultural studies, and Terry Eagleton, author of Literary Theory: An Introduction, the most successful academic book ever published, the aesthetician Harold Bloom, new historicist Stephen Greenblatt, and biographical writers including Lytton Strachey, a central figure in the Bloomsbury Group, Peter Ackroyd, and Claire Tomalin.

Actors and directors who attended the University of Cambridge include Ian McKellen, Eleanor Bron, Miriam Margolyes, Derek Jacobi, Michael Redgrave, James Mason, Emma Thompson, Stephen Fry, Hugh Laurie, John Cleese, John Oliver, Freddie Highmore, Eric Idle, Graham Chapman, Graeme Garden, Tim Brooke-Taylor, Bill Oddie, Simon Russell Beale, Tilda Swinton, Thandie Newton, Georgie Henley, Rachel Weisz, Sacha Baron Cohen, Tom Hiddleston, Sara Mohr-Pietsch, Eddie Redmayne, Dan Stevens, Jamie Bamber, Lily Cole, David Mitchell, Robert Webb, Richard Ayoade, Mel Giedroyc, and Sue Perkins. Directors Mike Newell, Robert Icke, Sam Mendes, Simon McBurney, Peter Hall, Trevor Nunn, Stephen Frears, Paul Greengrass, Chris Weitz, and John Madden each are alumni of the university.

Mathematics and sciences

Isaac Newton, who conducted many of his experiments on the grounds of Trinity College, ranks among the most famed University of Cambridge alumni. Other alumni of the university include Francis Bacon, who developed the scientific method of inquiry, mathematicians John Dee and Brook Taylor, pure mathematicians G. H. Hardy, John Edensor Littlewood, Mary Cartwright, and Augustus De Morgan; Michael Atiyah, a geometry specialist; William Oughtred, inventor of the logarithmic scale; John Wallis, first to explain the law of acceleration; Srinivasa Ramanujan, a genius who made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions; and James Clerk Maxwell, who brought about the second great unification of physics (the first being accredited to Newton) with his classical theory of electromagnetic radiation. In 1890, mathematician Philippa Fawcett, a University of Cambridge student, registered the highest score in the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos exams but as a woman was then ineligible to claim the title Senior Wrangler.

In biology, University of Cambridge alumni include Charles Darwin, famous for developing the theory of natural selection and explaining evolution, is an alumnus of Christ's College. Biologists Francis Crick and James Watson developed the model explaining the three-dimensional structure of DNA while working at the Cavendish Laboratory; University of Cambridge graduates Maurice Wilkins and especially Rosalind Franklin produced key X-ray crystallography data, which was shared with Watson by Wilkins. Wilkins went on to verify the proposed structure and win the Nobel Prize with Watson and Crick. More recently, Ian Wilmut was part of the team responsible for the first cloning of a mammal (Dolly the Sheep in 1996), naturalist and broadcaster David Attenborough, ethologist Jane Goodall, expert on chimpanzees was a PhD student at the university, anthropologist Dame Alison Richard, former vice-chancellor of the university, and Frederick Sanger, a biochemist known for developing Sanger sequencing and receiving two Nobel prizes.

Despite the university's delay in admitting women to its full degree programs, women associated with the University of Cambridge have been at the heart of scientific research throughout the 20th century. Notable female scientists include biochemist Marjory Stephenson, plant physiologist Gabrielle Howard, social anthropologist Audrey Richards, psychoanalyst Alix Strachey, who with her husband translated the works of Sigmund Freud, Kavli Prize-winner Brenda Milner, responsible for co-discovering specialised brain networks for memory and cognition. Veterinary epidemiologist Sarah Cleaveland has contributed to advances in eliminating rabies in the Serengeti.

The university is widely considered the birthplace of the computer; mathematician and father of the computer Charles Babbage designed the world's first computing system as early as the mid-1800s. Cambridge alumnus Alan Turing devised the basis for modern computing, and Maurice Wilkes later created the first programmable computer. The webcam was also invented at the University of Cambridge, showing the Trojan Room coffee pot in the university's computer laboratories.

In physics, Ernest Rutherford, regarded as the father of nuclear physics, spent much of his life at the university, where he worked closely with E. J. Williams and Niels Bohr, a major contributor to the understanding of the atom, J. J. Thomson, discoverer of the electron, James Chadwick, discoverer of the neutron, and John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton, responsible for first splitting the atom. J. Robert Oppenheimer, leader of the Manhattan Project that developed the atomic bomb, also studied under Rutherford and Thomson. Joan Curran devised the 'chaff' technique used during World War II to disrupt radar on Axis powers' planes.

University of Cambridge alumni in astronomy include John Herschel, Arthur Eddington, and Paul Dirac, discoverer of antimatter and one of the pioneers of quantum mechanics; Stephen Hawking, theoretical physicist and the university's long-serving Lucasian Professor of Mathematics until 2009; and Martin Rees, the current Astronomer Royal and former Master of Trinity College. John Polkinghorne, a mathematician before his ordination to the Anglican ministry, received the Templeton Prize for his work reconciling science and religion.

Other significant university alumni in science include Henry Cavendish, who discovered hydrogen; Frank Whittle, co-inventor of the jet engine; William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), who formulated the original Laws of Thermodynamics; William Fox Talbot, who invented the camera, Alfred North Whitehead, Einstein's major opponent; Jagadish Chandra Bose, one of the fathers of radio science; Lord Rayleigh, who made extensive contributions to both theoretical and experimental physics in the 20th century; and Georges Lemaître, who first proposed the Big Bang theory.

Politics

The University of Cambridge has a strong reputation in the field of politics, having educated:

• Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England (1653–58)
• 14 British Prime Ministers, including Robert Walpole, who is widely regarded as the first British Prime Minister. The last Cambridge graduate to have served as British Prime Minister was Stanley Baldwin.
• At least 30 foreign heads of state or government, including presidents of India, Ireland, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, South Korea, and Zambia; along with prime ministers of Australia, Burma, France, India, Jordan, Malaysia, Malta, Thailand, Pakistan, Poland, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and New Zealand
• At least nine monarchs, including Kings Edward VII, George VI, and (current King) Charles III of the United Kingdom, King Peter II of Yugoslavia, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and Queen Sofía of Spain. The university had also educated a large number of royals, including Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
• Three signatories of the United States Declaration of Independence, Thomas Lynch Jr., Arthur Middleton, and Thomas Nelson Jr.

Sports

By 2016, athletes who are university graduates or attendees had won 194 Olympic medals, including 88 gold medals. Alumni of the university include Chinese six-time world table tennis champion Deng Yaping; sprinter and athletics hero Harold Abrahams; inventors of the modern game of football, H. de Winton and J. C. Thring; Indian cricketer Colonel H. H. Shri Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji II; and George Mallory, the mountaineer.

Technology

University of Cambridge alumni are responsible some of the world's greatest advances in technology, and several have gone on to found or co-found leading technology companies, including:

• Demis Hassabis, co-founder and chief executive officer of DeepMind, a British artificial intelligence subsidiary of Alphabet Inc responsible for the AlphaGo and AlphaFold breakthroughs in AI
• Herman Narula and Rob Whitehead, co-founders of Improbable, a British multinational company developing video game simulation software
• Sophie Wilson and Steve Furber, co-founders of ARM, a British semiconductor and software design company still based in Cambridge
• Kennedy Ekezie, co-founder and chief executive officer of Kippa, a Nigerian software and financial services company
• Ramsey Faragher, founder, president, and CTO of a business, as well as chairman and president of another business; expert on navigation using novel methods

In literature and popular culture

Throughout its history, the University of Cambridge has frequently been featured in literature, artistic works, television, and film. Cambridge was mentioned as early as the 14th century in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. In The Reeve's Tale, the two main fictional characters are students at a University of Cambridge college called Soler Halle, which is believed to refer to King's Hall and is now part of Trinity College. The university has been the setting for all or parts of numerous novels, including Douglas Adams' Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency, Rose Macaulay's They Were Defeated, and Tom Sharpe's Porterhouse Blue.

Other notable examples of the University of Cambridge in popular culture include:

• Xu Zhimo's best-known poem, "On Leaving Cambridge" (simplified Chinese: 再别康桥; traditional Chinese: 再別康橋), published in 1928, is part of China's national curriculum taught to all schoolchildren and has generated a tremendous amount of adoration of the University of Cambridge in China.
• In the Psmith series, a collection of novels published between 1908 and 1923 by P. G. Wodehouse, the title character and Mike, his closest friend, study at the University of Cambridge.
• The 1981 film Chariots of Fire is partly set at Cambridge between 1919 and 1924 when protagonist Harold Abrahams (played by Ben Cross) was a student there.
• The 1983 film Monty Python's The Meaning of Life features Churchill College in the film's church scene.
• The film Maurice, based on the 1971 novel Maurice, is partly filmed at the University of Cambridge.
• The 1989 film Dead Poets Society features character John Keating (played by Robin Williams), who is a Welton Academy English teacher described in his senior annual as "Cambridge bound".
• The 1996 film True Blue centers around a mutiny at the time of the 1985 Oxford-Cambridge rowing race.
• The television series Frasier (1993–2004) features Niles Crane, portrayed by David Hyde Pierce, who studied as a graduate student at Cambridge.
• In the television series The Big Bang Theory (2007–2019), Raj Koothrappali, portrayed by Kunal Nayyar, studied astrophysics at Cambridge, and Priya Koothrappali, portrayed by Aarti Mann, studied law at Cambridge.
• In the 2002 film 28 Days Later, a chimpanzee carrying the "Rage" virus is freed from a fictional Cambridge laboratory.
• The 2008 film The History Boys is about a group of boys applying to study history at Cambridge and Oxford.
• In the 2011 film Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows, Sherlock Holmes is shown meeting his nemesis, Professor Moriarty, in Moriarty's office with a brief stock shot establishing it as King's College, where Moriarty is a professor.
• In the 2014 biographical film The Theory of Everything, young Stephen Hawking falls in love with literature student Jane Wilde at the University of Cambridge, where both of them study.
• The 2014 film The Imitation Game is a historical drama that features Alan Turing (played by Benedict Cumberbatch), who is referenced as being a Cambridge alumnus and fellow at King's College at Cambridge.
• The 2015 film The Man Who Knew Infinity about mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan was filmed at Trinity College, Cambridge, where Ramanujan was a fellow.
• Red Joan (2018) was partly filmed at the University of Cambridge. Joan Smith (played by Judi Dench), loosely inspired by Melita Norwood, is depicted as studying physics at Cambridge.
• The 2021 film The Dig features multiple archaeologists with ties to the University of Cambridge, including Charles Phillips (played by Ken Stott) and Peggy Piggott (played by Lily James).
• The ITV television series Granchester (2014–) is partly set in and filmed at Cambridge.
• The television series Professor T (2021–) stars Ben Miller as Professor Jasper Tempest, a genius University of Cambridge criminologist.

Gallery

• Great Court at Trinity College
• New Court at Corpus Christi College
• Gatehouse at Gonville and Caius College
• First Court at Pembroke College
• Gatehouse at Selwyn College
• Main Court at St Catharine's College
• Hughes Hall and Fenner's
• Bredon House at Wolfson College
• St Edmund's College
• West Lodge Garden at Downing College
• Old Gatehouse at Queen's College
• Dining Hall at Magdalene College
• Chapel Court at Jesus College
• Second Court at St John's College
• Trinity Hall
• The Cavendish Building at Homerton College
• Darwin College
• The chapel at Sidney Sussex College
• The interior of Judge Business School
• The Grove at Fitzwilliam College
• Gatehouse at Girton College
• 2009 Banner celebrating 800 years of University of Cambridge

See also

• Armorial of British universities
• Cambridge University Constabulary
• Cambridge University primates
• Coat of arms of the University of Cambridge
• List of medieval universities
• List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Cambridge
• List of organisations and institutions associated with the University of Cambridge
• List of organisations with a British royal charter
• List of professorships at the University of Cambridge
• List of universities in the United Kingdom

Notes

1. Refers to operational estate owned by the university, including the 550-hectare (1,400-acre) University Farm but not including college-owned property or investment properties
2. Includes those who indicate that they identify as Asian, Black, Mixed Heritage, Arab or any other ethnicity except White.
3. Calculated from the Polar4 measure, using Quintile1, in England and Wales. Calculated from the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) measure, using SIMD20, in Scotland.

References

Citations

1. Record of the Jubilee Celebrations of the University of Sydney. Sydney, New South Wales: William Brooks and Co. 1903. ISBN 9781112213304.
2. Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University. Dublin, Ireland: Hodges, Figgis & Co. 1894. ISBN 9781355361602.
3. Actes du Jubilé de 1909 (in Swiss French). Geneva, Switzerland: Georg Keck & Cie. 1910. ISBN 9781360078335.
4. "Reports and the Financial Statements 2023" (PDF). University of Cambridge. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
5. ^ "Reports and the Financial Statements 2023". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
6. ^ "Who's working in HE?". www.hesa.ac.uk. Higher Education Statistics Agency.
7. ^ "Where do HE students study? | HESA". hesa.ac.uk. Higher Education Statistics Agency.
8. "Operational Estate Facts & Figures". Estates Division. University of Cambridge. July 2021. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
9. "Farm Facts & Figures". Estates Division. University of Cambridge. June 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
10. "Identity Guidelines – Colour" (PDF). University of Cambridge Office of External Affairs and Communications. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2008.
11. "Early records". University of Cambridge. 28 January 2013. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
12. Davies, Mark (4 November 2010). "'To lick a Lord and thrash a cad': Oxford 'Town & Gown'". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
13. Leedham-Green, Elisabeth (1996). A Concise History of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-521-43978-7. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
14. Zutshi, Patrick (2012). "The Dispersal of Scholars from Oxford and the Beginnings of a University at Cambridge: A Study of the Sources". The English Historical Review. 127 (528): 1041–1062. doi:10.1093/ehr/ces209. JSTOR 23272738. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
15. ^ Hackett, M.B. (1970). The original statutes of Cambridge University: The text and its history. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-521-07076-8. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
16. Willey, David (2012). "Vatican reveals Cambridge papers". Cam. 66: 5.
17. Cooper, Charles Henry (1860). Memorials of Cambridge. Vol. 1. W. Metcalfe. p. 32. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
18. Helmholtz, R.H. (1990). Roman Canon Law in Reformation England. Cambridge Studies in English Legal History. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35, 153. ISBN 978-0-521-38191-8.
19. Thompson, Roger, Mobility & Migration, East Anglian Founders of New England, 1629–1640, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994, 19.
20. Forsyth, A. R. (1935). "Old Tripos days at Cambridge". The Mathematical Gazette. 19 (234): 162–179. doi:10.2307/3605871. JSTOR 3605871. S2CID 165040321.
21. ^ Forfar, David (1996). "What became of the Senior Wranglers?". Mathematical Spectrum. 29 (1).
22. "The History of Mathematics in Cambridge". Faculty of Mathematics, University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
23. The National Archives (ed.). "Cambridge University Act 1856". Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
24. University of Cambridge, ed. (4 May 2010). "Biography – The Hon. Richard Fitzwilliam, 7th Viscount FitzWilliam". Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
25. Taylor 1994, p. 22
26. Cambridge University Physics Society (1995). Cambridge University Physics Society (ed.). A Hundred Years and More of Cambridge Physics. Cambridge University Physics Society. ISBN 978-0-9507343-1-6.
27. John Aldrich – "The Maths PhD in the UK: Notes on its History – Economics" Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
28. University of Cambridge, ed. (28 January 2013). "The Revived University of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
29. "A Brief History: The University after 1945". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
30. Gabriella Swerling; Louisa Clarence-Smith (8 June 2023). "The 11 UK universities accused of helping to develop Iran's 'suicide drones'". The Telegraph.
31. Chambers, Suzanna (31 May 1998). "At last, a degree of honour for 900 Cambridge women". The Independent. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
32. "Trinity Hall's Steamboat Ladies". Trinity news. 14 March 2012. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
33. Wade, Francesca (18 October 2019). "'Frustrate the Feminine Fanatics' – how women overcame their critics at Cambridge University". Apollo. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
34. Martin, Nicole (8 June 2006). "St Hilda's to end 113-year ban on male students". The Daily Telegraph. UK. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
35. "Single-sex colleges: a dying breed?". HERO. June 2007. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2009.
36. "Special No 19". Cambridge University Reporter. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
37. "'This isn't right. My rapist is still in my college' Archived 15 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine," Varsity News, 16 November 2018.
38. "She reported her rape to the University, then it was dismissed: How a second student's complaint was stopped in its tracks Archived 26 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine," Varsity News, 28 July 2019.
39. Rosie Bradbury, "Cambridge graduate suing University over handling of sexual misconduct complaint Archived 11 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine," Varsity News, 13 August 2019.
40. James Tapper, "Students slam Cambridge over handling of sexual misconduct cases Archived 13 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine", The Guardian, 22 February 2020.
41. Firth Green, Richard (2002). A Crisis of Truth: Literature and Law in Ricardian England. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1809-1.
42. Shepard, Alexandra; Phil, Withington (2000). Manchester University Press (ed.). Communities in Early Modern England: Networks, Place, Rhetoric. Manchester University Press. pp. 216–234. ISBN 978-0-7190-5477-8. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
43. Bringham, Allan (7 October 2008). "Is Town v Gown a thing of the past?". Cambridge Evening News. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015 – via Cambridge Online.
44. "What is the Cambridge Phenomenon?". Cambridge Phenomenon. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
45. Gray, Christopher (29 November 2013). "How Truro created Christmas musical history". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
46. "Choir that sings to the world". BBC. 24 December 2001. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
47. Baxter, Elizabeth (18 December 2009). "Carols from King's: Cambridge prepares for Christmas". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.
48. "Cambridge City: Annual demographic and socio-economic report" (PDF). Cambridgeshire County Council. April 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
49. "A brief history of Punting". Cambridge River Tour. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
50. Vitullo-Martin, J. (19 December 2009). "What the late Middle Ages wrought". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
51. "Faculty of History: The building". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 22 April 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
52. "Modernist building at St John's College Cambridge is listed". English Heritage. 31 March 2009. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2013./
53. Woodcock, N.; Norman, D. (20 August 2010). "Building Stones of Cambridge: A walking tour around the historic city-centre. Department of Earth Sciences". University of Cambridge Retrieved from. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014.
54. Joshi, A.; Ryan, D. (20 June 2013). "Bricks: A Light Foundation". Johnianblog.blogspot.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
55. "Map of the University of Cambridge". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
56. "School of Clinical Medicine: History of the School". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
57. "West Cambridge site". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
58. "Business school rankings: University of Cambridge, Judge Business School". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
59. Laker, Laura (17 August 2011). "What makes Cambridge a model cycling city?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
60. "The University as a charity". University of Cambridge. 21 March 2013. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
61. "Homerton College Accommodation Guide". Homerton College. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
62. "Trinity College Accommodation Guide". Trinity College. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
63. "Analysis: Cambridge Colleges – £20,000 difference in education spending". The Cambridge Student. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
64. O'Grady, Jane (13 June 2003). "Obituary – Professor Sir Bernard Williams". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
65. Bayliss, Chloe (11 March 2019). "Lucy Cavendish to become mixed-gender college, admitting students from age 18". Varsity (Press release). Cambridge, UK. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
66. "Information about Churchill College". Churchill College. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2008.
67. "Alternative Prospectus" (PDF). Cambridge University Students' Union. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
68. Drage, Mark (7 March 2008). "Survey ranks colleges by green credentials". Varsity. Archived from the original on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
69. "Westcott House – Partner Universities". Westcott.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
70. "Statutes and Ordinances 2011: Admission to Degrees" (PDF). University of Cambridge. 21 May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
71. "Cambridge – Colleges and departments". University of Cambridge. 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
72. Ireland, Paul (29 June 2016). "Personal enrichment". www.ice.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
73. "About the Schools, Faculties & Departments". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2010.
74. "Home – News – University of Cambridge". Admin.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
75. "Update: Booming Blessed To Bloom As Chancellor? " The Tab". Cambridgetab.co.uk. 2 June 2011. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
76. Davies, Caroline (17 June 2011). "Cambridge university chancellor race gets tasty as grocer joins in". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
77. ^ "Election for the Office of Chancellor". 21 June 2011. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2011.
78. "Next Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge appointed". 26 September 2022.
79. Grace 2 5 December 2007
80. "How the University works: The Senate". University of Cambridge. 20 June 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
81. Statutes and Ordinances, 2007–2008
82. "Annual Report of the Council for 2003–04". Cambridge University Reporter. 15 December 2004. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
83. Grace 2 5 December 2008
84. Acta in the Reporter, No 6107, publishing Results of Ballot
85. "Statutes approved: Notice". Cambridge University Reporter. 23 July 2008. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
86. Mead, T.J. (25 April 2007). "Developing governance by building on good practice: a green paper issued by the University Council". Cambridge University Reporter. CXXXVII (25). Archived from the original on 11 May 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
87. "General Board of the Faculties" Archived 1 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine, University of Cambridge website, retrieved 1 March 2023
88. "Cambridge University Endowment Fund: Annual Review 2023" (PDF). 31 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
89. ^ "Pro-Vice-Chancellor (Resources and Operations)" (PDF). University of Cambridge. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
90. "Stormzy announces second year of 'The Stormzy Scholarship', a student funding scheme with Cambridge University". University of Cambridge. 16 August 2019. Archived from the original on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
91. jim.smith (16 August 2018). "The programme". Gates Cambridge. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
92. "Cambridge University halts £400m deal with UAE over Pegasus spyware claims". The Guardian. 14 October 2021. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
93. Cambridge university issues its first £350m bond Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine L. Tidy, The Cambridge Student, News, 11 October 2012
94. Cambridge university issues first bond G. Wearden, The Guardian, 10 October 2012 Archived 18 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine
95. "Golden opportunities". Nature. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
96. "Undergraduate Admissions Statistics 2023 cycle" (PDF). University of Cambridge. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
97. "University Admissions Statistics (2022 cycle)" (PDF). University of Cambridge. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
98. "University Admissions Statistics (2021 cycle)" (PDF). University of Cambridge. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
99. "University Admissions Statistics (2020 cycle)" (PDF). University of Cambridge. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
100. "University Admissions Statistics (2019 cycle)" (PDF). University of Cambridge. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
101. "University League Tables entry standards 2024". The Complete University Guide. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
102. "Where do HE students study?: Students by HE provider". HESA. HE student enrolments by HE provider. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
103. "Who's studying in HE?: Personal characteristics". HESA. 31 January 2023. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
104. "Widening participation: UK Performance Indicators: Table T2a – Participation of under-represented groups in higher education". Higher Education Statistics Authority. hesa.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
105. "Good University Guide: Social Inclusion Ranking". The Times. 16 September 2022. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
106. "Application statistics". www.undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
107. "Undergraduate Admissions Statistics" (PDF). University of Cambridge. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
108. Yeomans, Emma. "Cambridge to withdraw places if oversubscribed". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
109. "Cambridge offer-holders told their places may be withdrawn if their course is over-subscribed". University of Cambridge. 3 February 2021. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
110. "Entrance requirements". Cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 15 February 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
111. "Cambridge entry level is now A*AA". BBC News. 16 March 2009. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
112. "Cambridge Interviews: the facts" (PDF). University of Cambridge. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
113. "5 Hacks to Ace Your Online Oxbridge Interview". University Admissions Tutors. 11 December 2023.
114. Oxbridge 'over-recruits from eight schools' Archived 7 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC
115. Walford, Geoffrey (1986). Life in Public Schools. Taylor & Francis. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-416-37180-2. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2009.
116. "Undergraduate Study – Admissions tests". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
117. Henry, Julie (23 January 2013). "Cambridge University entrance exam to make a comeback". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
118. "Board of Graduate Studies admissions flowchart". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
119. "Guide to the Winter Pool" (PDF). Cam.ac.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
120. ^ "Guide to the Winter Pool" (PDF). Undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
121. "Official Cambridge 2022 Applicants Thread". Thestudentroom.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
122. ^ "Compulsory pooling – a Freedom of Information request to University of Cambridge". WhatDoTheyKno.comw. 26 November 2020. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
123. "Application statistics". Undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
124. "Oxbridge 'Elitism'" (PDF). 9 June 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
125. "Lords Hansard text for 5 Jun 2003 (230605w03)". publications.parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
126. Brackley, Paul. "University of Cambridge to welcome record proportion of state school students in October 2021". Cambridge Independent. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
127. "Philip Hensher: Rejecting Oxbridge isn't clever – it's a mistake". The Independent. 19 January 2012. Archived from the original on 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
128. "Number of Cambridge state school students falls". The Guardian. 4 April 2008. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
129. "Report by the Sutton Trust" (PDF). Sutton Trust. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
130. Johnson, Rachel (2002). "A bias against excellence". The Spectator. UK. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
131. "Undergraduate Admissions Statistics, 2020 Cycle" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
132. Jack Grimston; Sian Griffiths (24 May 2009). "Top schools boycott 'biased' Durham". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011.
133. Parel, Kurien; Ball, James (26 February 2013). "Oxford University accused of bias against ethnic minority applicants". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 July 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
134. Parel, Kurien; Ball, James (13 March 2013). "Cambridge University medicine admissions show race gap". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
135. Bonetti, Lisa (21 February 2018). "Interviews". Undergraduate.study.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
136. Cambridge University's poor diversity record highlighted by report Archived 4 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian
137. "Half of universities have fewer than 5% poor white students". BBC News. 14 February 2019. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
138. ^ Media, P. A. (13 January 2021). "Cambridge University to offer free foundation year for disadvantaged pupils". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
139. "Cambridge University starts new foundation courses for 'disadvantaged' students". BBC News. 13 January 2021. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
140. "University of Cambridge Term dates". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
141. University of Cambridge (2009). Cambridge University Press (ed.). Statutes and Ordinances of the University of Cambridge 2009. Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–180. ISBN 978-0-521-13745-4. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
142. Sastry, Tom; Bekhradnia, Bahram (25 September 2007). "The Academic Experience of Students in English Universities (2007 report)" (PDF). Higher Education Policy Institute. pp. footnote 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2007. Even within Russell Group institutions, it is remarkable how consistently Oxford and Cambridge appear to require more effort of their students than other universities. On the other hand, they have fewer weeks in the academic year than other universities, so the extent to which this is so may be exaggerated by these results.
143. "Undergraduate Study – How will I be taught". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
144. Shepherd, Jessica (25 January 2011). "Cambridge considers end to one-to-one tuition". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
145. Postman, Neil (1992). Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology. New York City: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-74540-2.
146. "Building Projects". University of Cambridge. 7 April 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
147. ^ "Graduation: The Ceremony". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
148. "Graduation dress code". Pembroke College. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
149. "Facilities and resources". Cambridge Admissions Office. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
150. "Legal Deposit in the British Library". The British Library. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
151. "Museums & Collections". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
152. "Oldest printing and publishing house". Guinnessworldrecords.com. 22 January 2002. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
153. Black, Michael (1984). Cambridge University Press, 1583–1984. Cambridge University Press. pp. 328–9. ISBN 978-0-521-66497-4.
154. "Financial statements of the University of Cambridge" (PDF). November 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
155. "About OCR – Oxford and Cambridge and RSA Examinations". OCR. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
156. "Complete University Guide 2025". The Complete University Guide. 14 May 2024.
157. "Guardian University Guide 2025". The Guardian. 7 September 2024.
158. "Good University Guide 2025". The Times. 20 September 2024.
159. "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2024". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 15 August 2024.
160. "QS World University Rankings 2025". Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd. 4 June 2024.
161. "THE World University Rankings 2025". Times Higher Education. 9 October 2024.
162. ^ Kalwant Bhopal; Martin Myers (31 January 2023). Elite Universities and the Making of Privilege: Exploring Race and Class in Global Educational Economies. Taylor & Francis. p. 12. ISBN 9781000829105.
163. Stella Cottrell (16 September 2017). You2Uni: Decide. Prepare. Apply. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 108. ISBN 9781137022431.
164. ^ Joan Abbott (17 May 2014) . Student Life in a Class Society. Elsevier. p. 40. ISBN 9781483186580.
165. ^ H. C. Dent (February 1944). "Old and New Universities". Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors. 30 (1). American Association of University Professors: 88–91. doi:10.2307/40220510. JSTOR 40220510.
166. M. Finn (20 February 2015). The Gove Legacy: Education in Britain after the Coalition. Springer. p. 92. ISBN 9781137491510.
167. Mathew Guest; Kristin Aune; Sonya Sharma; Rob Warner (12 September 2013). Christianity and the University Experience: Understanding Student Faith. A&C Black. p. 6. ISBN 9781780936215.
168. Rowland Atkinson; Gary Bridge (10 December 2004). Gentrification in a Global Context. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 9781134330652.
169. Edward Dutton (5 December 2016). Meeting Jesus at University: Rites of Passage and Student Evangelicals. Routledge. p. 42. ISBN 9781351918374.
170. "QS World University Rankings 2023: Top Global Universities". Top Universities. Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
171. "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities". www.shanghairanking.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
172. "World University Rankings". Times Higher Education. 25 August 2021. Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
173. "QS World University Rankings by Subject 2022". Top Universities. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
174. Morgan, John. "Top Six Universities Dominate THE World Reputation Rankings". Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2017. "The rankings suggest that the top six-...Stanford University and the University of Oxford – form a group of globally recognised "super brands".
175. "QS World University Rankings (2010)". Archived from the original on 3 April 2011.
176. "QS World University Rankings (2011)". Archived from the original on 1 October 2011.
177. "Thomson Scientific ranks UK research". Thomson Scientific. 4 May 2006. Archived from the original on 21 August 2008. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
178. "Cambridge continues its domination of research resources". Times Higher Education. 20 October 2006. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
179. Sheinman, Anna (4 January 2012). "Inside Cambridge: Fizz, Fellows and Formal Hall". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
180. "Living in Cambridge". Cambridge Trainee Librarians' Online Group. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
181. "JCRs/MCRs". Cambridge University Students' Union. Archived from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
182. "Societies Directory". Cambridge University Students' Union. 12 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
183. ^ Hawks' Club (ed.). "Origins of the Cambridge Blue". Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
184. "Cambridge Sports Centre". Cambridge University Sports Department. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
185. "Graduate Union". Cambridge University Graduate Union. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
186. "About the Union". Cambridge University Students' Union. 27 June 2012. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
187. "Officers". Cambridge Students' Union. 1 July 2021. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
188. Bayliss, Chloe; Killeen, Molly; Lally, Catherine (5 March 2020). "Live: Cambridge SU election results". Varsity. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
189. "Statement on the University's proposed partnership with the UAE". Cambridge SU. 6 August 2021. Archived from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
190. Badshah, Nadeem (21 February 2023). "Cambridge University students vote for completely vegan menus". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
191. "Darwin to hold first ever 'vegan' May Ball". Varsity Online. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
192. ^ Williams, Eric; Hilton, Daniel (28 October 2023). "Protesters call for divestment in Cambridge's biggest pro-Palestinian demonstration". Varsity Online.
193. "Pro-Palestinian protest in Cambridge calls for ceasefire in Gaza as flag projected onto King's College". Cambridgeshire Live. 4 November 2023.
194. Williams, Eric; Armstrong, Felix (10 November 2023). "Hundreds walk out of lectures in pro-Palestinian protest". Varsity Online.
195. Williams, Eric (20 October 2023). "Over 1,400 students and staff demand Cambridge 'sever financial ties' with Israel". Varsity Online.
196. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
197. "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1958". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
198. "Prof Sarah Cleaveland". Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
199. "Why Cambridge?". Cambridge Judge Business School. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
200. "'A brave bad man': Oliver Cromwell, 1599–1658". Cambridge University Library. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
201. "International Cambridge – United States of America". University of Cambridge. 29 March 2012. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
202. "All Known Cambridge Olympians Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine". Hawks Club. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
203. "Soler Halle". Oxford Reference. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
204. "They were defeated". Evening Post. Wellington, NZ. 24 December 1932. p. 7. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2010.
205. Crowley, Joseph N. (1994). No equal in the world: an interpretation of the academic presidency. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-87417-237-9. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
206. Cox, David (22 March 2016). "Poetry or property punts: what's driving China's love affair with Cambridge?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2020.

Sources

• Taylor, Kevin (1994). Central Cambridge: A Guide to the University and Colleges. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45913-6.

Bibliography

• Anonymous (2009) . A Concise and Accurate Description of the University, Town and County of Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-00065-9.
• Brooke, Christopher N. L. (1988–2004). A History of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 4 vols., ISBN 0-521-32882-9, ISBN 0-521-35059-X, ISBN 0-521-35060-3, ISBN 0-521-34350-X
• Deacon, Richard (1985). The Cambridge Apostles: A History of Cambridge University's Elite Intellectual Secret Society. Cassell. ISBN 978-0-947728-13-7.
• Garrett, Martin (2004). Cambridge: A Cultural and Literary History, Signal Books. ISBN 1-902669-79-7
• Koyama, Noboru; Ruxton, Ian, transl. "Japanese Students at Cambridge University in the Meiji Era, 1868–1912: Pioneers for the Modernization of Japan". Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2009., A Translation from a Japanese Original. Lulu Press. 2004. ISBN 978-1-4116-1256-3. Archived from the original on 14 February 2005. This book includes information about the wooden spoon and the university in the 19th century as well as the Japanese students.
• Leader, Damien (1988–2004). A History of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-32882-1.
• Lee, John S. and Christian Steer, eds, Commemoration in Medieval Cambridge History of the University of Cambridge, Boydell, 2018. ISBN 978-1-78327-334-8
• Leedham-Green, Elisabeth (1996). A Concise History of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43978-7.
• Rawle, Tim (2016). Adamson, John (ed.). Cambridge. Oxbridge Portfolio. ISBN 978-0-9572867-2-6.
• Smith, J.; Stray, C. (2001). Teaching and Learning in 19th-Century Cambridge. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0-85115-783-2.
• Stubbings, Frank (1995). Bedders, Bulldogs and Bedells: A Cambridge Glossary. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47978-3.
• Webb, Grayden (2005). The History of the University of Cambridge and Education in England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-32882-1.
• Willis, Robert (1988). Clark, John Willis (ed.). The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge and of the Colleges of Cambridge and Eton. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35851-4.

External links

• Official website

v t e University of Cambridge
People	Chancellor David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville Vice-Chancellor Deborah Prentice List of University of Cambridge people
Colleges	Christ's Churchill Clare Clare Hall Corpus Christi Darwin Downing Emmanuel Fitzwilliam Girton Gonville and Caius Homerton Hughes Hall Jesus King’s Lucy Cavendish Magdalene Murray Edwards Newnham Pembroke Peterhouse Queens’ Robinson St Catharine’s St Edmund’s St John’s Selwyn Sidney Sussex Trinity Trinity Hall Wolfson
Faculties and departments, by school	Arts and Humanities English Anglo-Saxon Norse and Celtic Architecture CRASSH Existential Risk Classics Divinity Music Philosophy Biological sciences Genetics Gurdon Institute Physiology, Development and Neuroscience Plant Sciences Botanic Garden Sainsbury Laboratory Stem Cell Institute Clinical Medicine Autism Research Centre Cancer Unit Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit Mitochondrial Biology Unit Oncology Brain Imaging Centre Humanities and Social sciences Economics Education History History and Philosophy of Science Human, Social, and Political Science Archaeological Research Politics and International Studies Law Criminology Physical sciences Astronomy Chemistry Earth Sciences Palaeoclimate Research Geography Scott Polar Research Institute Mathematical Sciences Mathematics Theoretical Cosmology Materials Science and Metallurgy Physics Technology Business School Alternative Finance Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Computer Science and Technology Engineering Manufacturing Others ADC Theatre Institute of Continuing Education Library Press (journals)
Student life	Students' Union Graduate Union Air Squadron Amateur Dramatic Club Apostles BlueSci Cam FM Christian Union Conservatives Footlights May Week May Ball Labour Club Liberal Democrats Light Entertainment Society Moral Sciences Club Musical Society Philosophical Society Railway Club SCA Spaceflight Union Society Cambridge University Wine Society Varsity (student newspaper) The Mays
Sport	Association football Rules Aussie Rules Boxing Cricket Cross Country Dancing Golf Handball Ice Hockey Real Tennis Rifle shooting Rowing Openweight Men (CUBC) Lightweight Men (CULRC) Women (CUWBC) Rugby union Tennis Competitions Cuppers The Boat Race Women's Boat Race Henley Boat Races The Varsity Polo Match Rugby League Varsity Match Rugby Union Varsity Match University Cricket Match University Golf Match
Affiliates	Alan Turing Institute Cambridge Theological Federation Cambridge University Health Partners Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Partner institutions Animal Health Trust Babraham Institute British Antarctic Survey CCDC EMBL-EBI Laboratory of Molecular Biology NIAB Wellcome Sanger Institute
Museums	Fitzwilliam Museum Hamilton Kerr Institute Kettle's Yard Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Museum of Classical Archaeology Museum of Zoology Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences Polar Museum Whipple Museum of the History of Science
Related	Awards and prizes Cambridge Zero Regent House Senate House Cambridge University Council Fictional Cambridge colleges Cambridge University Reporter
Category

52°12′19″N 0°7′2″E / 52.20528°N 0.11722°E / 52.20528; 0.11722

• University of Cambridge
• 1209 establishments in England
• Culture in Cambridge
• Educational institutions established in the 13th century
• Exempt charities
• History of Cambridge
• Oxbridge
• Russell Group
• Tourist attractions in Cambridge
• Universities UK
• Ancient universities