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List of tributary states of China

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The following is a list of tributaries of Imperial China.

Chronological list

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States that used to pay tribute to Imperial China include:

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items.
  • Vietnam
    • Âu Lạc (甌雒, 甌貉)
    • Champa (also Chiêm Thành, Lin-yi, 林邑, 占城)
    • Van Xuan (萬春, 野能)
    • Đại Việt (also Dai Co Viet, Dai Ngu, 大越, 大瞿越, 大虞) (Ngô Dynasty 吳朝, Đinh Dynasty 丁朝, Prior Lê Dynasty 前黎朝, Lý Dynasty 李朝, Trần Dynasty 陳朝, Hồ Dynasty 胡朝, Later Lê Dynasty 後黎朝, Mạc Dynasty 莫朝)
  • Thailand
  • Bhutan 不丹
  • Nepal 尼伯爾
    • Karakum (喀喇庫木)
    • Yuli (also Weili, 尉犁)
    • Kushana (also Kuşāņa, Guishuang, 貴霜)
    • Boluo'er (博羅爾)

Western Han Dynasty

  • Internal vassals (206 BC - ?) - Upon the founding of the dynasty, the first emperor awarded up to one-half of territory of Han as fiefdoms to various relatives, who ruled as princes. These fiefdoms collected their own taxes and established their own laws and were not directly administered by imperial government. Consolidation and centralization by succeeding emperors increased imperial controls and gruadually dissolving the princedoms.
  • Nanyue (211 BC - 111 BC) - A kingdom situated today's northern Vietnam, and the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi founded by a former Chinese general, Zhao Tuo. Under Zhao Tuo it paid nominal tribute to Han but his successors lost more and more power. After a coup-de-tat against the king, Han directly the kingdom and directly administered it from then on.
  • Minyue (138 BC - ?) - A baiyue people situated in modern-day Fujian province. After an attack by the Minyue people, Emperor Wu of Han launched a massive expedition, and forced their entire population to relocate within imperial borders.
  • Dian Kingdom (109 BC) - A kingdom located in modern day Yunnan province. Brought into subjugation by Emperor Wu of Han, who annexed the kingdom into an imperial commandary but allowed local rulers to remain in power.
  • Loulan (108 BC) - Located along the northeastern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in modern-day Xinjiang province. Brought into submission by an imperial expedition dispatched by Emperor Wu of Han.
  • Cheshi (108 BC) - City-state in modern-day Turpan. Brought into submission by an imperial expedition dispatched by Emperor Wu of Han.
  • Wusun (105 BC - ?) - Central Asian people. Bitter enemies with the Xiongnu, they entered a military alliance with the Han. In 53 BC, the kingdom split into two following a succession dispute. Both continued to recognize Han sovereignty and remained faithful vassals.
  • Dayuan (102 BC) - Kingdom located in the Fergana Valley. Hearing tales of their high-quality horses, which would be of great utility in combatting the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of Han dispatched an expedition to acquire their submission and the horses. The first expedition of 3,000 was woefully undermanned, but the second, numbering 100,000 besieged the capital, bringing them into submission after negotiations. The expedition returned with 10,000 horses along with a promise to pay an annual tribute in horses.
  • Xiongnu (53 BC - 10) - A nomadic confederation/empire in Central Asia and modern day Mongolia and extending their control to territories as far as Siberia, western Manchuria, the areas along the Caspian Sea, and modern day Chinese provinces of Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Xinjiang. They entered tributory relations with the Han after several defeats, territorial losses, and internal conflicts. Tributory relationships terminated as a result of diplomatic fumblings during the reign of Wang Mang.

Wang Mang interregnum (Xin Dynasty)

During Wang Mang's reign, relations with many of the empire's allies and tributories deteriorated, due in large part to Wang Mang's arrogance and inept diplomacy.

Eastern Han Dynasty

  • Southern Xiongnu (50-220) - The Xiongnu split into northern and southern factions. The southern Xiongnu brought themselves into tributory relations with the Han. They were resettled along with large numbers of Chinese immigrants in frontier regions. Economically dependent on Han, they were obliged to provide military services under a tightened tributory system with greater direct imperial supervision.

See also

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References

  1. ^ "Unified Silla", KoreanHistoryProject.org. Retrieved on 30-01-2007.
  2. "Koguryo", KoreanHistoryProject.org. Retrieved on 30-01-2007.
  3. "Guardian Protector of Silla", KoreanHistoryProject.org. Retrieved on 30-01-2007.
  5. "The 'era of good government' (The period of Tang power (626–755))", Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 08-06-2007
  6. "Usurpers and Freebooters", KoreanHistoryProject.org. Retrieved on 30-01-2007.
  7. ^ "Tribute and Trade", KoreanHistoryProject.org. Retrieved on 30-01-2007.
  8. "Funan". About.com. Retrieved 2007-06-02.
  9. "The Kingdom of Funan and Chenla (First to Eighth Century AD)". Retrieved 2007-06-06.
  • John K. Fairbank and Têng Ssu-yü. "On the Ch'ing Tributary System." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6, no. 2 (1941): 135-246.
  • John K. Fairbank. "Tributary Trade and China's Relations with the West." The Far Eastern Quarterly 1, no. 2 (1942): 129-49.

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