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Erzurum (Template:Lang-hy (Karin), see also its former and other names) is a city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. The current name "Erzurum" derives from "Arz-e Rum" (literally The border of the Romans in Persian).
Erzurum has a population of 361,235 (2000 census). It is the capital of Erzurum Province. Erzurum is the largest province in the Eastern Anatolian Region and is located on a high plateau (1950 m). The city is situated 1757 meters (5766 feet) above sea level and has an extreme continental climate with an average January temperature of −11 °C (12 °F). Temperatures often drop below −30 °C (−22 °F) in the winter, with heavy snowfall.
Erzurum, known as "The Rock" in NATO code, has served as NATO's southeasternmost air force post during the Cold War.
The city uses the double-headed Anatolian Seljuk Eagle as its Coat of Arms, which was based on the double-headed Byzantine Eagle that was a common symbol throughout Anatolia and the Balkans in the medieval period.
History
Further information: Erzurum Province § HistorySaltuklus were an Anatolian Turkish Beylik centered in Erzurum, who ruled between 1071 to 1202. Melike Mama Hatun, sister of Nâsırüddin Muhammed, was the ruler between 1191 and 1200.
During the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, Aziziye fort in Erzurum was captured by Russians in a night attack. A Turkish counter attack followed, and Russians were defeated partly due to the actions of civilian women volunteers, Nene Hatun being one of them.
Erzurum was the scene of massacres during the Hamidian massacres (1894-1896).
In 1915, the deportation route for the Armenians of Erzurum and for many others from eastern Anatolia went through the city of Harput.
According to Balakian, it was also a major extermination and deportation center during the Armenian Genocide of 1915.
The city was a site of one of the key battles of Caucasus Campaign of World War I between Ottoman and Russian armies which resulted in capture of Erzerum by Russian army under command of Grand Duke Nicholas and Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich on February 16, 1916. It was returned to the Ottomans with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of the modern Turkish Republic, resigned from the Ottoman Army in Erzurum, and was declared the "Honorary Native" and the freeman of the city, which issued him his first citizenship registration and certificate (Nüfus Cuzdanı) of the new Turkish Republic.
Erzurum Congress is known as one of the cornerstones of the Turkish War of Independence.
Economy
Further information: Erzurum Province § EconomyThe largest economy, in recent years, has been the university. Atatürk University is one of the largest universities in Turkey, having more than forty-thousand students. Tourism, also, provides a large proportion of the province's income.
Tourism
Erzurum offers winter tourism attactions and a major skiing center at the Palandöken Mountain as well as its regional academic medical center, rich architectural historical sites and great monuments from the Seljuk period such as the Çifte Minareli Medrese. International University Sports Federation (FISU) World Winter Games, 2011 Winter Universiade, will be held in Erzurum.
Cuisine
One specialty of Erzurum's cuisine is Cağ Kebab. Although this kebab variety is of recent introduction outside its native region, it is rapidly attaining wide-spread popularity around Turkey.
Transportation
The Erzurum international airport is open to use also to the Turkish Air Forces. The runways of this airport are the second longest in Turkey. Erzurum is also the main railroad hub in the Eastern Anatolia region.
Notable natives
- Cemal Gürsel, the fourth president of Turkey
External links
- Erzurumspor web Sitesi
- Template:Tr icon Chamber of Commerce
- Eastern Anatolia Free Zone
- All information of Erzurum
- Universiade Erzurum 2011 Introduction (video)
- The Local Folk Dance of Dadash (video)
- Pictures of the capital of this province
References
- Ollier, Edmund (1878). Cassell's Illustrated History of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. London. p. 506.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - "93 Harbi'nde Nene Hatun" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2007-08-30.
{{cite web}}:|first=missing|last=(help) - Warrant for Genocide (Ppr): Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict - Page 141 by Vahakn N. Dadrian
- "The Graphic", 07.12.1895, Massacres of Erzeroum of October 30, 1895
- The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide - Page 165 by Lewy, Guenter
- The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response - Page 176 by Peter Balakian
- Los Angeles Times Jul 26, 1890 TURKISH ATROCITIES. - DETAILS OF THE MASSACRE AT ERZEROUM
| Erzurum in Erzurum Province of Turkey | ||
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