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Post-Colonial Anarchism is a new tendency within the larger anarchist movement. The name ' is taken from an Essay by Roger White, one of the founders of Jailbreak Press and a well known activist in North-American APOC circles. The essay outlines PCA as an attampt to bring together disparate aspects and tendencies within the existing anarchist movement and re-envision them in an explicitly anti-imperialist framework. Where traditional Anarchism is a movement arising from the struggles of proletarians in industrialized western European nations - and thus sees history from their perspective - Post colonial Anarchism approaches the same principles of mutual aid, class struggle, opposition to hierarchy, and community-level self management, self government, and self-determination from the perspective of colonized peoples throughout the world. In doing so it does not seek to invalidate the contributions of the more established anarchist movement, but rather seeks to add a unique and important perspective. The tendency is strongly influenced by Indigenism, Anti-State forms of Nationalism, Anarchist People of Color, and many other sources.
Issues in Post-Colonial Anarchism
Post-Colonial Anarchism is syncretic and diverse, incorporating a wide range of sources, as is to be expected from a tendency which draws from such a wide range of perspectives.
Nationalism
Anarchism and nationalism have a long history, going back to Bakunin's early involvement in the Pan-Slavic movement. Anarchists have participated in Left-Nationalist movements in China, Korea, Vietnam, Ireland, Britanny, Ukraine, Poland, Mexico, Israel, and many other nations. Modern Anarchist organizations working on national liberation struggles include the CBIL in Brittany.
While Post-Colonial Anarchism clearly has objections to Nationalism, therefore, it is also open to the fact that in specific times and places left-Nationalist anti-imperialism can have a positive impact. As Ashanti Alliston puts it in 'Beyond Nationalism but Not Without It'
For me, even the nationalism of a Louis Farrakhan is about saving my people, though it is also thoroughly sexist, capitalist, homophobic and potentially fascist. Yet, it has played an important part in keeping a certain black pride and resistance going. Their "on the ground" work is very important in keeping an anti-racist mentality going. As a black anarchist, that’s MY issue to deal with cuz they’se MY FOLKS. But it points to where anarchism and nationalism have differences, and that is in anarchists having NO understanding of what it means to be BLACK in this fucked up society.
Ashanti thus sees value in the Nation of Islam where it acts as a force for good by helping black people in America stand up for themselves and demand equality, but also recognizes the negative impacts of the NOI's approach and urges the Black community to stand up and speak out against the NOI and other Black Nationalist groups where they cross the line from pride in self to the promotion of bigotry against others. He is also strongly critical of the larger Anarchist movements tendency to throw the proverbial baby out with the bathwater and dismiss Black Nationalism and other national liberation struggles out of hand.
At root, the basic difference between Anarchism and Anti-State Nationalism is that in nationalism the primary political unit is the nation, or ethnic group, whereas in an anarchist system the primary political unit is either the individual (in individualist anarchism) or the local community (in social anarchism). Post-Colonial Anarchism is therefore clearly distinct from any form of nationalism in that it does not seek to make the Nation a political unit - let alone the primary political unit. Just as Social Anarchists seek to create a socialist economy but oppose the tyranny of marxist state socialism, Post-Colonial Anarchists oppose the tyranny of nationalism. and argue that the achievement of meaningful self-determination for all of the world's nations requires an anarchist political system based on local control, free federation and mutual aid.
Race and Racism
Post-Colonial Anarchism is self-consciously anti-racist, though different groups have differing ideas of what that means. APOC-identified groups seek to bring together the perspectives of people of color within the Anarchist movement and have a strong commitment to combating white supremacy, but are often reluctant to recognize the validity and importance of anti-imperialist struggles in Europe. Indigenist thinkers like Ward Churchill, by contrast, make a point of showing support for such movements and actively encourages white anti-racists to explore and learn from historical and ongoing anti-imperialist struggles in Europe. All the various strains of Post-colonial Anarchism, however, are explicitly opposed to and denounce claims of racial superiority by any group and see the abolition of racism as a fundamental goal of Anarchism.
African Anarchism
Celtic Anarchism
The most basic aspect of the tendency is the belief that pre-conquest Celtic societies had strong aspects in common with Anarchist ideals of how society should be structured, and that modern Anarchists would do well to investigate these early models. Celtic Ireland, prior to Cromwell's invasion, is held up as a positive example. The tendency is thus similar to Indigenism in that it seeks inspiration for anarchism in the history and practices of ancestors, rather then relying solely on political theory and speculation. There is also a strong movement to seek out the good in the ongoing anti-imperialist movements in Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Bretony, Cornwall, and Galicia.
Ecology
The influence of the modern revival of Celtic culture on Anarchism are particularly evident within the radical wing of the Environmentalist movement, particularly Deep Ecology. Earth First! is one of the largest networks organizing around these issues and is organized along anarchist lines with many of the people who work under its banner self-identifying as anarchists. It is perhaps natural that the British and Irish Earth First movements in particular would seek inspiration from and consciously seek linkages with Celtic identities, given that the ancient Celts are commonly portrayed as being more in touch with nature then modern consumer society. The Earth First Journal, the main publication of the movement, organizes its printing schedule around the Neopagan Wheel of the Year, which consists of four Gaelic festivals and four Germanic ones, with issues named for Beltane, Eostar, Brigid, Samhain, Yule, Mabon, and Lughnasadh.
Post-Colonial Anarchism in Ireland
The armed struggle against British rule in Ireland, particularly up to and during the War of Independence, is portrayed as a National Liberation struggle with the Celtic Anarchist mileau. Anarchists, including the Irish Workers Solidarity Movement, support a complete end to British involvement in Ireland, a stance traditionally associated with Irish Republicanism, but are also very critical of Stateist Nationalism and the I.R.A. in particular. In two articles published on Anarkismo.net, Andrew Flood of the WSM outlines what he argues was the betrayal of class struggle by the IRA during the war of independence, and argues that the Stateism of traditional Irish Nationalism forced it to place the interests of wealthy Irish Nationalists who were financing the revolution ahead of the interests of the vast majority of Ireland's poor. The example of the Irish Citizens Army, a workers militia which was led by James Connoly and based in the radical wing of the Irish union movement, is held up as a better example of how the larger revolutionary movement could have - and should have - been organized.
Anarchists are extremely critical of the I.R.A., both because of its use of terrorist violence and because of its internal Authoritarianism. From the Anarchist view, British and Irish nationalisms are both Stateist, authoritarian, and seek to dominate and exploit the Irish Nation to empower their competing States. Anarchism would instead create a political system without States and where communities are self-governing on the local level. The achievement of home-rule, or political self-determination, is therefore a precondition for and a consequence of Anarchism. At root then, the Anarchist objection to Irish Nationalism is that Nationalists use reprehensible means to demand far too little. Still, Anarchists seek to learn from and examine the liberatory aspects of the struggle for Irish independence and the WSM includes a demand for complete British withdrawal from North Ireland in its platform.
Chicano Anarchism
Anarchism in Mexico
Main article: Anarchism in MexicoRicardo Flores Magón, one of the early leaders of the Mexican left-nationalist movement which eventually culminated in the Mexican Revolution, based his anarchism primarily on the works of early anarchists Mikhail Bakunin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, but was also influenced by his anarchist contemporaries: Élisée Reclus, Charles Malato, Errico Malatesta, Anselmo Lorenzo, Emma Goldman, Fernando Tarrida del Mármol and Max Stirner. However, he was most influenced by Peter Kropotkin. Flores Magón also read from the works of Karl Marx and Henrik Ibsen. Kropotkin's The Conquest of Bread, which he considered a kind of anarchist bible, served as basis for the short-lived revolutionary communes in Baja California during the "Magonista" Revolt of 1911. In addition to his work with the Partido Liberal Mexicano, Magón organised with the Wobblies (IWW) and edited Regeneración, which aroused the workers against the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz.
Black anarchism or Panther anarchism
Main article: Black anarchismBlack anarchism opposes the existence of a state and subjugation and domination of people of color, and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society. Black anarchists seek to abolish white supremacy, capitalism, and the state. Theorists include Ashanti Alston, Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin, Kuwasi Balagoon, many former members of the Black Panther Party, and Martin Sostre. Black anarchism rejects the traditional anarchist movement.
Black anarchists have criticized both the hierarchical organization of the Black Panther party, and the anarchist movement, on the grounds that it has traditionally been European and/or white-based. They oppose the anti-racist conception, based on the universalism of the Enlightenment, which is proposed by the anarchist workers' tradition, arguing that it is not adequate enough to struggle against racism and that it disguises real inequalities by proclaiming a de jure equality.
Black anarchists are thus influenced by the civil rights movement and Black nationalism, and seek to forge their own movement that represents their own identity and tailored to their own unique situation. However, in contrast to black activism that was, in the past, based in leadership from hierarchical organizations such as the Black Panther Party, black anarchism rejects such methodology in favor of developing organically through communication and cooperation to bring about an economic and cultural revolution that does away with racist domination, capitalism, and the state. From Alston's @narchist Panther Zine:
"Panther anarchism is ready, willing and able to challenge old nationalist and revolutionary notions that have been accepted as ‘common-sense.’ It also challenges the bullshit in our lives and in the so-called movement that holds us back from building a genuine movement based on the enjoyment of life, diversity, practical self-determination and multi-faceted resistance to the Babylonian Pigocracy. This Pigocracy is in our ‘heads,’ our relationships as well as in the institutions that have a vested interest in our eternal domination."
Notes and References
- Ashanti Alliston. Anarchist Panther Zine issue 1.
- Post Colonial Anarchism, by Roger White. Anarchism, nationalism, and national liberation from an APOC perspective.
- the EarthFirst! Journal
- Insurrection in Ireland from Anarkismo.net
- Insurrection in Ireland from Anarkismo.net
- @narchist Panther Zine October 1999, 1(1).