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It has been suggested that this article be split into articles titled Minorities_in_Greece#Slavic-speaking, Slavophone Greeks, Dialects of the Macedonian language and Bulgarian dialects. (discuss)

The Slavic dialects of Greece are the dialects of Macedonian and Bulgarian spoken by minority groups in the regions of Macedonia and Thrace in northern Greece. Linguistically, these dialects are classified as either Bulgarian or Pomak in Thrace, transitional dialects in East Macedonia, and Macedonian in Central and West Macedonia. Until the official codification of the Macedonian language in 1944 many linguists considered the dialects to be a part of the Bulgarian diasystem. This has remained the predominant opinion in Bulgarian linguistics and dialectology and the position of the Bulgarian governments.

History

Slavic tribes began settling in the region of Macedonia and Thrace in the 6th and 7th centuries and in the following centuries mixed with the local populations. During Ottoman rule, most of the Orthodox-Slavic population of Macedonia had not formed a national identity separate from their neighbors and were instead identified through their religious affiliation. In the Middle Ages and later, until XX century the Slav-speaking population of Aegean Macedonia was indentified mostly as Bulgarian or Greek. The Muslim Slavic-speakers in Western Thrace known as Pomak themselves self-identified predominantly as Turks, because Turks and Pomaks were part of the same millet during the years of the Ottoman Empire. After World War I, new Slav Macedonian (Greek: Σλαβομακεδόνας) nationalism began to arise. In 1934 the Comintern issued a declaration supporting the development of Macedonian nationalism However today the vast majority of this people espouse a Greek national identity and are bilingual in Greek. The fact that the majority of these people self-identify as Greeks makes their numbers uncertain.

Self-Identification

The linguistic affiliation of these varieties with either of the two neighbouring standard languages is a matter of some discussion, as is the ethnic affiliation of their speakers. Locally and in the Greek language they are often referred to simply as "Slavic" (σλάβικα slávika) or "local" (εντόπια Entópia, Dópia). Among self-identifying terms, makedonski ("Macedonian"), bălgarski ("Bulgarian", balgàrtzki, bolgàrtski or bulgàrtski in the region of Kostur) and Pomatskou ("Pomak") are also used along with naši ("our own") and stariski ("old").

Linguistic Opinions

According to Peter Trudgill,

There is, of course, the very interesting Ausbau sociolinguistic question as to whether the language they speak is Bulgarian or Macedonian, given that both these languages have developed out of the South Slavonic dialect continuum that embraces also Serbian, Croatian, and Slovene. In former Yugoslav Macedonia and Bulgaria there is no problem, of course. Bulgarians are considered to speak Bulgarian and Macedonians Macedonian. The Slavonic dialects of Greece, however, are "roofless" dialects whose speakers have no access to education in the standard languages. Greek non-linguists, when they acknowledge the existence of these dialects at all, frequently refer to them by the label Slavika, which has the implication of denying that they have any connection with the languages of the neighboring countries. It seems most sensible, in fact, to refer to the language of the Pomaks as Bulgarian and to that of the Christian Slavonic-speakers in Greek Macedonia as Macedonian.

According to Roland Schmieger,

Apart from certain peripheral areas in the far east of Greek Macedonia, which in our opinion must be considered as part of the Bulgarian linguistic area (the region around Kavala and in the Rhodope Mountains, as well as the eastern part of Drama nomos), the dialects of the Slav minority in Greece belong to Macedonia diasystem.

Classification and Dialects

It is generally accepted that both Macedonian and Bulgarian are both spoken in the north of Greece. They are split into three major groups: Macedonian, transitional dialects, and Bulgarian. This opinion is not accepted by Bulgarian authors who consider all of these dialects, and the Macedonian language as a whole to be part of the the Western Bulgarian dialects.

Macedonian Language

Various dialects of the Macedonian Language are spoken in the Peripheries of West and Central Macedonia. The Dialects of the Macedonian language spoken in Greece include the Upper and Lower Prespa dialects, the Kastoria Dialect, the Nestram-Kostenar dialect, the Florina variant of the Prilep-Bitola dialect and the Salonica-Edessa Dialect. Certain characteristics of the these dialects include the changing of the suffix ovi to oj creating the words лебови> лебој (lebovi> leboj/ bread). Often the intervocalic consonants of /v/, /g/ and /d/ are often lost, changing words from polovina >polojna (a half) and sega > sea (now). In other Phonological and Morphological Characteristics they remain similar to the other South-Eastern dialects spoken in the Republic of Macedonia and Albania.

Transitional Dialects

The Ser-Drama-Lagadin-Nevrokop dialect is considered a transitional dialects between Macedonian and Bulgarian in Macedonian dialectology. In Bulgarian dialectology, Drama-Ser dialect and Solun dialect are considered Eastern Bulgarian dialects which are transitory between the Western and Eastern Bulgarian dialects and are grouped as West-Rupian dialects, part of the large Rupian dialect massif of Rhodopes and Thrace . They are spoken in the peripheral region of East Macedonia along with a small population in Bulgaria. The Bulgarian vowels of я /ja/ and Й /ji/ are kept, transforming words such as николаи/nikolai into николай/nikolaĭ and Кои/Koj into Кой/Koĭ. Macedonian and Western Bulgarian words like Бел/Bel convert to the Eastern Bulgarian form of бял /bʲal/ (white). Old Church Slavonic ръ/рь and лъ/ль are pronounced as ər and əl, respectively (cf. ръ/ър (rə/ər) and лъ/ъл (lə/əl) in Standard Bulgarian and vocalic r/oл (ɔl) in Standard Macedonian). Likewise, Old Church Slavonic yus and ъ are both pronounced with the schwa (ə) as in Bulgarian, rather than as a and ɔ, respectively, as in Macedonian. The sound х/h also adopts the Bulgarian pronunciation of х/kh. The dialect's also have many similarities to both the Bulgarian and Macedonian diasystems are often placed in both.

Bulgarian language and the Pomak Dialects

The Bulgarian Language in Western Thrace is called in Greece the "Pomak language" or the "Pomak dialects". The Pomak dialects are mainly spoken and taught at primary school level in the Pomak regions of Greece, which are primarily in the Rhodope Mountains. The language in Greek is known as 'Pomatskou' and taught in the Greek alphabet. The main school manual is 'Pomaktsou' by Moimin Aidin and Omer Hamdi, Komotini 1997. There is also a Pomak-Greek dictionary by Ritvan Karahodja, 1996. The number of Pomaks ranges from 30,000 to 90,000 whose presence dates from the days of the Byzantine empire. It is used by many of the Pomak speakers on either side of the Bulgarian-Greek border. The dialects are on the Eastern side of the Yat isogloss of Bulgarian yet many pockets of western Bulgarian speakers remain. The standard Bulgarian language is not taught in Greece.

Many Greek linguists do not classify the Slavic languages spoken in Greece to be part of any diasystem or any particular Language.

Usage of Slavic Languages in Greece

The use of any Slavic language in the area now known as Greece has been prominent since the arrival of Slavic tribes in the 5th and 6th centuries. Although some Slavs were Hellenized or assimilated over time, many especially in the north of the country were not. As languages were codified in the 19th and 20th century many people began to identify their language as Bulgarian and later Macedonian. After the Balkan wars and World War I many Slavs from Greek Macedonia who identified as Bulgarians left Greece for Bulgaria. After the Second World War many Bulgarians left Greece. After the Greek Civil War many Macedonian Language speakers, also left Greece The 1951 Greek Census reported c. 40,000 people who declared their mother language to be Slavic or Slav-Macedonian. Since then, no Greek census has asked questions regarding mother language. According to a study by Anthropologist Ricki van Boeschoten, 64% of the inhabitants of 43 villages in the Florina area were Macedonian language speakers.

Distribution

The Distribution of the Macedonian language and Bulgarian language in Greece varies widely. Much of the population is concentrated in the Greek prefectures of Florina, Kastoria, Pella, Kilkis Prefecture and Imathia. With a smaller Bulgarian speaking population in Thrace. Their has never been a large Slavic speaking population in the Chalcidice, Pieria and the Kavala Prefecture

Population Estimates

The exact numbers of speakers in Greece is hard to ascertain. Jacques Bacid estimates in his book that "over 200,000 Macedonian speakers remained in Greece". Other sources put the numbers of speakers at 180,000, 220,000 250,000and 300,000.The Encyclopedia Brittanica and the Reader's Digest World Guide. both put the figure of Ethnic Macedonians in Greece at 1.8% or c.200,000 people, they put the figure for Pomaks at .9% or c.100,000 people, with the native language roughly corresponding with the figures. The UCLA also states that there is 200,000 Macedonian speakers in Greece and 30,000 Bulgarian speakers.. A 2008 article in the Greek newspaper Eleftherotipia put the estimate at 20,000.

This refers to speakers regardless of Ethnic identity. No information is given regarding how the figures were obtained.

Education

Under the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920 (which was never ratified ), Greece undertook the obligation to open schools for minority-language children. In 1925 the government of Greece submitted copies of a schoolbook called Abecedar, which was written in the Slavic language for the Slavophone children and published by the Greek Ministry of Education, to the League of Nations as evidence that they were carrying out these obligations. Abecedar was written in a newly adapted variety of the Latin alphabet for the Slavic language in Greece, and not in the Cyrillic alphabet which was the official alphabet of neighboring Bulgaria and Serbia - this also shows the intent of the Greek government to create a distinctively Slavic minority, not a Bulgarian or Serbian minority; the result being that Bulgaria and Serbia would have no right to interfere in Greece's internal affairs.

In October 2006 , the Rainbow Party in Greece reprinted the original Abecedar Slavic language primer in Thessaloníki, Greece, which was printed in Athens in 1925 and was based on the Florina/Lerin dialect, as well as an up to date primer in the standardized Macedonian language and script as taught in the Republic of Macedonia and presented it to the Greek Ambassador to the OSCE, Mr Manesis . The book is being distributed to people who identify as Macedonian speakers in northern Greece and it has been successfully promoted in the city of Thessaloníki .

At present there is no formal teaching of this language within Greece but it is possible to attain a private tutor. The language is used primarily in the home and within informal situations..

The Metaxas regime

On August 4, 1936 the authoritarian regime of General Metaxas came to power, and a new state sponsored policy of Hellenisation was enacted. The aim was to Hellenise all the non-Greek speaking Orthodox Christian populations within the Greek state's territory; other Balkan countries (Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Albania) respectively followed similar policies. In Greece, the ensuing result left the Slavic speakers (and other minority speech communities) forcibly suppressed, and their privileges under the Treaty of Sèvres withdrawn. Policies of the Metaxas regime included forcible Hellenization of Personal and Surnames, Punishment for speaking a non-Greek language and changing of all Slavic toponyms.

Present situation

At present, the number of Slavophones in Greece is unknown. In the latest census posing a question on mother tongue (1951), 41,017 people declared themselves speakers of Slavic. Almost all Slavic speakers today in Greek Macedonia also speak Greek and most regard themselves as ethnically and culturally Greek. Many of those for whom a non-Greek identity was particularly important have tended to leave Greece during the past eighty years. Very few speakers can understand written Macedonian and Bulgarian and according to Euromosaic, the dialects spoken in Greece are mutually intelligible as is the case with the Macedonian and Bulgarian languages. Some linguists used the term "Greek-Slavic" instead of the confusing interchangable terms "Macedonian" and "Bulgarian".

Political Representation

A political party that promotes the concept and rights of the "Macedonian minority in Greece", and refers to the Slavic language as Macedonian - the Rainbow Party (Ουράνιο Τόξο) - was founded in September 1998, and received 2,955 votes in the region of Macedonia in the 2004 elections. Rainbow didn't participate in the Greek legislative election, 2007 citing financial reasons.Similarly, a pro-Bulgarian political website, known as Bulgarian Human Rights in Macedonia (Βουλγαρικά Ανθρώπινα Δικαιώματα στη Μακεδονία) was founded in June 2000, promoting the concept and rights of what they describe as the "Bulgarian minority in Greece", and prefers to designate the local Slavic language as Bulgarian. Currently this political party operates only a website.

See also

• Greece
• Aegean Macedonians
• Macedonia (Greece)
• Bulgarian language
• Macedonian language
• Bulgarians
• Macedonians (ethnic group)
• Slavic speaking minority of Greece
• Slavic peoples
• Slavic languages

References

1. Mladenov, Stefan. Geschichte der bulgarischen Sprache, Berlin, Leipzig, 1929, § 207-209.
2. Mazon, Andre. Contes Slaves de la Macédoine Sud-Occidentale: Etude linguistique; textes et traduction; Notes de Folklore, Paris 1923, p. 4.
3. Селищев, Афанасий. Избранные труды, Москва 1968, с. 580-582.
4. Die Slaven in Griechenland von Max Vasmer. Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1941. Kap. VI: Allgemeines und sprachliche Stellung der Slaven Griechenlands, p.324.
5. Стойков (Stoykov), Стойко (2002) . Българска диалектология (Bulgarian dialectology) (in Bulgarian). София: Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов". ISBN 9544308466. OCLC 53429452.
6. Institute of Bulgarian Language (1978). Unity of the Bulgarian language in the past and today (Единството на българския език в миналото и днес) (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. p. 4. OCLC 6430481. {{cite book}}: |page= has extra text (help)
7. Шклифов, Благой. Проблеми на българската диалектна и историческа фонетика с оглед на македонските говори, София 1995, с. 14.
8. Шклифов, Благой. Речник на костурския говор, Българска диалектология, София 1977, с. кн. VІІІ, с. 201-205,
9. Евангелие на Господа Бога и Спаса нашего Иисуса Христо, сига ново типосано на богарской йезик за секоа неделя от година догодина со рет. Преписано и диортосано от мене Павел йероманах, бозигропски протосингел, родом Воденска (Епархия) от село Кониково. Солон, Стампа Кирякова Дарзилен 1852.
10. Cousinéry, Esprit Marie. Voyage dans la Macédoine: contenant des recherches sur l'histoire, la géographie, les antiquités de ce pay, Paris, 1831, Vol. II, p. 15-17, one of the passages in English - , Engin Deniz Tanir, The Mid-Nineteenth century Ottoman Bulgaria from the viewpoints of the French Travelers, A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University, 2005, p. 99, 142,Kaloudova, Yordanka. Documents on the situation of the population in the southwestern Bulgarian lands under Turkish rule, Военно-исторически сборник, 4, 1970, p. 72
11. Pulcherius, Receuil des historiens des Croisades. Historiens orientaux. III, p. 331 – a passage in English -http://promacedonia.org/en/ban/nr1.html#4
12. Report on the Pomaks, by the Greek Helsinki Monitor
13. Who Are the Macedonians? Hugh Poulton Indiana UP, 2000 ISBN 0253213592. p. 85, The Interwar period - Greece.
14. "Резолюция о македонской нации (принятой Балканском секретариате Коминтерна" - Февраль 1934 г, Москва
15. :bg:s:Дописка от село Високо
16. Шклифов, Благой and Екатерина Шклифова, Български деалектни текстове от Егейска Македония, София 2003, с. 28-36
17. U.S.ENGLISH Foundation Official Language Research - Greece: Language in everyday life
18. Lois Whitman (1994): Denying ethnic identity: The Macedonians of Greece Helsinki Human Rights Watch. p.37
19. Mazon, Andre et Andre Vaillant. L'evangeliaire de Kulakia un parler slave du Bas-Vardar, Paris 1938.
20. Господново и сфетаго евангелио на бога нашаго голема црикфа христианоф, искарено на бугарцко изик тувашно збор на Вардариа за уф неделите сати за гудината и за сати празницити големите за цела година за литургиата. Са писало ут Евстатио Киприади уф селото Колакиа на 30 ноемврио месиц 1863.
21. Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press, p.259.
22. Schmieger, R. 1998. "The situation of the Macedonian language in Greece: sociolinguistic analysis", International Journal of the Sociology of Language 131, 125-55.
23. ^ Stoyko Stoykov. Bulgarian Dialectology. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Publishing House, 4th Edition, Sofia, 2002, pp. 170-186
24. стр.247 Граматика на македонскиот литературен јазик, Блаже Конески, Култура- Скопје 1967
25. bg:s:Дописка от село Бобища
26. Topolinjska, Z. (1998). "In place of a foreword: facts about the Republic of Macedonia and the Macedonian language" in International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Issue 131
27. стр. 244 Македонски јазик за средното образование- Стојка Бојковска, Димитар Пандев, Лилјана Минова-Ѓуркова, Живко Цветковски- Просветно дело- Скопје 2001
28. Friedman, V. (2001) Macedonian (SEELRC)
29. Poulton, Hugh. (1995). Who Are the Macedonians?, (London: C. Hurst & Co. Ltd:107-108.).
30. Z. Topolińska- B. Vidoeski, Polski~macedonski- gramatyka konfrontatiwna, z.1, PAN, 1984
31. Friedman, V. (1998) "The implementation of standard Macedonian: problems and results" in International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Issue 131
32. ^ Sussex, Roland (2006). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. p.509. ISBN 0521223156. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
33. Trudgill P., 2000, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity". In: Stephen Barbour and Cathie Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe, Oxford : Oxford University Press
34. Trudgill, P. (1992) "Ausbau sociolinguistics and the perception of language status in contemporary Europe" in International Journal of Applied Linguistics. Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 167-177
35. Human Rights Watch
36. U.S.ENGLISH Foundation Official Language Research - Greece: Language in everyday life
37. Riki Van Boeschoten (2001). Usage des langues minoritaires dans les départements de Florina et d’Aridea (Macédoine) (Use of minority languages in the districts of Florian and Aridea (Macedonia). Strates , Number 10. Villageois et citadins de Grèce (villagers and citizens of Greece), 11 January 2005
38. See Ethnologue (); Euromosaic, Le (slavo)macédonien / bulgare en Grèce, L'arvanite / albanais en Grèce, Le valaque/aromoune-aroumane en Grèce, and Mercator-Education: European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education, The Turkish language in education in Greece. cf. also P. Trudgill, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity", in S Barbour, C Carmichael (eds.), Language and nationalism in Europe, Oxford University Press 2000.
39. Minority Rights Group,Minorities in the Balkans, page 75.
40. Jacques Bacid, Ph.D. Macedonia Through the Ages. Columbia University, 1983.
41. GeoNative - Macedonia
42. L. M. Danforth, The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World 1995, Princeton University Press
43. Hill, P. (1999) "Macedonians in Greece and Albania: A Comparative study of recent developments". Nationalities Papers Volume 27, 1 March 1999, page 44(14)
45. Poulton, H.(2000), "Who are the Macedonians?",C. Hurst & Co. Publishers
46. http://www.britannica.com/new-multimedia/pdf/wordat077.pdf
47. UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile
48. UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile
49. ^ Greek Helsinki Monitor (Ghm) &
50. Denying Ethnic Identity, The Macedonians of Greece
51. Euromosaic - Le [slavo]macédonien / bulgare en Grèce
52. Press release of Rainbow

Bibliography

• Trudgill P. (2000) "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity" in Language and Nationalism in Europe (Oxford : Oxford University Press)
• Iakovos D. Michailidis (1996) "Minority Rights and Educational Problems in Greek Interwar Macedonia: The Case of the Primer 'Abecedar'". Journal of Modern Greek Studies 14.2 329-343

External Links

• Dialectial dictionary of the Oschima speech of the Lerin dialect

• Bulgarian language
• Macedonian language
• Languages of Greece