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There is a long-running dispute over the name of the Sea of Japan (East Sea) between Japan and Korea. The two countries disagree over the sea's international name. The Japanese government insist that it be called "Sea of Japan", which they claim has been the international de facto standard since the 19th century. The South Korean government challenge this name, contending that it is a symbol of Japan's imperialistic past, and want the name "East Sea" to be used. It points to its own tally of historic maps referring to the sea as "Sea of Korea/Corea/Chosen" or "East/Oriental Sea". The North Korean government use "East Sea of Korea" in their English publications.
- The Japanese call it the "Sea of Japan" or sometimes "Japan Sea".
- North Koreans call it the "East Sea of Korea".
- South Koreans call it the "East Sea".
The South Korean government and media use "East Sea" consistently in their publications. Since the 1990s, South Korea have increased their campaign efforts to change the sea's official international name. The United Nations Conferences on Standardization of Geographical Names (UNCSGN) and the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) have so far neither accepted nor denied Korea's claims, but left the issue open to discussion while continuing to use "Sea of Japan".
The dispute does not attempt to get the respective countries to adopt each other's preferred terms in their own languages. South Koreans generally do not object to Japanese maps calling the sea 日本海 (which translates as Japan Sea), and Japanese do not object to Korean maps calling it 동해 (which translates as East Sea).
Historical developments of the dispute
According to Japan's count, this sea is mainly called "Sea of Japan" on most maps earlier than the 20th century, but some maps call it by various names including "Bay of Korea", "Chinese Ocean", "Sea of Corea", "Oriental Sea", or "Sea of Korea". According to South Korea's count, it is mainly called "Sea of Korea/Corea" or "East/Oriental Sea" on most maps of the same period.
At the 1919 meeting of the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB) to officially determine internationally acceptable names of bodies of water, Japanese delegates submitted the name "Sea of Japan" as the official name of the sea. At the time, "Sea of Japan" had been used almost exclusively on international maps, although the parties disagree on which name was previously prevalent. Korea could not participate during these talks because it was under Japanese colonial rule.
In 1928, Limits of Oceans and Seas, the first edition of the guideline by the IHB adopted "Japan Sea" with many other geographical names.
In 1974 the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) released technical resolution A.4.2.6 independently of this dispute. This resolution is frequently referred to, although it only gives general guidance. It endorses the principle that when the sharing countries of a geographical feature do not agree on a common name, the different names should be recognized simultaneously.
In 1977, the third UN Conference on the Standardization of Geographic Names (UNCSGN) adopted resolution III/20 entitled "Names of Features beyond a Single Sovereignty". The resolution recommended:
"when countries sharing a given geographical feature do not agree on a common name, it should be a general rule of cartography that the name used by each of the countries concerned will be accepted. A policy of accepting only one or some of such names while excluding the rest would be inconsistent as well as inexpedient in practice."
In 1992, South Korea raised the issue at the sixth UNCSGN. Japan objected and the issue was not addressed.
In 1995, South Korea deleted "Japan Sea" from its official nautical charts. Before then, South Korea's nautical charts showed both "Japan Sea" and "Tong Hae" (the then used romanization of "Donghae"), out of respect for international conventions.
In 1997, South Korea raised the issue again at the seventh UNCSGN and Japan opposed. The issue was not addressed but the resolution III/20 was recollected, which urges Japan and South Korea to reach a consensus. To date, however, neither country is willing to compromise their position, although Korea suggests that both names be used until the dispute is resolved.
In 2002, South Korea raised the issue again at the eighth UNCSGN. Japan objected again and the issue was not addressed.
In 2002, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) distributed a circular letter asking for a vote for omitting pages containing the Sea of Japan from the fourth edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas. After Japan's objection, the IHO withdrew the letter.
On April 23 2004, the United Nations affirmed in a written document to the Japanese government that it will continue using the name "Sea of Japan" in its official documents. However, it has agreed to leave the topic open for further discussion. In a letter to South Korea, it was explained that the UN was not determining the validity of either name, but using the currently most widely used term until the parties resolved the disagreement.
Response by media and publishers
Some publishers and media outlets have responded to the dispute by either adopting both names on maps, or—in very rare cases—leaving the area blank, until a consensus can be reached between Japan and Korea. Though some have adopted the usage of both names or just "East Sea", most publishers and media outlets still use "Sea of Japan" alone.
In 1997, Rand McNally, one of the largest mapmakers in the United States, adopted a policy of concurrent use of both names, "East Sea" and "Sea of Japan". The Times (of London), Financial Times, Microsoft Encarta 97 World Atlas, Encyclopedia Britannica, MSN Expedia, Columbia Encyclopedia, About.com, and others have responded similarly, usually including "East Sea" as the secondary label.
In 1999, the National Geographic Society recognized that the name was legitimately disputed by South Korea. Under its policy (if a geographical feature is shared by more than one nation, and its name is disputed, use the most commonly recognized form of the name first and label the disputed name in parentheses), "Sea of Japan" appears as the primary label and "East Sea" appears below in parentheses.
Arguments
Both sides in the dispute have put forward a number of arguments to support their claim, either for a change, or against it. It is worth noting that many of these arguments are not supported by the respective governments, but rather by nationalist organizations. Around 2002, the volunteer Korean cyber-organization VANK began an aggressive e-mail campaign targeting webmasters, with some success but also backlash from supporters of Japan's position.
Geographical reasons
Japanese groups argue that as a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean, the sea should be named for Japan. South Korean groups take a different point of view and argue that the sea is really located at the eastern end of the Asian continent, and thus should be called East Sea. Korea argues that similar name for a body of water can be found in the example of the North Sea, which derives its name from its location relative to the European continent.
Historical reasons
Both sides use a selective sample of old maps to support their claim. South Koreans use old maps that show names other than "Sea of Japan", whereas the Japanese use maps to demonstrate that the said name was in use before their imperial time. Many old maps are ambiguous and some even do not include Korea or Japan.
Japanese groups argue that the term "Sea of Japan" was originally named by Westerners and became the de-facto standard before Japan gained commercial and political influence in the region. Part of the dispute boils down to the disagreement over when "Sea of Japan" became the de facto standard. Japanese groups claim dates in the early 19th century, whereas Korean groups claim dates in the early 20th century when Korea was colonized by Japan.
South Korean groups claim historical precedence of the names "Sea of Korea" and "East Sea", and argue that "East Sea" is a more neutral name that should be restored. They regard the dominance of the name "Sea of Japan" a reflection of Japan's imperial past. Korea even points out that a select few 19th century Japanese maps referred to the sea as the "Sea of Joseon (Korea)", including the 1855 Matsuda Rokuzan's Chikyubankoku zenzu, and the 1870 Meizi kaiteibankoku yochibunzu.
Historical maps and studies
In July 2001, Korea produced a report on the names used on maps published in Europe, mostly in the 18th century, possessed by the British National Library, claiming that of 377 maps which name the sea, 72 refer to it as "Sea of Korea" and/or "East Sea", and 10 use "Sea of Japan". However, upon close examination of this report, one finds that the figures have been manipulated and flawed. The most direct proof of this is that somehow they purport to have found 72 maps using "East Sea" whereas there are only 10 such maps according to their own data.
In 2002, the University of Southern California published their Sea of Korea maps digital archive on the Internet, consisting of 172 maps made between 17th and 19th centuries. The names of seas begin to appear on maps beginning in the 18th century, 95 of which called the sea "Sea of Korea" or "East Sea" while "Sea of Japan" is found only on one map. Of the 19th century maps, "Sea of Japan" is found on 9, "Sea of Korea" is found on 30. Among all 165 maps in the collection, 135 used "Sea of Korea" or "East Sea" while only 10 used "Sea of Japan".
In December 2002, South Korea produced a report on the names used on 228 maps published prior to 1800 that are held by the U.S. Library of Congress, claiming that two-thirds of the maps naming the sea used "East Sea", "Sea of Korea", or variants. Of the 103 maps that named the sea, the report claims 66 percent named it "Sea of Korea" and/or "East Sea" or variants.
In September 2003, Japan produced a report on the names used on maps published in Europe between 1801 and 1861 possessed by the British Library and the University of Cambridge, claiming that in the British Library, of 37 maps containing the areas surrounding the sea, 32 or 86.5% used "Sea of Japan" and 5 used "Sea of Korea". In the University of Cambridge, it found 21 maps containing the areas surrounding the sea, of which 18 or 85.7% used "Sea of Japan" and 3 used "Sea of Korea".
In March 2004, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan published a report with the list of maps it investigated on the investigation of maps at the Bibliotheque Nationale de France. The study claims that from the 1,495 maps possessed by the Bibliotheque Nationale de France and published between the 16th and 19th century show that of 407 maps for which a name was recorded, 249, or 61% bore the name "Sea of Japan" and 60, or 15% bore the name "Sea of Korea". It found no maps that bore the name "East Sea". Furthermore, the report claims, of the maps published in the first half of the 19th century, 90.0% or 99 maps bore the name "Sea of Japan" and of the maps published in the latter half of the 19th century 100% or 105 maps bore the same name.
In July 2005, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan published a report (English abstract) of the investigation it conducted on the dispute. According to the report, the investigators from Geographical Survey Institute of Japan looked into maps published between 1300 and 1900 at the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, and from 1,435 maps which mention the disputed sea, 1,110 maps use "Sea of Japan".
South Korea's Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries website states that by its count, of 763 historic maps in various government and university libraries worldwide, 440 maps use "Sea of Korea", "East Sea", or variants, and 123 use "Sea of Japan" or variants. (retrieved September 2005).
Ownership
Some Koreans argue that "Sea of Japan" implies ownership over an international body of water. Japanese counter by saying that the name of a body of water does not imply ownership. It is merely a name. Some Koreans argue that the name "Sea of Japan" is related to ownership because it was the Japanese delegates who submitted the name to the IHB when Korea was under Japanese colonial rule.
Ambiguity
Japanese groups claim that the name "East Sea" is not suitable as an international geographic name, because it could refers to various places including the neighboring East China Sea. Much of this argument is based on translations of local names into English. Commonly cited potential confusions are the Vietnamese name for the South China Sea, "Bien Dong", which literally means "East Sea", or the Baltic Sea which in many European languages is called the equivalent of "East Sea". The Koreans state that this is irrelevant as there are other geographical places that share similar or the same name. It is sometimes also argued that "East Sea" is a mere translation of the local Korean name "Donghae", and thus not really an English name per se.
Precedence
Some Japanese groups insist that renaming or showing both simultaneously runs counter to the spirit of geographic standardization and will be a troubling precedent. Since the name "Sea of Japan" is the internationally established name, some people think renaming is an unnecessary complication. Koreans disagree stating that setting the name right is more important.
See also
External links
- East Sea Map Study — by the Korean Overseas Information Service
- Sea of Japan — Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs defends the use of "Sea of Japan".