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Wars of national liberation

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Flag of Mozambique — independent since 1975, with the Kalashnikov as symbol of the armed struggle against the Portuguese empire, the book as symbol of instruction and a farm instrument as symbol of economic growth

Wars of national liberation are conflicts fought by indigenous military groups against an imperial power in the name of self-determination, thus attempting to remove that power's influence, in particular during the decolonization period. They are often founded in guerrilla warfare or asymmetric warfare, sometimes with intervention from other states.

According to political scientist Gérard Chaliand, guerrilla wars against European colonial powers were always a political success, although they may have been in some cases a military defeat. However, according to Gwynne Dyer, the tactics and strategies used against colonial powers were almost invariably failures when used against indigenous regimes.

Such wars were supported by the Soviet Union, which claimed to be an anti-imperialist power and by communist parties worldwide. In January 1961 Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev pledged support for "wars of national liberation" throughout the world.

In fact, since the 1917 October Revolution, the revolutionary objectives of communism were shared by many anticolonialist leaders, thus explaining the objective alliance between anticolonialist forces and Marxism. The concept of "imperialism" itself had been which had theorized in Lenin's famous 1916 book, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. For example, Ho Chi Minh — who founded the Viet-Minh in 1930 and declared the independence of Vietnam on September 2, 1945, following the 1945 August Revolution — was a founding member of the French Communist Party (PCF) in 1921.

Legal Issues

International law generally holds that a people with a legal right to self-determination are entitled to wage wars of national liberation. While Western states tend to view wars of national liberation as civil wars, Third World and communist states tend to view them as international wars. This difference in classification leads to varying perceptions of which laws of war apply in such situations. However, there is general agreement among all states today in principle that the use of force to frustrate a people's legal right to self-determination is unlawful.

History

Maccabean Revolt

The Maccabean Revolt (167 BC-160 BC) was a war of national liberation fought by the "Judean peasantry." It secured the independence of the Jewish Hasmonean kingdom from the Seleucid Empire.

First Jewish–Roman War

The First Jewish–Roman War (66-73 BC) was a war of national liberation. Jewish freedom fighters attempted to liberate the Jewish people in Judea from occupation by the Roman empire. The effort failed.

Bar Kokhba revolt

The Bar Kokhba revolt of 132-135 BC was a war of national liberation fought to free the Jewish people from the oppressive Roman Empire.

Decolonization of the Americas

Main articles: Decolonization of the Americas and South American Wars of Independence

Following the American War of Independence (1775-1783), the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804), which led to the proclamation of Haiti as the first independent black republic in 1804, and the South American wars of independence from Spain led in the 1810-1820s by famous Libertadores such as Simón Bolívar in North and José de San Martín in the South, led to the decolonization of most of the Americas. Brazil's independence was declared in 1822 by Dom Pedro I.

The Greek War of Independence

The Greek War of Independence, (1821–1829,) was fought to liberate Greece from a centuries-long Ottoman occupation. Independence was secured by the intervention of a combined British-French fleet at the Battle of Navarino.

Irish War of Independence

The Irish War of Independence of 1919-1921 led to the independence of most of Ireland (26 counties out of 32).

First Indochinese War

The First Indochina War (1946-54,) secured the independence of Vietnam from French imperial domination, although liberation from the French was sought as far back as the 1920s by the Viet Quoc.

Africa

The Algerian War of Independence (1954-62) was one of the most famous national liberation wars. The African National Congress (ANC)'s struggle against the apartheid regime is also part of these wars.

Cuba, led by Fidel Castro, supported national liberation movements in Angola and Mozambique.

The Portuguese colonial wars finally led to the recognition of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau as independent states in 1975, following the April Carnation Revolution.

China

Attempts to break free of Chinese Imperialism, whether in the Imperial of Communist era, have generally proven unsuccessful. The Panthay Rebellion]] of 1856-1873) succeeded in expelling the Qing Dynasty and establishing a Sultanate of the Muslim Hui people in what is now southwestern Yunnan Province, but the Qing managed a successful re-conquest.

A revolt broke out in Tibet in 1959 against the Communist rule, but the region has not experienced large-scale rebellion since then.

On-going national liberation conflicts

The following current conflicts have sometimes been characterized as wars or struggles of national liberation (such a designation is often subject to controversy):

  • Many Chechens and foreign observers consider the First and Second Chechen Wars to be wars of national liberation against Russia.
  • Some Iraqi insurgent groups, and certain political groups believe that the Iraq War is a war of national liberation against the US-led coalition.
  • Some think that the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the official representative of the Palestinian people, which was granted observer status in the United Nations General Assembly in 1974. However, the contention of being a liberation movement is extremely controversial, due to its goals initially of destroying another sovereign state to achieve "liberation."
  • The Polisario Front has sought the independence of Western Sahara since 1975 and considered its guerilla war against Morocco as national liberation war, while Morocco considered it a secessionist movement. The hostilities are frozen since the 1991 cease-fire following the settlement plan agreement.
  • As a result of the politics of the former Yugoslavia, a group of ethnic-Albanian politicians in Kosovo declared (on 2 July 1990) an independent "Republic of Kosovo" from the Republic of Serbia's Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija. After the dissolution of SFRY, an unofficial referendum was held for independence in 1992 that passed and began a conflict between the Albanian separatists led by the Kosovo Liberation Army and the Yugoslav military and paramilitary armed forces. This lasted until 1999 when a peace was brokered and the province came under UN administration under the terms of UNSCR 1244. International negotiations between Pristina and Belgrade are in progress on the future status of Kosovo. The conflict would only count as a war of national liberation if you exclude the fact that an Albanian state already exists, and that ethnic-Albanians in Kosovo seek their own separate nationhood.

References

  1. See for example Gérard Chaliand various books; French interview here.
  2. ^ Malanczuk, 1997, p. 336.
  3. Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs: Popular Movements in the Time of Jesus, By Richard A. Horsley, John S. Hanson, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1999, p. 22
  4. History of the Second Temple Period, Paolo Sacchi, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004, p. 239
  5. Between Rome and Jerusalem: 300 Years of Roman-Judaean Relations, Martin Sicker, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, p. x
  6. Law, Politics, and Morality in Judaism, Michael Walzer, Princeton University Press, 2006, p. 154
  7. The Chinese Sultanate, Atwill, David G.. Stanford University Press, 2005
  8. Sakwa, Richard (2005), Chechnya: From Past to Future, p. 208. Anthem Press, ISBN 184331164X, 9781843311645
  9. Evangelista, Matthew (2002), The Chechen wars: will Russia go the way of the Soviet Union?, p. 142. Brookings Institution Press, ISBN 0815724985, 9780815724988
  10. Dunlop, John B. (1998), Russia Confronts Chechnya, p. 93. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521636191, 9780521636193
  11. "Security Council" (PDF). WorldMUN2007 - United Nations Security Council. 26 March - 30 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-31. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. Jarat Chopra; et al. "Sovereignty Is No Longer Sacrosanct:Codifying Humanitarian Intervention". Humanitarianism and War Project. Retrieved 2007-08-21. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)

External links

Bibliography

  • Malanczuk (1997), AKEHURST'S MODERN INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL LAW, Routledge, ISBN 041511120X, 9780415111201 {{citation}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)

See also

Categories: