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"Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo." is a grammatically correct sentence used as an example of how homonyms and homophones can be used to create complicated constructs. It has been discussed in literature since 1972 when the sentence was used by William J. Rapaport, an associate professor at the University at Buffalo. It was posted to Linguist List by Rapaport in 1992. It was also featured in Steven Pinker's 1994 book The Language Instinct.

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Parsing difficulty

Other than the confusion caused by the homophones, the sentence is difficult to parse for several reasons:

1. The use of "buffalo" as a verb is not particularly common and itself has several meanings.
2. The construction in the plural makes the verb "buffalo", like the city, rather than "buffaloes".
3. The choice of "buffalo" rather than "buffaloes" as the plural form of the noun makes it identical to the verb.
4. There are no grammatical cues from syntactically significant words such as articles (again possible because of the plural construction) or the relative pronoun "that".
5. The absence of punctuation makes it difficult to read the flow of the sentence.
6. Consequently, it is a garden path sentence, i.e., it cannot be parsed by reading one word at a time without backtracking.
7. The statement includes a universal predicate about a class and also introduces a later class (the buffalo that are intimidated by intimidated buffalo) that may, but need not, be distinct from the first class.
8. Parsing is ambiguous if capitalization is ignored. Using another adjectival sense of 'buffalo' ('cunning', derived from the sense 'to confuse'), the following alternative parsing is obtained: 'Buffalo bison bison bully, bully cunning Buffalo bison' (that is, the head of the verb phrase occurs one 'buffalo' earlier).
9. The relative clause is center embedded, a construction which is hard to parse.

Extension

There is nothing special about eight "buffalo"s; indeed, a sentence with "buffalo" repeated any number of times is grammatically correct (according to Chomskyan theories of grammar). The shortest is 'Buffalo!', meaning either 'Bully (someone)!', or 'Look, there are buffalo here!', or 'Behold, it is the city of Buffalo!'.

Other words

Other English words can be used to make grammatical sentences of this form, containing many consecutive repetitions. Any word that is both an animate plural noun and a transitive verb will work. One un-punctuated example is "James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher". This could concern a situation in an English class regarding the usage of the word had, and might be punctuated as, "James, while John had had 'had', had had 'had had'; 'had had' had had a better effect on the teacher."

Other words which can be used in this manner include police, fish, people, and smelt.

See also

• James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher
• That that is is that that is not is not is that it it is
• Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den
• Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
• Malo malo malo malo
• List of linguistic example sentences
• Semantic satiation

Notes

1. Rapaport, William J. 22 September 2006. "A History of the Sentence "Buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo."". Accessed 23 September 2006. (archived copy)
2. Rapaport, William J. 19 February 1992. "Message 1: Re: 3.154 Parsing Challenges". Accessed 14 September 2006.
3. Pinker, Steven. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. William Morrow and Company, Inc., New York, 1994. p. 210
4. Thomas Tymoczko; James M. Henle (2000), Sweet reason: a field guide to modern logic (2 ed.), Birkhäuser, pp. 99–100, ISBN 9780387989303

External links

2. Part 2

• "Buffaloing buffalo" at Language Log, 20 January 2005
• Easdown, David. Template:PDF
• The Emory Wheel, Andrew Swerlick What a Herd of Confused Bison from Upstate New York Can Teach Us About Our Difficulties With the English Language

Video clips

• Explanation of the concept on YouTube

• English phrases
• Grammar