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Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), alternately spelled Aron,Template:Fn was an American musician and actor. A cultural icon, he is widely known by the single name Elvis. In addition, he is often referred to as the King of Rock and Roll or simply the King.

Presley began his career in 1954 as one of the first performers of rockabilly, an uptempo fusion of country and rhythm and blues with a strong back beat. His novel versions of existing songs, mixing "black" and "white" sounds, made him popular—and controversial—as did his uninhibited performances. Presley had a versatile voice and he had unusually wide success encompassing many genres, including rock and roll, gospel, blues, country, ballads and pop. To date, he has been inducted into four music halls of fame.

In 1968, after making movies in Hollywood and having been away from the stage for seven years, he returned to live performances in a television special, which led to a string of successful tours across the U.S., notably in Las Vegas, for the remainder of his career. In 1973, Presley staged the first global live concert via satellite (Aloha from Hawaii), reaching at least one billion viewers live and an additional 500 million on delay. It remains the most watched broadcast by an individual entertainer in television history.

Throughout his career, he set records for concert attendance, television ratings and recordings sales. He is one of the best-selling solo artists in the history of popular music, with sales between 600 million and one billion worldwide, and he is regarded as one of the most important figures of twentieth century popular culture. Among his many awards and accolades are 14 Grammy nominations (3 wins) from the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences, the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, which he received at age 36, and being named One of the Ten Outstanding Young Men of the Nation for 1970 by the United States Jaycees.

Weight problems, prescription drug dependence, and other factors led to his death at the age of 42.

History

1935–53: Early life

Life in Tupelo

Elvis Presley was born on January 8, 1935 in Tupelo, Mississippi to Vernon Elvis and Gladys Love Presley. In the two-room shotgun house built by his father in readiness for the birth, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered 35 minutes before him, stillborn. Growing up as an only child, he became close to both parents. The family lived just above the poverty line and attended an Assembly of God church where he found his initial musical influences.

Presley's ancestry was a diverse European mix, primarily British and German; Presley's lineage also included some Cherokee descent. Vernon has been described as work-shy, although there is much documented evidence of work he took throughout the depression. Gladys was, by most accounts, the dominant one who had a fondness for drink. In 1938, Vernon, along with Gladys' brother Travis Smith and a friend Lether Gable, was jailed for altering a check. During his eight-month incarceration, Gladys and her son lost the family home, and they moved in with relatives.

In September 1942, Presley entered the first grade at Lawhorn School in Tupelo. He was considered a "well-mannered and quiet child", but sometimes he would be bullied by classmates because they viewed him as a "mama's boy".

Early public performances

Presley's first public performance took place on October 3, 1945 during a singing contest at the Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show. He was encouraged to enter the contest after impressing his schoolteacher with his rendition of Red Foley's "Old Shep" during morning prayers. Dressed as a cowboy for the show, the ten-year-old Presley stood on a chair to reach the microphone and sang "Old Shep". He came in fifth, winning $5 ($85 in current dollar terms) and a free ticket to all the Fair rides. A few months later, for his eleventh birthday, Presley received his first guitar. He had wanted a rifle but his parents could only afford a guitar. Over the following year, Vernon's brother, Vester, gave Elvis basic guitar lessons.

The young Presley frequently listened to Mississippi Slim’s radio show on Tupelo’s WELO. Before he was a teenager, music was already his "consuming passion". In 1947, Mississippi Slim, one of Presley's earliest musical heroes, agreed to let Elvis sing on two occasions. However, the first time, Presley got such stage fright that he couldn't go on. He did manage to go on the following week.

Move to Memphis

In September 1948, the family (along with Gladys' brother and his family) moved to Memphis, Tennessee, allegedly because Vernon—in addition to needing work—had to escape the law for transporting bootleg liquor. Following stays in a couple of unsuitable premises the family applied for welfare assistance and after a visit from a Memphis Housing Authority inspector in 1949, they were moved to Lauderdale Courts; a public housing development in one of Memphis' poorer sections. Presley practiced guitar in the laundry room and also played in a five-piece band with other tenants. One resident, another future rockabilly pioneer, Johnny Burnette, recalled that the young Presley would have his guitar with him at most times, wherever he went.

Presley enrolled at L. C. Humes High School where some fellow students viewed his performing unfavorably; one recalled that he was a shy boy whose guitar playing was not likely to win any prizes. Presley was made fun of for playing "trashy" hillbilly music." Other children however, "would beg him" to sing, but he was apparently too shy to perform.

In September 1950, Presley occasionally worked evenings as an usher at Loew's State Theater—his first job—to boost the family income, but his mother made him quit as she feared it was affecting his school work. He began to grow his sideburns and, when he could afford to, dress in the wild, flashy clothes of Lansky Brothers on Beale Street. He stood out, especially in the conservative Deep South of the 1950s, and was mocked and bullied for it. Despite any unpopularity or shyness, he was a contestant in his school's 1952 "Annual Minstrel Show" and won by receiving the most applause. His prize was to sing encores, including "Cold Cold Icy Fingers" and "Till I Waltz Again With You".

After graduation, Presley was still a rather shy "kid who had spent scarcely a night away from home." His third job was driving a truck for the Crown Electric Company. He began wearing his hair longer with a ducktail; the style of truck drivers at that time.

Early musical influences

In Memphis, Presley went to record stores that had jukeboxes and listening booths. He knew all of Hank Snow’s songs and he loved records by Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Roy Acuff, Ernest Tubb, Ted Daffan, Jimmie Rodgers, Jimmie Davis and Bob Wills. He was also an audience member at the all-night white—and black—"gospel sings" downtown. The region's radio stations played "race records" featuring music that became known as rhythm and blues. Memphis had a strong tradition of blues music and Presley frequented blues as well as hillbilly venues. Many of his future recordings were inspired by local African American composers and recording artists, including Arthur Crudup and Rufus Thomas. B.B. King has recalled that he knew Presley before he was popular when they both used to frequent Beale Street. By that time Presley had also separated himself from others by his changing appearance (sideburns, long hair, flashy clothes) and he seems to have singled music out as his future.

Presley was an untrained musician who played by ear as he didn't read music. Later, as a young singer, his recording sessions were "still heavily influenced by the songs he had heard on the jukebox and radio."

1953–55: First recordings and performances

Sun Records 1953–55

In the summer of 1953, Presley went to Sun Records' Memphis Recording Service to record "My Happiness" with "That's When Your Heartaches Begin," supposedly as a present for his mother although it was months after her birthday. When asked by receptionist Marion Keisker what kind of singer he was, Presley told her that he sang all kinds. Determined to pin him down to a particular style, she then asked him who he sounded like, a question Presley responded to by insisting that he didn't sound like anyone. After his demo, she made herself a note: "Good ballad singer, Hold."

On January 4, 1954, he cut a second acetate demo recording of "I'll Never Stand In Your Way" and "It Wouldn't Be The Same Without You", but again nothing came of the recording session. In April Presley began working for the Crown Electric company as a truck driver, and around this time he auditioned for the Songfelows, but was disappointed when they turned him down and said he couldn't sing. Years later the group insisted that they meant he couldn't sing harmony, but Presley took the criticism to heart.

A few months later, Sun Records boss Sam Phillips was on the lookout for someone who could deliver a blend of black blues and boogie-woogie music; he thought it would be very popular among white people. When Phillips acquired a demo recording of "Without You" and was unable to identify the vocalist, Marion Keisker reminded him about the young truck driver. She called Presley on June 26, 1954. However, Presley was not able to do justice to the song. Despite this, Phillips asked Presley to sing as many songs as he knew and, impressed enough by what he heard, he invited local musicians Winfield "Scotty" Moore and Bill Black to audition Presley. Though they were not overly impressed, a studio session was planned.

On July 5, during a recording break, Presley began "acting the fool" with Arthur Crudup's "That's All Right (Mama)". Phillips quickly got them all to restart, and began taping; this was the sound he had been looking for. The following day the group recorded Bill Monroe's "Blue Moon of Kentucky", eventually destined to be the B-side. "That's All Right" was aired two days later by DJ Dewey Phillips on his Red, Hot and Blue show.Template:Fn Listeners to the show began phoning in, eager to find out who the singer was. The interest was such that Phillips played the demo fourteen times. During an interview on the show, Phillips asked Presley what high school he attended—to clarify Presley's color for listeners who assumed he must be black.

On July 12 Moore officially became Presley's manager and, along with Black, began playing regularly with him. They gave performances on July 17 and July 24, 1954 to promote the Sun single at the Bon Air, a rowdy music club in Memphis, where the band was not well-received. On July 30 the trio, billed as The Blue Moon Boys, made their first paid appearance at the Overton Park Shell, with Slim Whitman headlining. With a natural feel for rhythm, Presley shook his legs when performing: his wide-legged pants emphasizing his leg movements, apparently causing females in the audience to go "crazy." Presley was aware of the cause of the audience's reaction and consciously incorporated similar movements into future shows.

Soon after, Deejay and promoter Bob Neal became the trio's manager (replacing Scotty Moore). Moore and Black left their band, the Starlight Wranglers and, from August through October 1954, appeared with Presley at The Eagle's Nest. Presley debuted at the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville on October 2; Hank Snow introduced Presley on stage. He performed "Blue Moon of Kentucky" but received only a polite response. Afterwards, the singer was supposedly told by the Opry's Jim Denny to not give up his day job, though others deny it was Denny who made that statement.

Country music promoter and manager Tillman Franks booked Presley for October 16 on KWKH-AM's Louisiana Hayride. Before Franks saw Presley, he referred to him as "that new black singer with the funny name." During Presley's first set, the reaction was muted; Franks then advised Presley to "Let it all go!" for the second set. House drummer D.J. Fontana complemented Presley's movements with accented beats which he had mastered during his time working as a drummer in strip clubs. Bill Black also took an active part in encouraging the audience, and the crowd became more responsive.

By August 1955, Sun Studios had released ten sides, credited to "Elvis Presley, Scotty and Bill," all typical of the developing Presley style which seemed hard to categorize; he was billed or labeled in the media as "The King of Western Bop," "The Hillbilly Cat" and "The Memphis Flash."

Signing to RCA

On August 15, 1955, "Colonel" Tom Parker became Presley's manager, signing him to a one year contract, plus renewals. Several record labels had shown interest in signing Presley and, by the end of October 1955, three major labels had made offers up to $25,000. On November 21, 1955, Parker and Phillips negotiated a deal with RCA Victor Records to acquire Presley's Sun contract for an unprecedented $40,000 ($454,957 in current dollar terms), $5,000 of which was a bonus for the singer for back royalties owed to him by Sun Records (Presley, at 20, was officially still a minor, so his father had to sign the contract).

To boost earnings for himself and Presley, Parker also cut a deal with Hill and Range Publishing Company to create two separate entities—"Elvis Presley Music, Inc" and "Gladys Music"—to handle all of Presley's songs and accrued royalties. The owners of Hill & Range, Julian and Jean Aberbach, agreed to split the publishing and royalties rights of each song equally with Presley. Hill & Range, Presley or Colonel Parker's partners then had to convince unsecured songwriters that it was worthwhile for them to give up one third of their due royalties in exchange for Presley recording their compositions. One result of these dealings was the appearance of Presley's name as co-writer of some songs he recorded, even though Presley never had any hand in the songwriting process.Template:Fn

By December 1955, RCA had begun to heavily promote its newest star, and by the month's end had re-released many of his Sun recordings.

1956: Commercial breakthrough

First recordings for RCA

On January 10, 1956, Presley made his first recordings for RCA in Nashville, Tennessee. Despite Scotty, Bill and D.J. being in the studio with him, RCA enlisted the talents of already established stars Floyd Cramer and Chet Atkins also to "...fatten the sound." The session produced "Heartbreak Hotel/I Was The One" which was released on January 27. The public reaction to "Heartbreak Hotel" prompted RCA to release it as a single in its own right (February 11). By April it had hit number one in the U.S. charts, selling in excess of one million copies.

National exposure

On March 3, 1955, Presley made his first television appearance on the TV version of Louisiana Hayride on KSLA-TV in Shreveport, but failed an audition for Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts on CBS-TV later that month. To increase the singer's exposure, Parker finally brought Presley to national television after booking six appearances on CBS's Stage Show in New York, beginning January 28, 1956. Presley was introduced on the first program by Cleveland DJ Bill Randle. He stayed in town and on January 30, he and the band headed for the RCA's New York Studio. The sessions yielded eight songs, including "My Baby Left Me" and "Blue Suede Shoes". The latter was the only hit single from the collection, but the recordings marked the point at which Presley started moving away from the raw, pure Sun sound to the more commercial and mainstream sound RCA had envisioned for him.

By the spring of 1956, Presley was becoming popular nationwide and teenagers flocked to his concerts. Scotty Moore recalled: "He’d start out, 'You ain’t nothin’ but a Hound Dog,' and they’d just go to pieces. They’d always react the same way. There’d be a riot every time." Bob Neal wrote: "It was almost frightening, the reaction... from teenage boys. So many of them, through some sort of jealousy, would practically hate him." In Lubbock, Texas, a teenage gang fire-bombed Presley's car. Some performers became resentful (or resigned to the fact) that Presley's unmatched hustle onstage before them would "kill" their own act; he thus rose quickly to top billing. At the two concerts he performed at the 1956 Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show, fifty National Guardsmen were added to the police security to prevent crowd trouble.

Debut album and Hollywood

On March 23, RCA Victor released Presley's self-titled debut album. Like the Sun recordings, the majority of the tracks were country songs. The album went on to top the pop album chart for 10 weeks and became RCA's first million-dollar seller.

On April 1, Presley launched his acting career with a screen test for Paramount Pictures, and signed a seven year contract with them on April 25. His first motion picture, Love Me Tender, was released on November 21 (See 'Acting career').

Milton Berle Show and Las Vegas debut

Parker had also obtained a deal for two lucrative appearances on NBC-TV's The Milton Berle Show. Presley first appeared from the deck of the USS Hancock in San Diego on April 3. His performance was cheered by a live audience of appreciative sailors and their dates. A few days after, a flight taking Presley and his band to Nashville for a recording session left all three badly shaken when the plane lost an engine and almost went down over Texas.

From April 23, Presley was scheduled to perform four weeks at the New Frontier Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip—billed this time as "the Atomic Powered Singer" because Parker thought the name would be catchy as Nevada was the home of the U.S.'s atomic weapons testing. His shows were so badly received by critics and the conservative, middle-aged guests, that Parker cut short the engagement from four weeks to two. D.J. Fontana would later claim that the audience just weren't ready for Elvis. While in Vegas, Presley saw Freddie Bell and the Bellboys live, and liked their version of Leiber and Stoller's "Hound Dog". By May 16, he had added the song to his own act.

After more hectic touring, Presley made his second appearance on The Milton Berle Show (June 5). Whilst delivering an uptempo version of "Hound Dog" (without his guitar), he then stopped, and immediately after began performing a slower version. Presley's "gyrations" during this televised version of "Hound Dog" created a storm of controversy—even eclipsing the "communist threat" headlines prevalent at the time. The press described his performance as "vulgar" and "obscene". The furor was such that Presley was pressured to explain himself on the local New York City TV show Hy Gardner Calling. After this performance he was dubbed "Elvis the Pelvis". Presley disliked the name, calling it "one of the most childish expressions I ever heard."

Appearance on Steve Allen

The Berle shows drew such huge ratings that Steve Allen (NBC), not a fan of rock and roll, booked him for one appearance in New York on July 1. Allen believed that his show should be one "the whole family can watch" and introduced a "new Elvis" in white bow tie and black tails. Presley sang "Hound Dog" for less than a minute to a Basset Hound in a top hat. According to one author, "Allen thought Presley was talentless and absurd... set things up so that Presley would show his contrition..." In his book "Hi-Ho Steverino!" Allen defended his decision to present Presley this way, stating that by simply changing Presley's attire it changed the way he performed. The day after (July 2), the single "Hound Dog" was recorded. Scotty Moore said they were "all angry about their treatment the previous night", and Presley would later refer to the Allen show as the most ridiculous performance of his career. A few days later, Presley made a "triumphant" outdoor appearance in Memphis at which he announced: "You know, those people in New York are not gonna change me none. I'm gonna show you what the real Elvis is like tonight."

Country vocalists The Jordanaires accompanied Presley on The Steve Allen Show and their first recording session together produced "Any Way You Want Me", "Don't Be Cruel" and "Hound Dog". The Jordanaires would work with the singer through the 1960s.

Ed Sullivan appearances

Though Presley had been unhappy, Allen's show had, for the first time, beaten The Ed Sullivan Show in the ratings, causing a critical Sullivan (CBS) to book Presley for three appearances for an unprecedented $50,000.

Presley's first Ed Sullivan appearance (September 9, 1956) was seen by some 55–60 million viewers. Elvis mythology states that Sullivan censored Presley by only shooting him from the waist up. Sullivan may have helped create the myth when he told TV Guide, "as for his gyrations, the whole thing can be controlled with camera shots." In truth Presley's whole body was shown in the first and second shows. Biographer Greil Marcus has written: "Compared to moments on the Dorsey shows and on the Berle show, it was ice cream." On the third Sullivan show, in spite of Presley's established reputation as a "gyrating" performer, he sang only slow paced ballads and a gospel song. Presley was nevertheless only shown to the television audience 'from the waist up', as if to censor the singer.

Others have stated that Presley was shot in close up during this last broadcast because Sullivan had tried to 'bury' the singer. However, other commentators have claimed that Colonel Parker had himself orchestrated the 'censorship' merely to generate publicity. In spite of any misgivings about the controversial nature of his performing style (see 'Sex symbol'), Sullivan declared at the end of the third appearance that Presley was "a real decent, fine boy" and that they had never had "a pleasanter experience" on the show.

Million Dollar Quartet

On December 4, Presley dropped into Sun Records where Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis were recording. Sam Phillips made sure the session of the three performing was recorded; the results would later appear on a bootlegged recording titled The Million Dollar Quartet in 1977 (Johnny Cash is often thought to have performed with the trio, but he was only present briefly at Phillips' instigation for a photo opportunity). RCA would eventually iron out legal difficulties and release an authorized version a few years later.

On December 29, Billboard revealed that Presley had placed more songs in the Top 100 than any other artist since record charts began. This news was followed by a front page report in the Wall Street Journal on December 31, that suggested Presley merchandise had grossed more than $22 million in sales.

1957–60: Military service and mother's death

Rank and Insignia	Date of Rank
Private (No insignia)	Inducted March 24, 1958
Private First-Class	November 27, 1958
Specialist 4	June 1, 1959
Sergeant	January 20, 1960

On January 8, 1957, the Memphis Draft Board held a press conference and announced Presley would be classified 1A and would probably be drafted sometime that year. On December 20, 1957, Presley received his draft notice. Hal Wallis and Paramount Pictures had already spent $350,000 on the film King Creole, and did not want to suspend or cancel the project. The Memphis Draft Board granted Presley a deferment to finish it. On March 24, 1958 he was inducted as US Army private, under the service number US 53 310 761, at Fort Chaffee near Fort Smith, Arkansas. Two Army officers Arlie Metheny and John J. Mawn, coordinated the entry and shielded Presley from bombardment by national media and free-lance photographers. Presley completed basic training at Fort Hood, Texas, on September 17, 1958, before being posted to Friedberg, Germany, with the 3rd Armored Division, where his service took place from October 1, 1958 until March 2, 1960.

Fellow soldiers have attested to Presley's wish to be seen as an able, ordinary soldier, despite his fame, and to his generosity while in the service. To supplement meager under-clothing supplies, Presley bought an extra set of fatigues for everyone in his outfit. He also donated his Army pay to charity, and purchased all the TV sets for personnel on the base at that time.

Presley had chosen not to join "Special Services", which would have allowed him to avoid certain duties and maintain his public profile. However, several sources, including Priscilla Presley, have said that Elvis was eager to join Special Services where he "..could have sung and retained some rapport with the public." In her autobiography Priscilla states that it was Parker and RCA who convinced Presley he should serve his country as a regular soldier to gain respect from the public, but that Elvis worried this decision may have ruined his career back home. He continued to receive massive media coverage, with much speculation echoing Presley's own concerns about his enforced absence damaging his career. However, early in 1958, RCA Victor producer Steve Sholes and Freddy Bienstock of Hill and Range (Presley's main music publishers) had both pushed for recording sessions and strong song material, the aim being to release regular hit recordings during Presley's two-year hiatus. Hit singles duly followed during Presley's army service, like "One Night", "I Got Stung" and "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I", as did hit albums of old material, including Elvis' Golden Records and A Date With Elvis.

As Presley's fame grew, his mother continued to drink excessively and began to gain weight. She had wanted her son to succeed, "but ... hysteria of the crowd frightened her." In early August 1958, doctors had diagnosed hepatitis and her condition worsened. Presley was granted emergency leave to visit her, arriving in Memphis on August 12. Two days later, Gladys Presley died of heart failure, aged forty-six. Presley was heartbroken, "grieving almost constantly" for days.

Some months later, in Germany, " sergeant had introduced to amphetamines when they were on maneuvers at Grafenwöhr... it seemed like half the guys in the company were taking them." Friends around Presley, like Diamond Joe Esposito, also began taking them, "if only to keep up with Elvis, who was practically evangelical about their benefits." The Army also introduced Presley to karate—something which he studied seriously, even including it in his later live performances.Template:Fn

1960–67: Post-army appearances

First post-army recordings

Presley returned to the U.S. on March 2, 1960, and was honorably discharged with the rank of sergeant on March 5. Back on U.S. soil, the train which carried him from New Jersey to Memphis was mobbed all the way, with Presley being called upon to appear at scheduled stops to please his fans.

The first recording session, on March 20, 1960, was attended by all of the significant businessmen involved with Presley; none had heard him sing for two years, and there were inevitable concerns about him being able to recapture his previous success. The session was the first at which Presley was recorded using a three-track machine, allowing better quality, postsession remixing and stereophonic recording. This, and a further session in April, yielded some of Presley's best-selling songs. "It's Now or Never" ended with Presley "soaring up to an incredible top G sharp ... pure magic." His voice on "Are You Lonesome Tonight?" has been described as "natural, unforced, dead in tune, and totally distinctive." Although some tracks were uptempo, none could be described as "rock and roll", and many of them marked a significant change in musical direction. Most tracks found their way on to an album—Elvis is Back!—described by one critic as "a triumph on every level... It was as if Elvis had... broken down the barriers of genre and prejudice to express everything he heard in all the kinds of music he loved". The album was also notable because of Homer Boots Randolph's acclaimed saxophone playing on the blues songs "Like A Baby" and "Reconsider Baby", the latter being described as "a refutation of those who do not recognize what a phenomenal artist Presley was."

Sinatra Timex Special

On March 26, 1960, Presley made a guest appearance on The Frank Sinatra-Timex Special, a somewhat ironic move for both stars, given Sinatra's previously scathing criticism of "rock and roll" singers. Also known as Welcome Home Elvis, the show was taped for airing on May 12. Parker had made the deal with the show's producers months before Elvis was released from active duty, and had secured an unheard of $125,000 pay-check for Presley's six-minute appearance. He had hoped that appearing with Frank Sinatra would help to boost Presley's popularity amongst an older audience, as well as reminding the teenage audience that Presley was back. Never one to take chances, Parker had packed the studio audience with 400 members from one of the biggest fan clubs. The broadcast on the ABC network gave ABC-TV a 41.5 share for that evening and dispelled any fears Presley or Parker may have had about his return.

Charity concerts 1961

In November 1960 Parker announced that Presley would be giving two charity shows in Memphis to raise funds for twenty-four local charities. Shortly afterwards he read an article that stated no "...permanent memorial stands in salute to the dead of Pearl Harbor". Promptly he also announced a March benefit to raise funds for the memorial. The Memphis shows took place on February 25, 1961, and raised over $60,000. During a luncheon organised before the concert, Presley was awarded a plaque by RCA that recognised worldwide sales of over 75 million records.

The following month, on March 25, Presley arrived in Hawaii to give his benefit concert at Bloch Arena in aid of the USS Arizona Memorial Fund, which was $50,000 short of its target. The benefit raised over $62,000 and was to be the last public performance Presley would give for seven years.

1965: "The Fab Four" meet "The King"

During filming of Paradise, Hawaiian Style, Presley returned to his Bel Air home. The Beatles were at the end of their second U.S. tour. Colonel Parker had been negotiating a meeting for some time, through The Beatles' manager Brian Epstein, though Parker simply saw it as a valuable publicity opportunity. The group arrived in Bel Air amid a flurry of elaborate security arrangements, made by Parker, at 10 pm, on August 27, 1965. The visit lasted about four hours. Many of Presley's closest and trusted friends— members of the so-called "Memphis Mafia"—were present, including school friend and bodyguard Red West, Marty Lacker, Jerry Schilling, Larry Geller and their girlfriends.

Biographer Peter Guralnick maintains that Presley was at best "lukewarm" about playing host to people he did not really know, and it took a while for everyone to feel comfortable. Paul McCartney later said: "It was one of the great meetings of my life. I think he liked us. I think at that time, he may have felt a little bit threatened, but he didn't say anything. We certainly didn't feel any antagonism. I only met him that once, and then I think the success of our career started to push him out a little, which we were very sad about, because we wanted to coexist with him."

Marty Lacker recalls Presley saying: "'Quite frankly, if you guys are going to stare at me all night, I'm going to bed. I thought we'd talk a while and maybe jam a little.' And when he said that, they went nuts." The group told stories, joked and listened to records. The five of them had an impromptu jam session. "They all went to the piano," says Lacker, "and Elvis handed out a couple of guitars. And they started singing Elvis songs, Beatle songs, Chuck Berry songs. Elvis played Paul's bass part on "I Feel Fine", and Paul said something like, 'You're coming along quite promising on the bass there, Elvis.' I remember thinking later, 'Man, if we'd only had a tape recorder.'"

Ringo Starr played pool with two others that night; George Harrison "looked to most of the guys to be stoned" on arrival and allegedly smoked a joint with Larry Geller and talked about Hinduism (see: 'Influence of Colonel Parker and others'). Parker played roulette with Epstein. However, Guralnick claims The Beatles were, overall, disappointed by the visit. They still reciprocated with an invitation for Elvis to visit them, but only some of Presley's "Memphis Mafia" accepted. "John Lennon went out of his way to tell Jerry how much the evening had meant to him" and asked Schilling to tell Presley, "'f it hadn't been for him I would have been nothing.'" Schilling says that when he told Presley he did not say anything, but "just kind of smiled." (See: '1970–1972)').

Marriage to Priscilla

Elvis and Priscilla met in 1959 at a party in Bad Nauheim, Germany, during his stay in the army. She was 14 at the time, while he was 24. They quickly began a romantic relationship and were frequently together until Elvis left Germany in 1960. In her autobiography, Elvis and Me, Priscilla says that Elvis refused to have sexual intercourse with her until they were married. However, biographer Suzanne Finstad writes that Priscilla and Elvis slept together on their second date, and that she wasn't a virgin when she met him. Priscilla later won a lawsuit against Currie Grant, a former Army buddy of Presley's, for his claim in Finstad's book that he had sex with her in exchange for introducing her to Presley. Grant, whom Priscilla had sued for at least $10 million, was ordered to pay only $75,000. However, neither Finstad nor her publisher were a party to the lawsuit.

Priscilla and Elvis stayed in contact over the phone, though they would not see each other again until the summer of 1962, when Priscilla's parents agreed to let her visit for two weeks. After another visit at Christmas, Priscilla's parents finally let her move to America for good. Part of the agreement was that she would be privately educated, to complete her senior year, and live with Elvis' father and his wife, Dee, in their home—due to Presley's difficulty with accepting his stepmother, he arranged for them to live in a separate house on the Graceland estate. Priscilla's parents allowed her to live at Graceland only if Elvis promised to eventually marry her. However, it wasn't long until Priscilla was moved into Graceland to live with Elvis.

Shortly before Christmas 1966, Elvis proposed to Priscilla. They married on May 1, 1967 at the Aladdin Hotel in Las Vegas after an eight-year courtship. In typical fashion, Colonel Parker had arranged a photo session and press conference to be conducted shortly after the ceremony. According to Finstad, this marriage was part of a mastermind for fame hatched by Priscilla and her mother.

Their only child, Lisa Marie, was born on February 1, 1968.

1968–73: Comeback

In 1968, even Presley's version of Jerry Reed's hook-laden "Guitar Man" had failed to enter the U.S. Top 40. He continued to issue movie soundtrack albums that sold poorly compared to those of films like Blue Hawaii from 1961. It had also been nearly six years since the single "Good Luck Charm" had topped the Billboard Hot 100.

Presley was, by now, "profoundly" unhappy with his career. Colonel Parker's plans once again included television, and he arranged for Presley to appear in his own special. The singer had not been on television since Frank Sinatra's Timex special in May 1960. Parker shrewdly maneuvered a deal with NBC's Tom Sarnoff which included the network's commitment to financing a future Presley feature film—something that Parker had found increasingly difficult to secure.

The special was made in June, but was first aired on December 3, 1968 as a Christmas telecast called simply Elvis. Later dubbed the '68 Comeback Special by fans and critics, the show featured some lavishly staged studio productions. Other songs however, were performed live with a band in front of a small audience—Presley's first live appearance as a performer since 1961. The live segments saw Presley clad in black leather, singing and playing guitar in an uninhibited style—reminiscent of his rock and roll days. Rolling Stone called it "a performance of emotional grandeur and historical resonance." Jon Landau in Eye magazine remarked: "There is something magical about watching a man who has lost himself find his way back home. He sang with the kind of power people no longer expect of rock 'n' roll singers. He moved his body with a lack of pretension and effort that must have made Jim Morrison green with envy." Its success was helped by director and co-producer, Steve Binder, who worked hard to reassure the nervous singer and to produce a show that was not just an hour of Christmas songs, as Colonel Parker had originally planned.

By January, 1969, one of the key songs written specifically for the special, "If I Can Dream", reached number 12. The soundtrack of the special also broke into the Top 10. On December 4, when the TV ratings were released, NBC reported that Presley had captured 42 percent of the total viewing audience. It was the network's number one rated show that season.

Jerry Schilling recalls that the special reminded Presley about what "he had not been able to do for years, being able to choose the people; being able to choose what songs and not being told what had to be on the soundtrack. ... He was out of prison, man." Steve Binder said of Presley's reaction: "I played Elvis the 60-minute show, and he told me in the screening room, "Steve, it's the greatest thing I've ever done in my life. I give you my word I will never sing a song I don't believe in."

Buoyed by the experience, Presley engaged in the prolific series of recording sessions at American Sound Studios, which led to the acclaimed From Elvis in Memphis (Chips Moman was its uncredited producer). It was followed by From Memphis To Vegas/From Vegas To Memphis, a double-album. The same sessions lead to the hit singles "In the Ghetto", "Suspicious Minds", "Kentucky Rain" and "Don't Cry Daddy".

Return to live performances

In 1969, Presley was keen to resume regular live performing. Following the success of Elvis, many new offers came in from around the world. The London Palladium offered Parker $28,000 for a one week engagement. He responded: "That's fine for me, now how much can you get for Elvis?" By May, the brand new International Hotel in Las Vegas announced that it had booked Presley; he was scheduled to perform from July 31, after Barbra Streisand opened the new venue.

Presley duly delivered 57 shows over four weeks at the hotel, which had the largest showroom in the city. He had assembled some of the finest musicians—including an orchestra—and some of the best soul/gospel back-up singers available.

Despite such a prestigious backing, Presley was nervous; his only other engagement in Las Vegas (1956) had been a disaster, critically. Parker therefore promoted the singer's appearances heavily; he rented billboards and took out full-page advertisements in local and trade papers. The lobby of the International displayed Presley souvenirs; records, T-shirts, straw boaters and stuffed animals. Parker intended to make Presley's return the show business event of the year, and hotel owner Kirk Kerkorian planned to send his own plane to New York to fly in the rock press for the debut performance.

Presley took to the stage with no introduction. The audience of 2,200—which included Pat Boone, Fats Domino, Wayne Newton, Dick Clark, Ann-Margret, George Hamilton, Angie Dickinson, and Henry Mancini—gave him a standing ovation before he sang one note. After a well-received performance, he returned to give an encore, of "Can't Help Falling in Love", and was given his third standing ovation Backstage, many well-wishers, including Cary Grant, congratulated Presley on his triumphant return which, in the showroom alone, had generated over $1,500,000.

Newsweek commented: "There are several unbelievable things about Elvis, but the most incredible is his staying power in a world where meteoric careers fade like shooting stars." Rolling Stone magazine declared Presley to be "supernatural, his own resurrection", while Variety proclaimed him a "superstar". At a press conference after his opening show, when a reporter referred to him as "The King", Presley pointed to Fats Domino, standing at the back of the room. "No," he said, "that’s the real king of rock and roll."

The next day, Parker's negotiations with the hotel resulted in a five-year contract for Presley to play each February and August, at a salary of $1 million per year.

1970–72

In January 1970, Presley returned to the International Hotel for a month-long engagement, performing two shows a night. RCA recorded some shows and the best material appeared on the album On Stage - February 1970. In late February, Presley performed six more attendance-breaking shows at the Houston Astrodome in Texas. In August at the International Hotel, MGM filmed rehearsal and concert footage for a documentary: Elvis - That's The Way It Is. He wore a jumpsuit—a garment that would become a trademark of Presley's live performances in the 1970s. Although he had new hit singles in many countries, some were critical of his song choices and accused him of being distant from trends within contemporary music.

Around this time Presley was threatened with kidnapping at the International Hotel. Phone calls were received, one demanding $50,000; if unpaid, Presley would be killed by a "crazy man". The FBI took the threat seriously and security was stepped up for the next two shows. Presley went on stage with a Derringer in his right boot and a .45 in his waistband, but nothing untoward transpired. (The singer had had many threats of varying degrees since the fifties, many of them made without the singer's knowledge).

After closing his Las Vegas engagement on September 7, Presley embarked on his first concert tour since 1958. Feeling exhausted, Presley spent a month relaxing and recording before touring again in October and November. He would tour extensively in the U.S. up to his death; many of the 1,145 concerts setting attendance records.

On December 21, 1970, Presley met with President Richard Nixon at the White House (Presley arrived with a gift—a handgun. It was accepted but not presented for security reasons). Presley had engineered the encounter to express his patriotism, his contempt for the hippie drug culture and his wish to be appointed a "Federal Agent at Large". He also wished to obtain a Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs badge to add to similar items he had begun collecting. He offered to "infiltrate hippie groups" and claimed that The Beatles had "made their money, then gone back to England where they fomented anti-American feeling." Nixon was uncertain and bemused by their encounter, and twice expressed his concern to Presley that the singer needed to "retain his credibility". Ringo Starr later said he found it very sad to think Presley held such views. "This is Mr. Hips, the man, and he felt we were a danger. I think that the danger was mainly to him and his career." Paul McCartney said also that he "felt a bit betrayed ... The great joke was that we were taking drugs, and look what happened to . ... It was sad, but I still love him. ..."

On January 16, 1971 Presley was named 'One of the Ten Outstanding Young Men of the Nation' by the U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce (The Jaycees). That summer, the City of Memphis named part of Highway 51 South "Elvis Presley Boulevard".

In April 1972, MGM again filmed Presley, this time for Elvis on Tour, which won a 1972 Golden Globe for Best Documentary. A 14-date tour started with an unprecedented four consecutive sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden, New York. RCA taped the shows for a live album. After the tour, Presley released the 1972 single "Burning Love"—his last top ten hit in the U.S. charts.

Divorce from Priscilla

Off stage, Presley had continuing problems. He and Priscilla became increasingly distant due to Elvis being on the road so much. It was widely reported that he had cheated on her both before and after they married. In spite of his own infidelity, Presley was furious that Priscilla was having an affair with a mutual acquaintance—Mike Stone, a karate instructor she had met in 1971 backstage at one of Presley's concerts. It was Presley himself who first suggested Priscilla should take lessons from Stone. Once the news of their affair came to his attention, he raged obsessively: "There's too much pain in me ... Stone die." A bodyguard, Red West, felt compelled to get a price for a contract killing and was relieved when Presley decided: "Aw hell ... Maybe it's a bit heavy ..." Priscilla later admitted in her book Elvis and Me that she had also had a previous short affair with her private dance instructor in 1968.

The Presleys separated on February 23, 1972 after 13 years together. Elvis filed for legal separation in August 1972, and then filed for divorce in January 1973. They were divorced on October 9, 1973, agreeing to share custody of their daughter.

Following his separation from Priscilla, he lived with Linda Thompson, a songwriter and one-time Memphis beauty queen, from July 1972 until just a few months before his death. Following their breakup, he had a relationship with Ginger Alden, who has said that they were engaged.

1973–77: Health deterioration and death

1973: Aloha from Hawaii

In January 1973, Presley performed two charity concerts in Hawaii for the Kui Lee cancer foundation. The first concert (January 12) was primarily a practice run for the main show which was broadcast live on January 14. The first show also served as a backup if technical problems affected the live broadcast. The "Aloha from Hawaii" concert was the world's first live concert satellite broadcast, reaching at least a billion viewers live and a further 500 million on delay. The show raised $75,000 and the album went to number one, spending a year in the charts. The album also proved to be Presley's last U.S. Number One album during his lifetime.

1973–76

In March 1973, Presley and Parker negotiated a deal with RCA that resulted in Presley receiving a large lump sum payment of $5.4 million in lieu of all his future artist's royalties for any songs recorded up to that time. Presley, however, would retain any future royalties on material recorded after March 1973. Due to the current contract that Presley had with his manager, Parker received 50% of the payment. The deal also had no effect on Presley's publishing deals, and he would continue to receive royalties from Elvis Presley Music Inc. which included songs recorded prior to March 1973. Jack Soden of Elvis Presley Enterprises later described this deal as "..right up there with the Indians selling Manhattan for $24", and in 1980 a lawyer for the Presley estate concluded that Parker and RCA were "... probably guilty of collusion, conspiracy, fraud misrepresentation."

After his divorce in 1973, Presley became increasingly unwell, with prescription drugs affecting his health, mood and his stage act. His diet had always been unhealthy, and he now had significant weight problems. He overdosed twice on barbiturates, spending three days in a coma in his hotel suite after the first. According to Dr. George C. Nichopoulos, Presley's main physician, the singer was "near death" in November 1973 because of side effects of Demerol addiction. Nichopoulos notes that the subsequent hospital admission "was crazy", because of the enormous attention Presley attracted, and the measures necessary to protect his medical details. Lab technicians were even exploiting Presley's ill-health by selling samples of his blood and urine.

In his book, Elvis: The Final Years, Jerry Hopkins writes: "Elvis' health plummeted as his weight ballooned." At a University of Maryland concert on September 27 (1974), band members"had trouble recognizing him.... 'He walked on stage and held onto the mike for the first thirty minutes like it was a post. Everybody was scared.' Guitarist John Wilkinson ... recalled, ... 'He was all gut. He was slurring. ... It was obvious he was drugged, that there was something terribly wrong with his body. It was so bad, the words to the songs were barely intelligible.... We were in a state of shock.' "

Despite this, his "thundering" live version of "How Great Thou Art" won him a Grammy award in 1974. Presley won three competitive Grammys for his gospel recordings: "How Great Thou Art"—the album, as well as the single—and for the album He Touched Me (1972). (He had fourteen nominations during his career, though it has been claimed that "Elvis has never been adequately appreciated by those who give the Grammies.")

In April 1974, rumors began that he would actually be playing overseas after years of offers. A $1,000,000 bid came in from a source in Australia for him to tour there, but Colonel Parker was uncharacteristically reluctant to accept such large sums. This prompted those closest to Presley to speculate about Parker's past and circumstances, and the reasons for his apparent unwillingness to apply for a passport to travel abroad. He set aside any notions Presley had of overseas work by citing poor security in other countries, and the lack of suitable venues for a star of his status. Presley apparently accepted such excuses, at the time.

Presley continued to play to sell-out crowds in the U.S.; a 1975 tour ended with a concert in Pontiac, Michigan, attended by over 62,000 fans. However, the singer now had "no motivation to lose his extra poundage... he became self-conscious... his self-confidence before the audience declined... Headlines such as 'Elvis Battles Middle Age' and 'Time Makes Listless Machine of Elvis' were not uncommon." According to Marjorie Garber, when Presley made his later appearances in Las Vegas, he appeared "heavier, in pancake make-up... with an elaborate jewelled belt and cape, crooning pop songs to a microphone ... had become Liberace. Even his fans were now middle-aged matrons and blue-haired grandmothers,... Mother's Day became a special holiday for Elvis' fans."

On July 13, 1976, Presley's father fired "Memphis Mafia" bodyguards Red West, Sonny West and David Hebler. All three were taken by surprise, especially the Wests, who had been with Presley since the beginning of his career. Presley was away in Palm Springs when it happened, and some suggest the singer was too cowardly to face them himself. Vernon Presley cited the need to "cut back on expenses" when dismissing the three, but David Stanley has claimed they were really fired because of becoming more outspoken about Presley's drug dependency. A "trusted associate" of Presley, John O'Grady, also stated, in agreement with Parker and Vernon Presley, that the bodyguards "were too rough with the fans... resulting in a lot of unnecessary lawsuits" and lawyers' fees. The Wests and Hebler would later write a devastating indictment of Presley, notably his drug-taking, in the book: Elvis: What Happened?, published August 1, 1977.

Almost throughout the 1970s, Presley's recording label had been increasingly concerned about making money from Presley material: RCA Victor often had to rely on live recordings because of problems getting him to attend studio sessions. A mobile studio was occasionally sent to Graceland in the hope of capturing an inspired vocal performance. Once in a studio, he could lack interest or be easily distracted; often this was linked to his health and drug problems.

Final year and death

In 2006, a journalist recalled: "Elvis Presley had become a grotesque caricature of his sleek, energetic former self... he was barely able to pull himself through his abbreviated concerts." In Alexandria, Louisiana, the singer was on stage for less than an hour and "was impossible to understand." In Baton Rouge, Presley failed to appear: he was unable to get out of his hotel bed, and the rest of the tour was cancelled. In Knoxville, Tennessee on May 20, "there was no longer any pretence of keeping up appearances. The idea was simply to get Elvis out on stage and keep him upright..." Despite his obvious problems, shows in Omaha, Nebraska and Rapid City, South Dakota were recorded for an album and a CBS-TV special: Elvis In Concert.

In Rapid City, "he was so nervous on stage that he could hardly talk... He was undoubtedly painfully aware of how he looked, and he knew that in his condition, he could not perform any significant movement." His performance in Omaha "exceeded everyone's worst fears... the impression of a man crying out for help ..." According to Guralnick, fans "were becoming increasingly voluble about their disappointment, but it all seemed to go right past Elvis, whose world was now confined almost entirely to his room and his books." A cousin, Billy Smith, recalled how Presley would sit in his room and chat, recounting things like his favorite Monty Python sketches and his own past japes, but "mostly there was a grim obsessiveness... a paranoia about people, germs... future events", that reminded Smith of Howard Hughes.

The book Elvis: What Happened? was the first exposé to detail Presley's years of drug misuse, and served as the authors' revenge for them being fired, as well a plea to get Presley to recognize the extent of his drug problems. The singer "was devastated by the book. Here were his close friends who had written serious stuff that would affect his life. He felt betrayed."

Presley's final performance was in Indianapolis at the Market Square Arena, on June 26, 1977. According to many of his entourage who accompanied him on tour, it was the "best show he had given in a long time" with "some strong singing".

Another tour was scheduled to begin August 17, 1977, but at Graceland the day before, Presley was found unresponsive on the floor of his suite by fiancée, Ginger Alden, and attempts to revive the singer failed. Death was officially pronounced at 3:30 pm at the Baptist Memorial Hospital.

Before his funeral, hundreds of thousands of fans, the press and celebrities lined the streets and many hoped to see the open casket in Graceland. One of Presley's cousins, Billy Mann, accepted $18,000 to secretly photograph the corpse; the picture duly appeared on the cover of the National Enquirer, making it the largest and fastest selling issue of all time. Two days after the singer's death, a car plowed into a group of 2000 fans outside Presley's home, killing two women and critically injuring a third. Among the mourners at the funeral were Ann-Margret (who had remained close to Presley) and his ex-wife. U.S. President Jimmy Carter issued a statement (See 'Legacy').

On Thursday, August 18, following a funeral service at Graceland, Elvis Presley was buried at Forest Hill Cemetery in Memphis, next to his mother. After an attempt to steal the body on August 28, and with no signs of security concerns at the cemetery abating, his—and his mother's—remains were reburied at Graceland in the Meditation Garden in October.

Later years

In 1982, Graceland was officially opened to the public and has become one of the most visited tourist attractions in the USA. As a private home it is reportedly second only to the White House when it comes to visitor numbers.

Presley has been inducted into four music 'Halls of Fame': the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1986), the Rockabilly Hall of Fame (1997), the Country Music Hall of Fame (1998), and the Gospel Music Hall of Fame (2001). In 1984, he received the W. C. Handy Award from the Blues Foundation and the Academy of Country Music’s first Golden Hat Award. In 1987, he received the American Music Awards’ first posthumous presentation of the Award of Merit.

In 1994, the 40th anniversary of Presley's "That's All Right" was recognized with its re-release, which made the charts worldwide, making top three in the UK. During the 2002 World Cup a Junkie XL remix of his "A Little Less Conversation" (credited as "Elvis Vs JXL") topped the charts in over twenty countries and was included in a compilation of Presley's U.S. and UK number one hits, Elv1s: 30.

In 2005, three re-issued singles again went to number one ("Jailhouse Rock", "One Night"/"I Got Stung" and "It's Now or Never") in the UK. Throughout the year, twenty singles were re-issued—all making top five. In the same year, Forbes magazine named Presley, for the fifth straight year, the top-earning deceased celebrity, grossing US$45 million for the Presley estate during the preceding year. In mid-2006, top place was taken by Nirvana's Kurt Cobain after the sale of his song catalogue, but Presley reclaimed the top spot in 2007.

Questions over cause of death

Presley had developed many health problems during his life, some of them chronic. Opinions differ regarding the onset of his drug abuse. He did take amphetamines regularly in the army; it has been claimed that pills of some form were first given to him by Memphis DJ Dewey Phillips, but Presley's friend Lamar Fike has said: "Elvis got his first uppers from what he stole from his mother. Gladys was given Dexedrine to help her with her 'change of life' problems." Priscilla Presley saw "problems in Elvis' life, all magnified by taking prescribed drugs." Presley's physician, Dr. Nichopoulos, has said: " felt that by getting from a doctor, he wasn't the common everyday junkie getting something off the street. He... thought that as far as medications and drugs went, there was something for everything."

According to Guralnick: "rug use was heavily implicated... no one ruled out the possibility of anaphylactic shock brought on by the codeine pills... to which he was known to have had a mild allergy." In two lab reports filed two months later, each indicated "a strong belief that the primary cause of death was polypharmacy," with one report "indicating the detection of fourteen drugs in Elvis' system, ten in significant quantity."

The medical profession has been seriously questioned. Medical Examiner Dr. Jerry Francisco had publicly offered a cause of death while the autopsy was still being performed, but before toxicology results were known. Dr. Francisco dubiously stated that cardiac arrhythmia was the cause of death, a condition that can only be determined in a living person—not post mortem. Many doctors had been flattered to be associated with Presley (or had been bribed with gifts) and supplied him with pills, which simply fed his addictions. The singer allegedly spent at least $1 million annually during his latter years on drugs and doctors' fees or inducements. Although Dr. Nichopoulos was exonerated with regard to Presley's death, "In the first eight months of 1977 alone, he had more than 10,000 doses of sedatives, amphetamines, and narcotics: all in Elvis' name. On January 20, 1980, the board found him... but decided that he was not unethical ." His license was suspended. In July 1995, it was permanently revoked after it was found he had improperly dispensed drugs to several patients including Jerry Lee Lewis.

In 1994, the autopsy into Presley's death was re-opened. Coroner Dr. Joseph Davis declared: "There is nothing in any of the data that supports a death from drugs . In fact, everything points to a sudden, violent heart attack." However, there is little doubt that polypharmacy/Combined Drug Intoxication caused his premature death.

Controversy and cultural impact

When "That's All Right" was played, many listeners were sure Presley must be black, prompting white disc-jockeys to ignore his Sun singles. However, black disc-jockeys did not want anything to do with any record they knew was made by a white man. To many black adults, Presley had undoubtedly "stolen" or at least "derived his style from the Negro rhythm-and-blues performers of the late 1940s", though such criticism ignored Presley's use of "white" musical styles. Some black entertainers, notably Jackie Wilson, argued: "A lot of people have accused Elvis of stealing the black man’s music, when in fact, almost every black solo entertainer copied his stage mannerisms from Elvis."Template:Fn

To many white adults, the singer was "the first rock symbol of teenage rebellion. ... they did not like him, and condemned him as depraved. Anti-negro prejudice doubtless figured in adult antagonism. Regardless of whether parents were aware of the Negro sexual origins of the phrase 'rock 'n' roll', Presley impressed them as the visual and aural embodiment of sex." In 1956, a critic for the New York Daily News wrote that popular music "has reached its lowest depths in the 'grunt and groin' antics of one Elvis Presley" and the Jesuits denounced him in their weekly magazine, America. Even Frank Sinatra opined: "His kind of music is deplorable, a rancid smelling aphrodisiac. It fosters almost totally negative and destructive reactions in young people." Presley responded to this (and other derogatory comments Sinatra made) by saying: "I admire the man. He has a right to say what he wants to say. He is a great success and a fine actor, but I think he shouldn't have said it... This ... ... is a trend, just the same as he faced when he started years ago."

According to the FBI files on the singer, Presley was even seen as a "definite danger to the security of the United States." His actions and motions were called "a strip-tease with clothes on" or "sexual self-gratification on stage." They were compared with "masturbation or riding a microphone." Some saw the singer as a sexual pervert, and psychologists feared that teenaged girls and boys could easily be "aroused to sexual indulgence and perversion by certain types of motions and hysteria—the type that was exhibited at the Presley show." Presley would insist, however, that there was nothing vulgar about his stage act, saying: "Some people tap their feet, some people snap their fingers, and some people sway back and forth. I just sorta do ‘em all together, I guess." In August 1956, a Florida judge called Presley a "savage" and threatened to arrest him if he shook his body while performing in Jacksonville. The judge declared that Presley's music was undermining the youth of America. Throughout the performance (which was filmed by police), he kept still as ordered, except for wiggling a finger in mockery at the ruling. (Presley recalls this incident during the '68 Comeback Special.)

In 1957, despite Presley's demonstrable respect for "black" music and performers, he faced accusations of racism. He was alleged to have said in an interview: "The only thing Negro people can do for me is to buy my records and shine my shoes." An African American journalist at Jet magazine subsequently pursued the story. On the set of Jailhouse Rock, Presley denied saying, or ever wanting to make, such a racist remark. The Jet journalist found no evidence that the remark had ever been made, but did find testimony from many individuals indicating that Presley was anything but racist. Despite the remark being wholly discredited at the time, it was still being used against Presley decades later.

Critical voices

Despite Presley's popularity, there were also more critical voices to be heard. For instance, acknowledgment of the singer’s vocal style had been reduced to mocking the hiccuping, vocalese tricks that he had used on some early recordings—and to the way he said "Thankyouverymuch" after songs during live shows. On June 11, 1956, Time magazine ironically referred to him as "dreamboat Groaner Elvis ("Hi luh-huh-huh-huv-huv yew-hew") Presley". There was also the reproach that Presley "was an untrained musician who played entirely by ear. 'I don't read music,' he confessed, 'but I know what I like.' ... Because he was not a songwriter, Presley rarely material prepared for recording sessions..." When later, as a young singer, he "ventured into the recording studio he was heavily influenced by the songs he had heard on the jukebox and radio."

Though Presley's early music and live performances are credited with helping to lay a commercial foundation which allowed established black music acts of the 1950s to receive due recognition, some saw the singer as a white man who 'stole black music'.

His latter-day song choices had been seen as poor; many who disliked Presley had long been dismissive because he did not write his own songs. Such criticism of Presley continues. Later, newspaper reports ridiculed his obesity and his kitschy, jump-suited performances. Comedian George Carlin remarked, "America got what it deserved in Elvis Presley: a big fat, drug-addicted squealer." Sade Adu said about Presley: "when I see him in his fifties movies, Jailhouse Rock and King Creole, that's an image I desire to look like. But when he's in his jumpsuit I just think of him as a drag queen." His sixties' film career, which started shortly after his military service, was mocked, too. In 1980, John Lennon said: " died when he went into the army. That's when they killed him, that's when they castrated him."

Even Presley’s reputation as the most successful popular singer of his day has been doubted. Though he has featured prominently in a variety of polls and surveys designed to measure popularity and influenceTemplate:Fn, sociologist Philip Ennis writes: "Perhaps it is an error of enthusiasm to freight Elvis Presley with too heavy a historical load" because, according to an opinion poll of high school students in 1957, Pat Boone was nearly the "two-to-one favorite over Elvis Presley among boys and preferred almost three-to-one by girls..." In a poll conducted by VH1 on the 100 Greatest Artists of Rock’n’Roll, David Bowie is ranked higher than Presley.

Biographer Ernst Jorgensen has observed that when Presley died, "it was as if all perspective on his musical career was somehow lost." Author Samuel Roy has argued: "Elvis' death did occur at a time when it could only help his reputation. Just before his death, Elvis had been forgotten by society." This was only countered by the uncritical adulation of die-hard fans, who had even denied that he looked "fat" before he died.Template:Fn Any wish to understand Elvis Presley—his genuine abilities and his real influence—"seemed almost totally obscured."

Influence of Colonel Parker and others

By 1967, Colonel Tom Parker had negotiated a contract that gave him 50% of Presley's earnings. Parker's excessive gambling—and his subsequent need to have Presley signed up to commercially lucrative contracts—may well have adversely affected the course of Presley's career. Parker's concerns about his own U.S. citizenship (he was a Dutch immigrant) may have also been a factor in Parker and the singer never exploiting Presley's popularity abroad (see: '1973–1976').

It has been claimed that Presley's original band was fired in order to isolate the singer: Parker wanted no one close to Presley to suggest that a better management deal might exist. However, other sources report the band members left voluntarily because of poor pay, a lack of regular work and being banned from doing any solo projects (they sent letters of resignation to Presley himself). This led to Presley using more experienced musicians for his second homecoming show in Tupelo, but after being dissatisfied with the "sound and feel" of the performance, Parker arranged new terms with Moore and Black a week later.

Due to Parker's deal with Hill & Range in 1955 (see First recordings and performances), Presley apparently disliked several songs he sang— even some of the earliest top sellers he became famous for (which suggests commercial influences were sometimes greater than his own desires). Presley's friend Jerry Schilling relates that one way to really annoy the singer was to play a song, like "All Shook Up", on a jukebox at one of his private parties. "Get that crap off," was his typical reaction.

Parker's role in Presley's marriage to Priscilla is disputed. Some say that he persuaded Presley to get married for publicity reasons, whilst others insist that Presley made the decision to marry on his own. Parker is reported to have organized the wedding. It "was rushed", and the guest list was "savagely brief" which led to a few of Presley's entourage being upset at their exclusion. The honeymoon, too, is alleged to have been disrupted by Parker. Presley and Priscilla wanted a European honeymoon, but Parker persuaded him that his fans "over there would be disappointed" if he went there without performing.

In 1969, record producer Chips Moman and Presley recorded with Moman's own musicians at his American Sound Studios in Memphis. Given the control exerted by RCA and the music publishers, this was a significant departure. Moman still had to deal with Hill and Range staff on site and was not happy with their song choices. Moman could only get the best out of the singer when he threatened to quit the sessions and asked Presley to remove the "aggravating" publishing personnel from the studio. RCA Victor executive Joan Deary was later full of praise for the song choices and superior results of Moman's work, like "In the Ghetto" and "Suspicious Minds", but despite this, no producer was to override Hill and Range's control again.

According to life-long friend and "Memphis Mafia" member George Klein, over the years Presley was offered lead roles in the film Midnight Cowboy and in West Side Story. Robert Mitchum personally offered him the lead in Thunder Road. In 1974, Barbra Streisand approached Presley to star with her in the remake of A Star is Born. In each case, any ambitions the singer may have had to play such parts were thwarted by his manager's negotiating demands, or his flat refusals.

Marty Lacker regarded Parker as a "hustler and scam artist" who abused Presley's trust, but Lacker acknowledged that Parker was a master promoter. Priscilla Presley noted that "Elvis detested the business side of his career. He would sign a contract without even reading it."

Presley's father in turn distrusted Lacker and the other members of the "Memphis Mafia"; he thought they collectively exercised an unhealthy influence over his son. "t was no wonder" that as the singer "slid into addiction and torpor, no one raised the alarm: to them, Elvis was the bank, and it had to remain open." Musician Tony Brown noted the urgent need to reverse Presley's declining health as the singer toured in the mid-1970s. "But we all knew it was hopeless because Elvis was surrounded by that little circle of people... all those so-called friends and... bodyguards." In the "Memphis Mafia"'s defence, Marty Lacker has said: " was his own man. ... If we hadn't been around, he would have been dead a lot earlier."

Larry Geller became Presley's hairdresser in 1964. Unlike others in the "Memphis Mafia", Geller was interested in 'spiritual studies', and was subsequently viewed with suspicion and scorn by the singer's manager and friends. From their first conversation, Geller recalls how Presley revealed his secret thoughts and anxieties, how "there's got to be a reason... why I was chosen to be Elvis Presley.'" He then poured out his heart in "an almost painful rush of words and emotions," telling Geller about his mother and the hollowness of his Hollywood life, things he could not share with anyone around him. Thereafter, Presley voraciously read books Geller supplied, on religion and mysticism. Perhaps most tellingly, he revealed to Geller: "I swear to God, no one knows how lonely I get and how empty I really feel." Presley would be preoccupied by such matters for much of his life, taking trunkloads of books with him on tour.

Sex symbol

Presley's sexual appeal and photogenic looks have been acknowledged: for example, director Steve Binder, not a fan of Presley's music at the time, recalled from the '68 Comeback Special (when Presley was fit and tanned): "I'm straight as an arrow and I got to tell you, you stop, whether you're male or female, to look at him. He was that good looking. And if you never knew he was a superstar, it wouldn't make any difference; if he'd walked in the room, you'd know somebody special was in your presence."

According to Marjorie Garber, a "male rock critic writing in 1970 praised Elvis as 'The master of the sexual simile, treating his guitar as both phallus and girl.'" Rumor even "had it that into his skin-tight jeans was sewn a lead bar to suggest a weapon of heroic proportions." She cites a boyhood friend of Presley's who claims the singer actually used a cardboard toilet roll tube to make it "look to the girls up front like he had one helluva thing there inside his pants." By way of explanation, it has been stated that the singer did this in order "to earn more shrieks from the crowd for his pelvic gyrations." Though others considered these rumors little more than urban legends something like a coke bottle was clearly visible down Presley’s pants in the Steve Allen and Milton Berle shows.

Accounts of Presley's numerous sexual conquests may be exaggerated. Cybill Shepherd reveals that Presley kissed her all over her naked body - but refused to have oral sex with her. Ex-Girlfriends Judy Spreckels and June Juanico had no sexual relationships with Presley. Byron Raphael and Alanna Nash have stated that the star "would never put himself inside one of these girls..." Cassandra Peterson ("Elvira") says she knew Presley for only one night, but all they did was talk. Cher regrets turning him down when he asked her to stay with him in Las Vegas, because she was too nervous about spending the night with him. Peggy Lipton claims that he was "virtually impotent" with her, but she attributed this to his boyishness and drug misuse.

Ann-Margret, (Presley's co-star in Viva Las Vegas), refers to Presley as her "soulmate" but has revealed little else. A publicity campaign about Presley and Margret's romance was launched during the filming of Viva Las Vegas, which helped to increase Margret's popularity. Presley apparently dated many female co-stars for publicity purposes. Lori Williams dated him for a while in 1964. She says their "courtship was not some bizarre story. It was very sweet and Elvis was the perfect gentleman."

Former partner Linda Thompson says they did not consummate their relationship until after a few months of dating. After they broke up in December 1976, many say Presley never had sex again. His last girlfriend, Ginger Alden claims that she was engaged to Presley at the time of his death, but this is disputed.

Acting Career

Presley had been interested in acting since before his singing career had taken off. Fellow Humes High students recall that, despite Presley later declaring that he had no acting experience, he was often cast as the lead in the Shakespeare plays they studied in English class. Presley had admired actors such as James Dean and Marlon Brando, and reportedly studied their acting skills long before he himself ever set foot upon a movie set.

In 1956, following the success of his first album and his sudden rise to fame, Presley auditioned for Paramount Pictures by lip-syncing "Blue Suede Shoes" and performing a scene as 'Bill Starbuck' in The Rainmaker. Despite being quietly confident that The Rainmaker would be his first film—even going as far as saying so in an interview—the role eventually went to Burt Lancaster.

After signing a seven-year contract with Paramount, which also allowed him to work with other studios, Presley made his big-screen debut with the musical western, Love Me Tender. Intended to be a straight acting role, four songs were later added to it to take advantage of Presley's popularity as a singing star at the time. It was panned by the critics but did well at the box office, making $540,000 in its first week alone and finishing the year as the 23rd highest grossing movie of 1956, despite only being released in November. The original title—The Reno Brothers—was changed to capitalize on the advanced sales of the song "Love Me Tender".

The singer would later star alongside several established or up-and-coming actors, including Walter Matthau, Carolyn Jones, Angela Lansbury, Charles Bronson, Barbara Stanwyck, Mary Tyler Moore—and even a very young Kurt Russell in his screen debut. Although Presley was praised by directors, like Michael Curtiz, as polite and hardworking (and as having an exceptional memory), "he was definitely not the most talented actor around." Others were more charitable; critic Bosley Crowther of the New York Times said: "This boy can act," about his portrayal in King Creole.

The majority of Presley's films were musical comedies made to "sell records and produce high revenues." He also appeared in more dramatic films, like Jailhouse Rock and King Creole. The erotic, if not homo-erotic, dance sequence to the song "Jailhouse Rock", which was choreographed by Alex Romero after watching Presley himself, "is considered by many as his greatest performance ever captured on film." To maintain box office success, he would later even shift "into beefcake formula comedy mode for a few years." He also made one non-musical western, Charro!.

Presley's movies were generally poorly received, with one critic dismissing them as a "pantheon of bad taste." The scripts of his movies "were all the same, the songs progressively worse." For Blue Hawaii, "fourteen songs were cut in just three days." Julie Parrish, who appeared in Paradise, Hawaiian Style, says that Presley hated many of the songs chosen for his films; he "couldn't stop laughing while he was recording" one of them. Others noted that the songs seemed to be "written on order by men who never really understood Elvis or rock and roll." Sight and Sound wrote that in his movies "Elvis Presley, aggressively bisexual in appeal, knowingly erotic, acting like a crucified houri and singing with a kind of machine-made surrealism." However, several reputable songwriters/partnerships contributed soundtrack songs, including Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, Don Robertson, Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett, and Otis Blackwell and Winfield Scott. Whatever the quality of the material, some observers have argued that Presley generally sang well in the studio, with commitment, and always played with distinguished musicians and backing singers. Despite this, critics maintained that "No major star suffered through more bad movies than Elvis Presley."

Presley movies were nevertheless very popular, and he "became a film genre of his own." Hal Wallis would later remark: "An Elvis Presley picture is the only sure thing in Hollywood." Elvis on celluloid was the only chance for his worldwide fans to see him, in the absence of live appearances (the only time he toured outside of the U.S. was in Canada in 1957).Template:Fn His Blue Hawaii even boosted tourism in the state. Some of his most popular songs came from such movies, like "Can't Help Falling in Love," "Return to Sender" and "Viva Las Vegas." His 1960s films and soundtracks grossed some $280 million.

By the late sixties, the Hippie movement had developed and musical acts like Jefferson Airplane, Sly and the Family Stone, Grateful Dead, The Doors and Janis Joplin were dominating the airwaves. Accoording to Priscilla Presley, he would blame his "fading popularity on his humdrum movies".

Change of Habit (1969) was Presley's final movie role. His last two films were concert documentaries in the early 1970s, though Presley was keen to consider dramatic movie roles. (See: 'Influence of Colonel Parker and others'). Presley was offered a co-starring role in the 1976 remake of A Star is Born, and he expressed interest, but the producers instead turned to Kris Kristoferson after Colonel Parker began making greater and greater demands for salary and billing for Presley.

Legacy

Elvis Presley's death deprives our country of a part of itself. He was unique and irreplaceable. More than 20 years ago, he burst upon the scene with an impact that was unprecedented and will probably never be equaled. His music and his personality, fusing the styles of white country and black rhythm and blues, permanently changed the face of American popular culture. His following was immense, and he was a symbol to people the world over of the vitality, rebelliousness, and good humor of his country.

— President Jimmy Carter, 1977-08-17,

Presley transformed the world of popular music and paved the way for many artists, black or white, that followed in his footsteps. Not only did his emergence in the mid-fifties influence the changing musical styles of the time, it also had a huge effect on the popular culture. His music helped to break down racial barriers, especially within the USA, and his ability to appeal to both a black and white audience made him popular on many segregated radio stations.

Performers like Fats Domino, Chuck Berry and Little Richard, came to national prominence after Presley's mix of musical styles was accepted among White American teenagers. Little Richard commented, "He was an integrator, Elvis was a blessing. They wouldn't let black music through. He opened the door for black music." Al Green agreed, saying; "He broke the ice for all of us." It has also been argued that Presley's sound and persona helped to relax the rigid color line and thereby fed the fires of the civil rights movement.

Despite his inability to be taken seriously as an actor, his films throughout the fifties and sixties were always financially successful, and to this day are replayed on television all over the world. In the late 1960s, composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein remarked: "Elvis is the greatest cultural force in the twentieth century. He introduced the beat to everything, music, language, clothes, it's a whole new social revolution... the 60's comes from it."

Presley's informal jamming in front of a small audience in the '68 Comeback Special is regarded as a forerunner of the so-called 'Unplugged' concept, later popularized by MTV. His Las Vegas engagements are amongst the most famous and well known of any performer, and due to regular releases by RCA, younger audiences are discovering those performances today. The worldwide satellite concert, Aloha From Hawaii, is still the biggest single concert any solo entertainer has given to date.

For much of his career, Presley enjoyed the kind of worldwide fame that had never been seen before, and that has rarely been seen since. His name, image and voice are instantly recognisable on every continent and within most cultures, and has led to him being one of the most impersonated stars of all time. In music polls worldwide, he is constantly recognised as one of the most important musical artists of all time, and is considered by music historians to be one of the top selling artists of all time.

In 2002, it was observed:

For those too young to have experienced Elvis Presley in his prime, today’s celebration of the 25th anniversary of his death must seem peculiar. All the talentless impersonators and appalling black velvet paintings on display can make him seem little more than a perverse and distant memory. But before Elvis was camp, he was its opposite: a genuine cultural force... Elvis’s breakthroughs are underappreciated because in this rock-and-roll age, his hard-rocking music and sultry style have triumphed so completely.

— The New York Times

Discography

Studio albums

See also

• List of best-selling music artists
• List of artists by total number of U.S. number-one singles
• List of artists by total number of UK number one singles
• List of honorific titles in popular music

Notes

• Template:Fnb Presley's genuine birth certificate reads "Elvis Aaron Presley" (as written by a doctor). There is also a souvenir birth certificate that reads "Elvis Aron Presley." When Presley did sign his middle name, he used Aron. It reads 'Aron' on his marriage certificate and on his army duffel bag. Aron was apparently the spelling the Presleys used to make it similar to the middle name of Elvis' stillborn twin, Jesse Garon. Elvis later sought to change the name's spelling to the traditional and biblical Aaron. In the process he learned that "official state records had always listed it as Aaron. Therefore, he always was, officially, Elvis Aaron Presley." Knowing Presley's plans for his middle name, Aaron is the spelling his father chose for Elvis' tombstone, and it is the spelling his estate has designated as the official spelling whenever the middle name is used today. His death certificate says "Elvis Aron Presley." This quirk has helped inflame the "Elvis is not dead" conspiracy theories.
• Template:Fnb Presley's version dropped the word "Mama" from the title.
• Template:Fnb Songs credited to Presley as a co-writer: "Heartbreak Hotel", all four songs from his first film including title track "Love Me Tender" and "All Shook Up".
• Template:Fnb The issue of whether Presley "stole" music of black origin continued decades later. See: Kolawole, Helen (August 15, 2002). "He wasn't my king". Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved on 2007-10-14
• Template:Fnb In 1973, Presley was keen to produce a karate movie/documentary, enlisting the help of several top instructors and film-makers. Instructor Rick Husky says: "...Basically never went anywhere... Elvis got up and did some demonstrations with Ed , you know stumbled around a little bit, and it was very sad." Husky was aware that Presley was "stoned." "Colonel" Parker thought the project was folly—and a drain on their resources—from the start. (Guralnick 1994, p. 531 and in passim). The film footage was finally edited, restored and released as The New Gladiators in 2002.New Gladiators (2002) Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved on 2007-10-12; Susan, King (November 17, 2002). "When Elvis bowed to karate kings" Los Angeles Times. Reprinted in IssacFlorentine.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-12.
• Template:Fnb In 2008, it was claimed that Presley had flown to London in 1958 whilst in the Army for a one-day secret trip: his only visit to the UK was thought to have been a stop-over at Prestwick Airport, Scotland in 1960. Tommy Steele, Presley's alleged London chaperone, said that he'd sworn not to divulge details of the visit. Friends of Presley, including Army buddy Lamar Fike, insist that the trip never took place.
• Template:Fnb See also: Cook, Graceland National Historic Landmark Nomination Form. Other analyses of Presley's voice credit him with a three octave range.
• Template:FnbVH1 ranked Presley #8 on its 100 Greatest Artists in Rock and Roll in 1998 while CMT ranked him #15 on CMT's 40 Greatest Men in Country Music. Presley is one of only three artists to make both VH1's and CMT's lists, the others being Johnny Cash and The Eagles. Elvis also ranked second for BBC's "Voice of the Century", eighth on Discovery Channel's "Greatest American" list, in the top ten of Variety's "100 Icons of the century", sixty-sixth in The Atlantic Monthly's "100 most influential figures in American history", and third in Rolling Stone's "The Immortals: The Fifty Greatest Artists of All Time" for which he was chosen by Bono.

Footnotes

1. ^ (May 9, 2002). "Elvis Presley - the Singer". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
2. ^ "Youtube - The vocal range of Elvis Presley". Youtube.com.
3. "FAQ: Elvis' middle name, is it Aron or Aaron?" Elvis.com. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
4. ^ See Fensch, Thomas. The FBI Files on Elvis Presley, pp. 15-17.
5. ^ Jorgensen, p. 49.
6. ^ An example of press criticism can be found at Gould, Jack (June 6, 1956). "TV: New Phenomenon" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
7. ^ WikiQuote: Elvis Presley
8. ^ Hopkins 2007, p. 215.
9. ^ See "Aloha From Hawaii"
10. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A702839
11. Adam Victor, The Elvis Encyclopedia, p. 10.
12. . Retrieved 2008-10-27.
13. Why Elvis is Still The Ing, The Daily Record
14. Elvis Presley Article, BBC
15. For The Billionth And The Last Time, elvis.com.au
16. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,337778,00.html Time Magazine article
17. Elvis Biography, elvis.com.au, Retrieved 2009-07-20
18. ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 13.
19. Vernon and Gladys Presley, elvispresleynews.com
20. German American Corner: PRESLEY, Elvis
21. "Elvis roots 'lead to Scotland'"; a March 23, 2004 BBC story that cites Allan Morrison, the author of the then-unpublished book The Presley Prophecy
22. Elvis's great-great-great-grandmother, Morning White Dove (1800–1835), was a full-blooded Cherokee Indian
23. "Elvis Presley's Roots"
24. Presley's ancestry is discussed at the following sites:
    • Rossacher, Hannes (August 16, 2007). Austrian and French TV documentary: "Elvis-O-Rama". ARTE. Retrieved on 2007-10-12.
    • (August 11, 2007). "Die wahre Wiege des Rock ’n’ Roll." Ludwigshafen: Die Rheinpfalz.
    • "Biography: Presley, Elvis". German Heritage.com. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
    • (March 23, 2004). "Elvis roots 'lead to Scotland'". BBC News Online. Retrieved on 2007-10-12.
    • "Elvis Presley's Roots". fife.50megs.com. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
    • "Elvis Was a Metis: Cherokee-Scots-Irish (Celt)". WolfLodge.org. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
25. Goldman, p. 16.
26. Adam Victor, The Elvis Encyclopaedia, p. 419 - A very detailed list of occupations and jobs that Vernon worked between 1933 and 1949.
27. Vernon and Gladys Presley - Elvis Presley's Mother and Father, elvis.com.au, Retrieved 2009-07-29
28. ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 12.
29. ^ Stanley and Coffey, p. 19.
30. ^ Elvis Presley Home. Elvis-Presley-Biography.com. Retrieved July 15, 2007.
31. Guralnick 1994, p. 36.
    Referring to an account by singer Barbara Pittman in Humphries, Patrick (April 1, 2003). "Elvis The #1 Hits: The Secret History of the Classics" Andrews McMeel Publishing, p. 117. ISBN 0-7407-3803-8.
32. Guralnick 1994, p. 17.
33. Guralnick 1994, p. 18.
34. "Elvis. com Biography"
35. (October 14, 2001). "Elvis Presley's First Guitar". Tupelo Hardware. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
36. www.elvis.am/bio Elvis Biography Retrieved 2008-05-30
37. ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 21.
38. Elvis Presley 1935-1955, elvispresleymusic.com, Retrieved 2009-07-20
39. Alanna Nash, Elvis and the Memphis Mafia, p. 21.
40. Escott, p. 420.
41. ^ Clutton, Everything Elvis, p. 4.
42. Alanna Nash, Elvis and the Memphis Mafia, p. 23.
43. ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 50.
44. ^ Carr and Farren, p. 10.
45. Guralnick, Last Train to Memphis, chapter 1.
46. Hopkins 2007, p. 33.
47. Stanley and Coffey, p. 20.
48. Lichter, p. 10.
49. Lichter, p. 9.
50. Guralnick 1994, p. 149.
51. (1996). "Elvis Presley". history-of-rock.com. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
52. Guralnick 1994, p. 171.
53. Matthew-Walker (1979), p. 3.
54. (August 18, 1997). "Good Rockin'". Newsweek, pp. 54-5.
55. ' Guralnick, Peter (August 11, 2007). "How Did Elvis Get Turned Into a Racist?" The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
56. Szatmary, p. 35.
57. Elvis Presley: A Life In Music, Jorgensen, p. 8.
58. ^ Bertrand, p. 205.
59. "Elvis biography: 1935–1957." elvis.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
60. Elvis Presley: A Life In Music, Jorgensen, p. 9.
61. Elvis Presley 1953-1955, elvispresleymusic.com.au, Retrieved 2009-10-08
62. Miller, p. 71.
63. Lichter, p. 12.
64. Elvis Presley 1953-1955, elvis.com.au
65. "Sam Phillips Sun Records Two". history-of-rock.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-14. See also Jorgensen, Elvis Presley: A Life In Music, pp. 10, 11.
66. Guralnick, Peter (1992). The Complete 50's Masters (CD booklet notes).
67. Jorgensen, p. 13.
68. Adam Victor, The Elvis Encyclopaedia, p. 519.
69. ^ Carr and Farren, p. 6.
70. ^ Everything Elvis, ISBN 0-7535-0960-1
71. ^ EPE. "Elvis Presley's First Record & Early Gigs". ElvisPresley.com.au. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
72. Burnett, Brown (ed.) (August 2, 2004). "Overton Park Shell 50th Anniversary, Elvis’ 1st live show". Memphis Mojo Newspaper. Reprinted in "The Buzzards". RedClock.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
73. Naylor and Halliday, p. 43.
74. Elvis Presley Classic Albums (DVD). Eagle Eye Media, EE19007 NTSC.
75. Naylor and Halliday, pp. 43-6.
76. Clayton and Heard, p. 69.
77. Naylor and Halliday, p. 46.
78. DJ Fontana Interview, elvis.com.au, Retrieved 2009-08-27
79. Naylor and Halliday, p. 52.
80. Clayton and Heard, p. 73.
81. Hopkins 2007, p. 53.
82. Stanley and Coffey, p. 28.
83. ^ Stanley and Coffey, p. 29.
84. Carr and Farren, p. 21.
85. Escott, p. 421.
86. Ernst Jorgensen, Elvis Presley, A Life In Music, The Complete Recording Sessions, pages 36, 54
87. ^ Stanley and Coffey, p. 30.
88. Gordon, Robert - The Elvis Treasures (2002 Elvis Presley Enterprises), p. 17.
89. Moore and Dickerson, p. 175.
90. ^ Carr and Farren, p. 12.
91. Guralnick 1994, p. 343.
92. Hilburn, Robert (2005-02-11). "Review: Elvis Presley CD". elvis.com.au. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
93. Gordon, Robert - The Elvis Treasures (2002 Elvis Presley Enterprises), p. 19.
94. ^ Jorgensen, p. 45.
95. Stanley and Coffey, p. 32.
96. Butler, Peter. "Blackie". RockabillyHall.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
97. See complete Milton Berle Show Hound Dog footage with original music.
98. ^ Raymond, Susan (Director) (1987, Re-released 2000). Elvis '56 - In the Beginning (DVD). Warner Vision.
99. Farren and Marchbank, p. 89.
100. Austen, p. 13.
101. ^ Beebe, Fulbrook and Saunders, p. 97.
102. The Steve Allen Comedy Show
103. Jorgensen, p. 51.
104. For more on the TV host rivalries of the period, see "The Steve Allen Show (And Various Related Programs)". The Museum of Broadcast Communications. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
105. TV a-go-go: rock on TV from American Bandstand to American Idol. Jake Austen. 2005. Chicago Review Press, Inc. ISBN 1-55652-572-9. page 16
106. Marcus, Greil, "Elvis Presley: The Ed Sullivan Shows." "Official Press Release". elvis.com.au. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
107. Paul Mavis (Director) (2006). Elvis Presley - Ed Sullivan Shows (DVD). Image Entertainment.
108. Marcus, "Elvis Presley: The Ed Sullivan Shows."
109. Clayton and Heard, pp. 117-8.
110. ^ Gibson, Christine (December 6, 2005). "Elvis on Ed Sullivan: The Real Story". American Heritage Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-10-22.
111. ^ Stanley and Coffey, p. 37.
112. Jorgensen, p. 71.
113. classicbands.com Elvis Timeline
114. Elvis Presley 1956
115. "Evin Demirel, "Arlie Metheny: Guarded Pvt. Elvis during '58 training"". Arkansas Democrat Gazette, Northwest Arkansas edition, September 18, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2009. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
116. Elder, Daniel K. "Remarkable Sergeants: Ten Vignettes of Noteworthy NCOs". ncohistory.com. Retrieved on 2007-11-13.
117. Clayton and Heard, p. 160.
118. Lichter, p. 51.
119. ^ Presley, Elvis and Me (1985), p. 40.
120. Jorgensen, p. 107.
121. Rodriguez, p. 87.
122. Guralnick 1999, p. 480.
123. Guralnick 1994, p. 71.
124. "What was his rank when he got out of the army?". AllExperts. Retrieved on 2008-08-23.
125. Matthew-Walker 1979, p.19
126. ^ Jorgensen, p. 120.
127. ^ Matthew-Walker 1979, p. 49.
128. Jorgensen, p. 128.
129. ^ Elvis Biography, 1960-1966
130. Elvis Biography, 1960-1966.
131. ^ Hamlyn, The King on the Road, p. 110.
132. Hamlyn, The King on the Road, p. 114.
133. Hamlyn, The King on the Road, p. 119.
134. ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 211.
135. ^ Elvis Presley News
136. ^ Nash, Smith, Lacker and Fike Elvis and the Memphis Mafia, p359-360
137. Guralnick 1999, p. 212.
138. Finstad, Suzanne, Child Bride: The Untold Story of Priscilla Beaulieu Presley (1997).
139. Priscilla, Biography Channel
140. elvis.com Biography
141. ^ Kubernick, The Complete '68 Comeback Special Booklet
142. Guralnick 1999, p. 171.
143. George-Warren, Holly; Patricia Romanowski, Jon Pareles (2001). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock And Roll. Fireside. ISBN 0-7432-"0120-5. Excerpt in "Elvis Presley biography". Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
144. ^ Binder, Steve (2005-07-08). "Interview with Steve Binder, director of Elvis' 68 Comeback Special". elvis.com.au. Retrieved on 2007-10-19.
145. Guralnick 1999, p. 293.
146. Binder, Steve (Aired: August 14, 2007). "Comeback Special". BBC Radio Two.
147. Jorgensen, p. 281.
148. ^ The King on The Road, Elvis Presley Enterprises
149. Elvis Quotes
150. Cook, p. 39.
151. Stanley and Coffey, p. 94.
152. Stanley and Coffey, p. 95.
153. (Aired: August 7, 2002). "How Big Was The King? Elvis Presley's Legacy, 25 Years After His Death." CBS News.
154. Hopkins 2007, p. 254.
155. Stanley and Coffey, p. 96.
156. Hopkins 2007, p. 253.
157. Stanley and Coffey, p. 99.
158. ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 420.
159. ^ Guralnick 1999, in passim
160. Brian Roylance, The Beatles Anthology, 2000, Chronicle Books. p. 192.
161. ^ http://www.fiftiesweb.com/elvis-bio-70s.htm Presley Seventies Biography
162. Guralnick 1999, p. 489.
163. Guralnick 1999, p. 490.
164. Presley (1985), p. 262.
165. Hopkins 2007, p. 291.
166. Who owns Elvis Presley's Music?, ElvisPresleyMusic.com. Retrieved on 2009-07-15.
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168. ^ Cause Of Death, ElvisPresleyNews.com. Retrieved on 2008-10-20.
169. ^ (August 11, 2002). "Elvis Special: Doctor Feelgood". The Observer. Reprinted in Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved on 2007-10-12.
170. Clayton and Heard, p. 293.
171. Jorgensen, p. 381.
172. Roy 1985, p. 131.
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174. Roy, p. 70.
175. Garber, Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing & Cultural Anxiety (1992), p. 380.
176. Stanley and Coffey, p. 139.
177. ^ Hopkins 2007, p. 354.
178. Stanley and Coffey, p. 140.
179. Stanley and Coffey, p. 148.
180. Scherman, T. (August 16, 2006). "Elvis Dies". American Heritage.
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182. ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 634.
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189. EIN Interview with Elvis' cousin Billy Smith, Retrieved 2009-08-17
190. Hopkins 2007, p. 386.
191. Matthew-Walker 1979, p. 26.
192. Clayton and Heard, p. 394.
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197. , infoplease.com, Retrieved 2009-12-11
198. Goldman, Lea; David M. Ewalt, eds. (2007-10-29). "Top-Earning Dead Celebrities". Forbes. Retrieved on 2007-10-31.
199. Baden and Hennessee, p. 35, "Elvis had an enlarged heart for a long time. That, together with his drug habit, caused his death. But he was difficult to diagnose; it was a judgment call."
200. Goldman, Albert, Elvis: The Last 24 Hours, p. 9.
201. Guralnick, p. 652.
202. ^ "Coverup for a King". Court TV Crime Library. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
203. Clayton and Heard, p. 336.
204. Goldman, Albert, Elvis: The Last 24 Hours, p. 56.
205. Carr and Farren, pp. 11, 16.
206. Bayles, p. 22.
207. ^ Blank, Christopher (July 15, 2006). "Elvis & Racism - Elvis Presley Legacy is cloudy through lens of race". elvis.com.au. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
208. Billboard writer Arnold Shaw, cited in Denisoff, p. 22.
209. "Elvis Presley - 1956". PBS. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
210. Khurana, Simran. "Quotes About Elvis Presley". about.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
211. Hopkins, p. 126.
212. Elvis Quotes
213. Marino, Rick. "Elvis and Jacksonville, Florida". LadyLuckMusic.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
214. Guralnick, Peter (August 11, 2007). "How Did Elvis Get Turned Into a Racist?". The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-08-13
215. See Question of the Month: Elvis Presley and Racism Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
216. See: Kolawole, Helen (August 15, 2002). "He wasn't my king". Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved on 2007-10-14
217. ^ Associated Press (2002-08-07). How big was the king? CBS News. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
218. Cook, p. 20.
219. Sinclair, Tom (August 9, 2002). "Elvis Presley is overrated". CNN.com. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
220. Carlin, George, Napalm and Silly Putty (2001), p. 248.
221. Cited in Nina Rapi and Maya Chowdhry, Acts of Passion (1998), p. 231.
222. See Ennis, Philip H., The Seventh Stream: The Emergence of Rocknroll in American Popular Music (Wesleyan University Press, 1992), pp. 251-252.
223. See Billboard 110, March 21, 1998, p.10ff.
224. ^ Jorgensen, p. 4.
225. Roy, p. 173.
226. Wall, David S. (2003). "Policing Elvis: legal action and the shaping of post-mortem celebrity culture as contested space" (PDF). Entertainment Law, 2 (3): pp. 35-69. doi:10.1080/1473098042000275774. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
227. http://archives.tcm.ie/businesspost/2002/08/18/story343531628.asp Retrieved on 2008-07-30.
228. Dickerson, Colonel Tom Parker: The Curious Life of Elvis Presley's Eccentric Manager
229. ^ Gordon, Robert - The Elvis Treasures (2002 Elvis Presley Enterprises), p. 25.
230. Schilling, Jerry (2006-07-10). "Why I Wrote Me And A Guy Named Elvis". elvis.com.au. Retrieved on 2007-10-23.
231. ^ Clutton, Everything Elvis, p. 47.
232. Clayton and Heard, pp. 264–65.
233. Clayton and Heard, p. 267.
234. Clayton and Heard, p. 226.
235. ^ George-Warren, Romanowski and Pareles, The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock And Roll. Excerpt in "Elvis Presley biography". Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
236. Nash, Lacker, Fike and Smith, Elvis Aron Presley: Revelations from the Memphis Mafia
237. Presley, Elvis and Me
238. Humphries, p. 79.
239. Harris, John (March 27, 2006). "Talking about Graceland". The Guardian.
240. Clayton and Heard, p. 339.
241. Connolly 2007, p. 148.
242. ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 173.
243. Guralnick 1999, p. 174 and in passim.
244. Garber, Marjorie, Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing & Cultural Anxiety, p. 382.
245. Purvis, Kenneth, Male Sexual Machine (2002), p. 15.
246. See Doll, Susan, Elvis for Dummies, p. 82.
247. See Brown and Broeske, Down at the End of Lonely Street, p.93.
248. Kirchberg and Hendricks, p. 62.
249. Curtin, Curtin and Ginter, p. 119.
250. See "Hollywood Actress Reveals Her Elvis Sex Secrets". WENN, April 25, 2000.
251. Raphael, Byron; Alanna Nash (November 2005). "In Bed with Elvis". Playboy, 52 (11): pp. 64-8, 76, 140.
252. Stein, Ruthe August 3, 1997. San Francisco Chronicle.
253. Cher - Nervous Cher Turned Down A Date With Elvis(February 7, 2008) - Contactmusic News
254. Lipton, Dalton and Dalton, p. 172.
255. Margret, Ann-Margret: My Story
256. Presley, p. 175.
257. Gamson, p. 46.
258. Harrington and Bielby, p. 273.
259. Stein, Ruthe (August 3, 1997). "Girls! Girls! Girls! From small-town women to movie stars". San Francisco Chronicle.
260. Lisanti 2003, p. 207.
261. See McVeigh, Tracy, "Elvis Special: Love me tender." The Observer, Sunday August 11, 2002.
262. For instance, according to Charlie Hodge, Presley himself said, "I'm never going to marry her." See Kirchberg, Connie and Hendrickx, Marc, Elvis Presley, Richard Nixon, and the American Dream, pp. 157-158.
263. Victor, Adam, The Elvis Encyclopedia, p.2
264. Victor, Adam, The Elvis Encyclopedia, p.2
265. ^ Elvis Presley Timeline Retrieved on 2008-07-31
266. The Rainmaker Trivia Retrieved July 31, 2008
267. Victor, Adam, The Elvis Encyclopedia, p.315
268. Victor, Adam, The Elvis Encyclopedia, p.315
269. Victor, Adam, The Elvis Encyclopedia, p.315
270. Harbinson, p. 62.
271. Verswijver, p. 129.
272. Falk and Falk, p. 52.
273. See Brett Farmer, Spectacular Passions: Cinema, Fantasy, Gay Male Spectatorships (Duke University Press, 2000), p. 86.
274. Gordon, Robert - The Elvis Treasures (2002 Elvis Presley Enterprises), p. 24.
275. Billy Poore, Rockabilly: A Forty-Year Journey (1998), p. 20.
276. "Elvis goes Hollywood: Fun in the sun, and not much else". CNN.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-19.
277. Caine, p. 21.
278. Kirchberg and Hendricks, p. 67.
279. Hopkins, p. 31.
280. Lisanti 2000, pp. 19, 136.
281. Hopkins, p. 32.
282. Sight and Sound, The British Film Institute, British Institute of Adult Education (1992), p. 30.
283. Matthew-Walker 1979, p. 66.
284. Lyon, p. 511.
285. Lisanti 2000, p. 18.
286. Elvis Presley Movie Facts Retrieved on 2008-07-30
287. Hopkins, vii
288. Alagna, Elvis Presley
289. Lisanti 2000, p. 9.
290. Presley, p. 188.
291. "Death of Elvis Presley Statement by the President". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved on 2007-10-17.
292. Elvis Presley, as a Pop Culture Icon, deserves to be on a stamp, New York Times, Feb 12 1992, Retrieved 2009-12-11
293. The EP Express Radio Station, Retrieved 2009-12-11
294. ^ Khurana, Simran. "Quotes about Elvis". About.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
295. Bertrand, Race, Rock, and Elvis.
296. Elvis: The Ultimate Film Collection Retrieved 2009-11-12
297. Johnson, Brett (2004-06-28). "Steve Binder, Director Of Elvis' '68 Comeback Special Talks About The King". elvis.com.au. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
298. Adam Victor, The Elvis Encyclopedia, p. 10.
299. Stecopoulos, p. 198.
300. "Billboard Hot 100 Chart 50th Anniversary". Billboard. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
301. (August 16, 2002). "Long Live the King". The New York Times. Retrieved on 2007-10-18.
302. "Elvis's secret UK visit revealed". BBC News Online. 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2008-05-01.
303. Ian Youngs (2008-05-01). "Elvis friends dispute London trip". BBC News Online. Retrieved 2008-05-01.
304. (1998). "VH1: 100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll". VH1. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
305. (2005). "CMT's 40 Greatest Men in Country Music". CMT. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
306. (April 18, 2001). "Sinatra is voice of the century" BBC NEWS, Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
307. "Greatest American". Discovery Channel. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
308. "100 Icons of the century". Variety. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
309. (December 2006). "Top 100 most influential figures in American history". The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved on 2007-10-16.
310. (2004-04-15). "The Immortals: The First Fifty". Rolling Stone (946). Retrieved on 2007-10-16.

References

• Alagna, Magdalena (2002). Elvis Presley. Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8239-3524-8.
• Austen, Jake (2005). TV-A-Go-Go: Rock on TV from American Bandstand to American Idol. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 1-55652-572-9.
• Baden, Michael M.; Judith Adler Hennessee (1992). Unnatural Death: Confessions of a Medical Examiner. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-8041-0599-5.
• Bayles, Martha (1996). Hole in Our Soul: The Loss of Beauty and Meaning in American Popular Music. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-03959-5.
• Bertrand, Michael T. (2000). Race, Rock, and Elvis. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02586-5.
• Beebe, R.; D. Fulbrook, B. Saunders (eds.) (2002). Rock over the Edge. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2915-8.
• Brown, Peter Harry; Pat H. Broeske (1998). Down at the End of Lonely Street: The Life and Death of Elvis Presley. Signet. ISBN 0-451-19094-7.
• Caine, A. (2005). Interpreting Rock Movies: The Pop Film and Its Critics in Britain. Palgrave Macmillan. 0719065380.
• Carr, Roy; Mick Farren (1982). Elvis: The complete illustrated record. Eel Pie Publishing. ISBN 0-906008-54-9.
• Clayton, Rose; Dick Heard (2003). Elvis: By Those Who Knew Him Best. Virgin Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-7535-0835-4.
• Connolly, Charlie (2007). In search of Elvis. Abacus. ISBN 978-0-349-11900-7.
• Cook, J., Henry, P. (ed.) (2004). Graceland National Historic Landmark Nomination Form (PDF). United States Department of the Interior.
• Curtin, Jim; James Curtin, Renata Ginter (1998). Elvis: Unknown Stories behind the Legend. Celebrity Books. ISBN 1-58029-102-3.
• Dickerson, James L. (2001). Colonel Tom Parker: The Curious Life of Elvis Presley's Eccentric Manager. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1267-3.
• Denisoff, R. Serge (1975). Solid Gold: The Popular Record Industry. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books. ISBN 0-87855-586-2.
• Dundy, Elaine (1986). Elvis and Gladys: The Genesis of the King, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-7088-3087-0.
• Escott, Colin. (1998). "Elvis Presley". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517608-1.
• Falk, Ursula A.; Gerhard Falk (2005). Youth Culture and the Generation Gap. Algora Publishing. ISBN 0-87586-367-1.
• Farren, Mick; Pearce Marchbank (1977). Elvis In His Own Words. New York: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-86001-487-8.
• Finstad, Suzanne (1997). Child Bride: The Untold Story of Priscilla Beaulieu Presley. New York: Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-70585-0.
• Gamson, Joshua (1994). Claims to Fame: Celebrity in Contemporary America. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08352-0.
• George-Warren, Holly; Patricia Romanowski, Jon Pareles (2001). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock And Roll. Fireside. ISBN 0-7432-0120-5.
• Goldman, Albert (1990). Elvis: The Last 24 Hours. St Martins. ISBN 0-312-92541-7.
• Guralnick, Peter (1994). Last Train to Memphis: The Rise of Elvis Presley. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-33225-9.
• Guralnick, Peter (1999). Careless Love. The Unmaking of Elvis Presley. Back Bay Books. ISBN 0-316-33297-6.
• Harbinson, W. A., (1977). The life and death of Elvis Presley. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN 0-517-24670-8.
• Harrington C. Lee; Denise D. Bielby (2000). Popular Culture: Production and Consumption. Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21710-X.
• Hopkins, Jerry (2002). Elvis in Hawaii. Bess Press. ISBN 1-57306-142-5.
• Hopkins, Jerry (2007). Elvis. The Biography. Plexus. ISBN 0-85965-391-9.
• Humphries, Patrick (2003). Elvis The #1 Hits: The Secret History of the Classics. Andrews McMeel. ISBN 0-7407-3803-8.
• Jorgensen, Ernst (1998). Elvis Presley: A life in music. The complete recording sessions. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-18572-3.
• Kirchberg, Connie; Marc Hendricks (1999). Elvis Presley, Richard Nixon, and the American Dream, Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company. ISBN 0-7864-0716-6.
• Lichter, Paul (1980). Elvis - The Boy Who Dared To Rock. Sphere Books. ISBN 0 7221 5547-6.
• Lipton, Peggy; Coco Dalton, David Dalton (2005). Breathing Out. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-32413-8.
• Lisanti, Tom (2000). Fantasy Femmes of 60's Cinema: Interviews with 20 Actresses from Biker, Beach, and Elvis Movies. McFarland and Company. ISBN 0-7864-0868-5.
• Lisanti, Tom (2003). Drive-In Dream Girls: A Galaxy of B-Movie Starlets of the Sixties. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1575-4.
• Margret, Ann; Todd Gold (1994). Ann-Margret: My Story. G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-399-13891-9.
• Matthew-Walker, Robert (1979). Elvis Presley. A Study in Music. Tunbridge Wells: Midas Books. ISBN 0-85936-162-4.
• Miller, James (1999). Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 1947–1977. Fireside. ISBN 0-684-86560-2.
• Moore, Scotty; James Dickerson (1997). That’s Alright, Elvis. Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-864599-5.
• Nash, A.; M. Lacker, L. Fike, B. Smith (1995). Elvis Aron Presley: Revelations from the Memphis Mafia. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-109336-X.
• Naylor, Jerry and Steve Halliday (2007). The Rockabilly Legends; They Called It Rockabilly Long Before they Called It Rock and Roll (Book and DVD). Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation. ISBN 1-4234-2042-X.
• Pratt, Linda R. (1979). "Elvis, or the Ironies of a Southern Identity". Elvis: Images and Fancies. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
• Presley, Priscilla, (1985). Elvis and Me. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-399-12984-7.
• Rodman, G., (1996). Elvis After Elvis, The Posthumous Career of a Living Legend. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11002-5.
• Rodriguez, R., (2006). The 1950s' Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Rock & Roll Rebels, Cold War Crises, and All-American Oddities. Potomac Books. ISBN 1-57488-715-7.
• Roy, Samuel (1985). Elvis: Prophet of Power. Branden Publishing Co. Inc. ISBN 0-8283-1898-0.
• Shepherd, Cybill; Aimee Lee Ball (2000). Cybill Disobedience. Thorndike Press. ISBN 0-06-103014-7.
• Stanley, David E.; Frank Coffey (1998). The Elvis Encyclopedia. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 0-7535-0293-3.
• Stecopoulos, H.; M. Uebel (1997). Race and the Subject of Masculinities. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-1966-7.
• David Szatmary (1996). A Time to Rock: A Social History of Rock 'n' Roll. New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-864670-3.
• Verswijver, L., (2002). Movies Were Always Magical: Interviews with 19 Actors, Directors, and Producers from the Hollywood of the 1930s through the 1950s. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-7864-1129-5.
• Walser, Robert; David Nicholls (ed.) (1999). The Cambridge History of American Music. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45429-8.
• West, Red; Sonny West, Dave Hebler (As Told To Steve Dunleavy) (1977). Elvis: What Happened. Bantam Books. ISBN 0-345-27215-3.

Further reading

• Goldman, Albert (1981). Elvis. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-023657-7.
• Allen, Lew (2007). Elvis & the birth of rock. Genesis Publications. ISBN 1-905662-00-9.
• Cantor, Louis (2005). Dewey and Elvis - The Life and Times of a Rock 'n' Roll Deejay. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02981-X.
• Chadwick, Vernon (ed.) (1997). In Search of Elvis: Music, Race, Art, Religion. Proceedings of the first annual International Conference on Elvis Presley, Westview. ISNB 0813329876.
• Doss, Erika Lee (1999). Elvis Culture: Fans, Faith, and Image. University of Kansas Press. ISBN 0-7006-0948-2.
• Hopkins, Jerry (2007). Elvis. The Biography. Plexus. ISBN 0-85965-391-9.
• Marcus, Greil (1991). Dead Elvis: A Chronicle of a Cultural Obsession.
• Marcus, Greil (2000). Double Trouble: Bill Clinton and Elvis Presley in a Land of No Alternative. ISBN 0-571-20676-X.
• Nash, Alanna (1995). Elvis Aaron Presley: Revelations from the Memphis Mafia. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-109336-X.
• Nash, Alanna (2003). The Colonel: The Extraordinary Story of Colonel Tom Parker and Elvis Presley. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-1301-7.
• Tamerius, Steve D. & Worth, Fred L. (1990). Elvis: His Life From A to Z. Contemporary Books. ISBN 0-8092-4528-0.

External links

• Elvis Presley at IMDb
• Template:Amg name
• Elvis Presley at Find a Grave
• Elvis Presley Enterprises - Official site of the Elvis Presley brand.
• Elvis Resources - Interviews and articles about Elvis Presley By Elvis Australia
• Elvis Presley's Graceland - A detailed history of Elvis' Graceland, with photos.
• Elvis Presley Tributes
• The Web's Most Popular Elvis Shrine
• Template:Dmoz
• Ancestry at Genealogy.com

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