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BlackLight Power Inc.
Company logo
FoundedHydroCatalysis Inc. in 1991.
FounderRandell L. Mills
Headquarters493 Old Trenton Rd.
Cranbury Township, New Jersey, USA
Number of employees20 fulltime, 14 consultants
Subsidiaries"Millsian, Inc".
WebsiteBlackLightPower.com

BlackLight Power, Inc. (BLP) of Cranbury, New Jersey is a company founded by Randell L. Mills who claims to have discovered a new energy source. The purported energy source is claimed to be based on Mills' theory that a hydrogen atom energy level can drop below the ground state, contradicting the definition of ground state. Mills calls the theoretical hydrogen atoms that are in an energy state below ground level, "hydrinos". BLP has created a system it calls Catalyst Induced Hydrino Transition, or CIHT. Mills self-published a closely related book The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics, August 2011 ed. (GUT-CP).

Several prominent physicists have been extremely critical of the underlying physical theory, calling it "extremely unlikely", lacking corroborating scientific evidence and a relic of cold fusion, and questioning the wisdom of anyone who invests on it. IEEE Spectrum magazine has been especially critical, pointing out that that BlackLight has made similar claims before, announcing that it was on the brink of commercializing its revolutionary technology but failing to deliver.

Company

Randell Mills, the founder and CEO of BlackLight Power, received a degree in Chemistry from Franklin & Marshall College in 1982, and later studied biotechnology and electrical engineering at MIT, and graduated from Harvard Medical School. Claiming a potential power source that "represents a boundless form of new primary energy" and that will "replace all forms of fuel in the world," he founded the company in 1991 as HydroCatalysis Inc. It was later renamed to BlackLight Power Inc. By 2000 Mills raised $25 million in funding for the company, recruiting several researchers to sit on the board, which subsequently included representatives of venture capital firms and as well as a former CEO of Westinghouse, and an ex-deputy director of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Mills is the chairman of the board, president and CEO. Former directors of the company have included turnaround expert Michael H. Jordan and General Merrill McPeak.

By 2009 BLP had raised about $60 million in venture capital, and claims to have commercial agreements to license BLP energy technology for the production of thermal or electric power to utilities and private corporations. Mills envisions that CIHT (Catalyst-Induced-Hydrino-Transition) cell stacks can provide power for long-range electric vehicles. Mills claims this electricity will cost less than 2 cents per kilowatt-hour, compared to an 8.9 cents per kilowatt-hour national average. In 2010 the company claimed that "CIHT technology was independently confirmed by Dr. K.V. Ramanujachary, Rowan University Meritorious Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry". This was based on company-funded experiments by Rowan University researchers and a scientist consulting for GEN3 partners, all conducted with BLP direct involvement and which remain unpublished in peer reviewed journals.

A subsidiary formed in June 2006 as Molegos Inc. and renamed as Millsian in October 2006, offers a molecular-modeling software-application based on "CQM" theory.

Patents

BLP holds several patents based on graphic modelling software, and a "molecular hydrogen laser". They have struggled with others. A 2000 patent based on its hydrino-related technology was later withdrawn by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) due to contradictions with known physics laws and other concerns about the viability of the described processes. A column by Robert L. Park and an outside query by an unknown person prompted Group Director Kepplinger to review this new patent herself. Kepplinger said that her "main concern was the proposition that the applicant was claiming the electron going to a lower orbital in a fashion that I knew was contrary to the known laws of physics and chemistry", and that the patent appeared to involve cold fusion and perpetual motion. She contacted another Director, Robert Spar, who also expressed doubts on the patentability of the patent application. This caused the USPTO to withdraw from issue the patent application before it was granted and re-open it for review, and to withdraw four related applications, including one for a hydrino power plant. One of the four applications was so near to issuance that it appeared in the USPTO's Gazette as US 6,030,601 . BlackLight filed suit in the US District Court of Columbia, saying that withdrawal of the application after having paid the fee was contrary to law. In 2002 the District Court concluded that the USPTO was acting inside the limits of its authority in withdrawing a patent over whose validity it had doubts, and later that year the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ratified this decision. Applications were rejected by the UK patent office for similar reasons. The European Patent Office (EPO) rejected a similar BLP patent application due to lack of clarity on how the process worked. Reexamination of this European patent is pending.

Theory and claims

Mills claims that chemicals, under controlled experiments, may react catalytically with atomic hydrogen to generate an "ultraviolet plasma". The company claims that the special plasma byproducts called "hydrinos" have been experimentally observed to have an energy state below the ground state of hydrogen.

Mills first announced his hydrino state theory on April 25, 1991 in a press conference in Lancaster, as an explanation for the cold fusion phenomena that had been reported in 1989. According to Mills, no fusion was actually happening in the cells: all the effects would be caused by the hydrogen atoms which shrunk as they fell to a state lower than the ground state of hydrogen. The increased proximity between the shrunk atoms would cause them to fuse sporadically. Some of those atoms would be deuterium atoms (a hydrogen atom with one extra neutron), which would explain why there were occasional readings of neutrons. No experimental evidence was offered by Mills. Mills claims that much of standard particle physics, while having experimental validation, should be rejected due to its reliance on overfitting.

Model of the free and bound electron

Mills claims that Maxwell's equations of classical physics can be applied to the electron by mathematically representing the electron as a flat disk of spinning charge. Mills' model for the bound electron or "orbitsphere" treats the mathematical representation of the electron orbit as a "dynamic spherical shell" of zero thickness surrounding the nucleus, whereas Quantum mechanics usually represents the electron orbit as an electron shell or probability wave. Mills' model claims to provide an explanation for measured phenomena including quantization of angular momentum and magnetic moment. A principle artifact of Mills' model is that the quantum orbitals of the hydrogen atom described by the Bohr model and calculated from Schrödinger's equation incompletely describes the bound electron. Mills' model allows for fractional quantum orbitals consistent with calculations in Classical electromagnetism. Mills' model is claimed to derive "classical" orbitals from the classical nonradiation condition defined by Hermann A. Haus in 1986.

BlackLight process

According to Mills, a specific chemical process he calls "The BlackLight Process" allows a bound electron to fall to energy states below what quantum theory predicts to be possible. In the hydrogen atom, these states are postulated to have an effective radius of 1/p of the ground state radius, with p being limited by the speed of light to a positive integer less than or equal to 137. He terms these below-ground hydrogen atoms 'hydrinos'. Mills' mechanism consists of a non-radiative energy transfer between a hydrogen atom and a catalyst that is capable of absorbing a certain amount of energy. The total energy Mills says is released for hydrino transitions is large compared to the chemical burning of hydrogen, but less than nuclear reactions. Mills claims that limitations on confinement and terrestrial conditions have prevented the achievement of hydrino states below 1/30, which would correspond to an energy release of approximately 15 keV per hydrogen atom.

Experiments

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  • February 1996: NASA published the paper, "Replication of the apparent excess heat effect in light water-potassium carbonate-nickel-electrolytic cell" by Janis M. Niedra, et al. The paper describes experiments done with a 28 liter electrolytic cell on loan from Hydrocatalysis Power Corporation (as BLP was known at the time). The experiments described in the paper did not recreate the large heat gains reported for the cell by BLP however unexplained power gains in the cell ranging from 1.06 to 1.68 of the input power were reported. Speculation on the causes of this excess power was included in the "Summary and Conclusions" section of the paper. From that section: "Although our data admits the existence of an unusual source of heat with the cell, it falls far short of being compelling" and "Following the principle of simplest explanation that fits the data on hand, recombination becomes the explanation of choice".
  • Around 2002 the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC) granted a Phase I grant to Anthony Marchese, a mechanical engineer in Rowan University, to study a possible rocket propulsion that would use hydrinos. NIAC funds research that has little chance of obtaining a result, because the occasional success compensates all the fruitless investments.
  • January 4, 2005: Šišović et al. published a paper describing experimental data and analysis of the Mills' theory that a resonant transfer model (RTM) explains the excessive Doppler broadening of the Hα line. Šišović et al. concluded that: "The detected large excessive broadening in pure hydrogen and in Ne–H2 mixture is in agreement with CM and other experimental results" and that "These results can’t be explained by RTM". The collision model explanation for excessive broadening of the Hα line is based on established physics.

Analysis of Mills' models

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In 2005, the Journal of Applied Physics published a critique by A.V. Phelps of the 2004 article, "Water bath calorimetric study of excess heat generation in resonant transfer plasmas" by J. Phillips, R. Mills and X. Chen. Phelps criticized both the calorimetric techniques and the underlying theory described in the Phillips/Mills/Chen article. The journal also published a response to Phelps' critique on the same day.

In 2006 Norman Dombey concluded that Mill's theoretical hydrino states are "unphysical" because they

  1. Have a binding strength which increases as the coupling strength decreases, with maximum binding strength when the potential has disappeared completely. Dombey remarks "We could call these anomalous states homeopathic states because the smaller the coupling, the larger the effect."
  2. Assume that the nuclear charge distribution is a point rather than having an arbitrarily small non-zero radius.

Dombey concludes: "We suggest that outside of science fiction this is sufficient reason to disregard them."

In April 2007, Antonio Di Castro showed that the states below the ground state, as described in Mills' theory, are incompatible with the Schrödinger, Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations."

On May 1, 2008: The Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics published an article by Hans-Joachim Kunze critical of the 2003 paper authored by R. Mills and P. Ray, Extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy of helium–hydrogen. Hans-Joachim Kunze is professor emeritus at the Institute for Experimental Physics V Ruhr University Bochum, Germany. The abstract of the article is: "It is suggested that spectral lines, on which the fiction of fractional principal quantum numbers in the hydrogen atom is based, are nothing else but artefacts." Kunze stated that it was impossible to detect the novel lines below 30 nm reported by Mills and Ray because the equipment they used did not have the capability to detect them as per the manufacturer and as per "every book on vacuum-UV spectroscopy" and "therefore the observed lines must be artefacts". Kunze also stated that: "The enormous spectral widths of the novel lines point to artefacts, too."

Commentaries

Robert L. Park, emeritus professor of physics at the University of Maryland, and a notable skeptic of dubious claims, has been particularly critical, writing:

"Unlike most schemes for free energy, the hydrino process of Randy Mills is not without ample theory (WN 8 Jan 99). Mills has written a 1000 page tome, entitled, "The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics," that takes the reader all the way from hydrinos to antigravity (WN 9 May 97). Fortunately, Aaron Barth (not to be confused with Erik Baard, the Randy Mills' apologist), has taken upon himself to look through it, checking for accuracy. Barth is a post doctoral researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Institute, and holds a PhD in Astronomy, 1998, from UC, Berkeley. What he found initially were mathematical blunders and unjustified assumptions. To his surprise, however, portions of the book seemed well organized. These, it now turns out, were lifted verbatim from various texts. This has been the object of a great deal of discussion from Mills' Hydrino Study Group. Mills seems not to understand what the fuss is all about." – Park

Again in 2008 he wrote:

"BlackLight Power (BLP), founded 17 years ago as HydroCatalysis, announced last week that the company had successfully tested a prototype power system that would generate 50 KW of thermal power. BLP anticipates delivery of the new power system in 12 to 18 months. The BLP process, (WN 26 Apr 91) , discovered by Randy Mills, is said to coax hydrogen atoms into a "state below the ground state," called the "hydrino." There is no independent scientific confirmation of the hydrino, and BLP has a patent problem. So they have nothing to sell but bull shit. The company is therefore dependent on investors with deep pockets and shallow brains." – Park

While a 2007 review of cold fusion research by researcher Edmund Storms put forward the hydrino model as a possible explanation for cold fusion, others have looked much less favorably on the research. Steven Chu, the current United States Secretary of Energy, said "it's extremely unlikely that this is real, and I feel sorry for the funders, the people who are backing this". Princeton University's physics Nobel laureate Phillip Anderson said of it, "If you could fuck around with the hydrogen atom, you could fuck around with the energy process in the sun. You could fuck around with life itself." "Everything we know about everything would be a bunch of nonsense. That's why I'm so sure that it's a fraud." Wolfgang Ketterle, a professor of physics at MIT, said BlackLight Power's claims are "nonsense" and that "there is no state of hydrogen lower than the ground state".

IEEE Spectrum magazine listed BlackLight as a "loser" technology in its 2009 report because "Most experts don’t believe such lower states exist, and they say the experiments don’t present convincing evidence." Dr. Michio Kaku, a theoretical physicist based at City University of New York, adds that "the only law that this business with Mills is proving is that a fool and his money are easily parted." Peter Zimmerman, an American nuclear physicist, arms control expert, former Chief Scientist of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and Professor Emeritus of King's College London posted in an abstract for an APS lecture that " own Department and the Patent Office have fought back with success" against "pseudoscientists," but didn't name his targets. His abstract railed against, among other things, inventors of "hydrinos."

References

  1. ^ Robert L. Park (April 26, 1991). "What's New Friday, 26 April 1991 Washington, DC". and Robert L. Park (October 31, 2008). "What's New Friday, October 31, 2008".
  2. ^ Jacqueline A. Newmyer (May 17, 2000). "Academics Question The Science Behind BlackLight Power, Inc". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  3. "BlackLight Power Company Facilities". BlackLight Power. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  4. ^ http://www.blacklightpower.com/ Official site
  5. "Commercial Applications of the Hydrino". Retrieved November 18, 2011.
  6. ^ Mills, Randell L. (2011). "The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics, August 2011 ed" (DjVu). BlackLight Power. Retrieved May 26, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) (Self-published)
  7. ^ Erico Guizzo (January 2009). "Loser: Hot or Not?". IEEE Spectrum.
  8. ^ Erik Baard (December 21, 1999). "Quantum Leap: Dr. Randell Mills says he can change the face of physics. The Scientfic Establishment thinks he's nuts". The Village Voice. Retrieved February 10, 2009.
  9. Gerard Wynn (September 3, 2000). "Sweet dreams are made of geoengineering". Reuters. Retrieved October 15, 2009.
  10. Management | BLP
  11. Lohr, Steve (May 26, 2010). "Michael H. Jordan, Turnaround Expert, Dies at 73". The New York Times.
  12. ^ Mina Kimes (July 29, 2008). "BlackLight's physics-defying promise: Cheap power from water". CNNMoney.comTemplate:Inconsistent citations{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  13. "Merrill A. McPeak Profile". Forbes Corporate Executives and Directors Directory. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
  14. ^ Morrison, Chris (October 21, 2008). "Blacklight Power bolsters its impossible claims of a new renewable energy source". The New York Times.
  15. "BlackLight Power, Inc. Announces First Commercial License in Europe with GEOENERGIE SpA, Energy Subsidiary of Geogreen". Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  16. "BlackLight Power, Inc. Announces Production of Electricity from a New Form of Hydrogen". November 29, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
  17. "Millsian". Millsian. Official site
  18. Chris Morrison (May 30, 2008). "Blacklight Power claims nearly-free energy from water – is this for real?". VentureBeat. US 7188033 US 7689367 
  19. US 7773656 
  20. US 6024935  "Lower-energy hydrogen methods and structures"
  21. US 6024935 , 6,024,935, Lower-energy hydrogen methods and structures, February 15, 2000. Retrieved February 11, 2011
  22. ^ Erik Baard (April 25, 2000). "The Empire Strikes Back. Alternative-Energy Scientist Fights to Save Patent". Village VoiceTemplate:Inconsistent citations{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  23. ^ Rimmer, Matthew (2011). "Patenting free energy: the BlackLight litigation and the hydrogen economy". Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice. 6 (6): 374. doi:10.1093/jiplp/jpr010Template:Inconsistent citations{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  24. ^ Patent nonsense: court denies BlackLight Power appeal, What's New, Robert Park, September 6, 2002
  25. United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. "Blacklight Power, Inc. v. James E. Rogan".
  26. Brendan Coffey (May 15, 2000). "Follow-Through. Weird Science". Forbes.
  27. UK-IPO decisions "O/114/08". and "O/076/08".
  28. "Blacklight Power Inc v Comptroller-General of Patents [2008] EWHC 2763 (Pat); [2008] WLR (D) 360". November 18, 2008.
  29. Gale R Peterson, Derrick A Pizarro, Practising Law Institute (2003). 2003 Federal Circuit Yearbook: Patent Law Developments in the Federal Circuit. Practising Law Institute. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-87224-443-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. "UK-IPO decision O/170/09".
  31. E. Sheldon (September–October 2008). "An overview of almost 20 years' research on cold fusion". Contemporary Physics. 49 (5): 375–378. Bibcode:2008ConPh..49..375S. doi:10.1080/00107510802465229. , which involves a nowadays widely discredited 'hydrino' model that was proposed in 1991 to account for the excess heat observations in 'cold fusion' studies. (...) , is contrary to conventional quantum principles and unacceptable to me or to the general theoretical-physics community.
  32. Robert L. Park (2002). Voodoo science: the road from foolishness to fraud (illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 133–135. ISBN 0-19-860443-2, 9780198604433. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  33. William J. Broad (April 26, 1991). "2 Teams Put New Life in 'Cold' Fusion Theory". The New York Times.
  34. Mills, Randell L. (2008). "Exact classical quantum mechanical solution for atomic helium which predicts conjugate parameters from a unique solution for the first time" (PDF). Phys. Essays. 21 (2): 103. Bibcode:2008PhyEs..21..103M. doi:10.4006/1.3009282. The Dirac equation does not reconcile this situation. Many additional shortcomings arise such as instability to radiation, negative kinetic energy states, intractable infinities, virtual particles at every point in space, self-interaction, the Klein paradox, violation of Einstein causality, and 'spooky' action at a distance. Despite its successes, quantum mechanics (QM) has remained mysterious to all who have encountered it. Starting with Bohr and progressing into the present, the departure from intuitive, physical reality has widened. The connection between quantum mechanics and reality is more than just a "philosophical" issue. It reveals that quantum mechanics is not a correct or complete theory of the physical world and that inescapable internal inconsistencies and incongruities arise when attempts are made to treat it as a physical as opposed to a purely mathematical 'tool.'
  35. Haus, Hermann A. (1986). "On the radiation from point charges". American Journal of Physics. 54 (12): 1126. Bibcode:1986AmJPh..54.1126H. doi:10.1119/1.14729.
  36. Randell L. Mills (January 21, 2008). "Physical solutions of the nature of the atom, photon, and their interactions to form excited and predicted hydrino states" (PDF). BlackLight Power. Retrieved May 26, 2012. (self published)
  37. Niedra, Janis M.; Myers, Ira T.; Fralick, Gustave C.; Baldwin, Richard S. (February 1996). "Replication of the apparent excess heat effect in light water-potassium carbonate-nickel-electrolytic cell" (PDF). OSTI 236808.
  38. Tony Reichhardt (November 7, 2002), Out of This World. NASA’s Institute for Advanced Concepts aims to turn speculative ideas into tomorrow's space missions. Tony Reichhardt attends its latest get-together, and asks whether the investment is worth it., vol. 420, Nature
  39. Šišović, N. M.; Majstorović, G. Lj.; Konjević, N. (January 4, 2005). "Excessive hydrogen and deuterium Balmer lines broadening in a hollow cathode glow discharges". European Physical Journal D-Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics. 32 (3): 347–354. Bibcode:2005EPJD...32..347S. doi:10.1140/epjd/e2004-00192-1.
  40. Phelps, A.V. (October 2, 2005). "Comment on 'Water bath calorimetric study of excess heat generation in resonant transfer plasmas'". Journal of Applied Physics. doi:10.1063/1.2010616. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  41. Phillips, Jonathan (October 2, 2005). "Response to "Comment on 'Water bath calorimetric study of excess heat generation in resonant transfer plasmas'". Journal of Applied Physics. doi:10.1063/1.2010617. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  42. Dombey, Norman (August 8, 2006). "The hydrino and other unlikely states". Physics Letters A. 360: 62. arXiv:physics/0608095. Bibcode:2006PhLA..360...62D. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2006.07.069.
  43. de Castro, Antonio S. (April 4, 2007). "Orthogonality criterion for banishing hydrino states from standard quantum mechanics". Physics Letters A. 369 (5–6): 380. arXiv:0704.0631. Bibcode:2007PhLA..369..380D. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2007.05.006.
  44. "Ruhr-Universität Bochum information page on Hans-Joachim Kunze". Ruhr-Universität. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
  45. Kunze, H-J (2008). "On the spectroscopic measurements used to support the postulate of states with fractional principal quantum numbers in hydrogen". J Phys D: Appl. Phys. 41 (10): 108001. Bibcode:2008JPhD...41j8001K. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/41/10/108001.
  46. Park, Bob (October 27, 2000). "Blackout: Where do ideas like these come from?". University of Maryland. Retrieved March 2, 2009.
  47. Park, Bob (June 6, 2008). "Hydrinos: How long can a really dumb idea survive?". What's New?. University of Maryland. Retrieved December 4, 2010.
  48. Storms, Edmund (2007). Science of low energy nuclear reaction: a comprehensive compilation of evidence and explanations. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 184. ISBN 981-270-620-8.
  49. Erik Baard (October 2009). "Researcher Claims Power Tech That Defies Quantum Theory". Dow Jones NewsWires.

External links

Corporate website

Commentaries by Critic Bob Park

General media

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