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Hurricane Katrina
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
General
Timeline Meteorological history Tornado outbreak
Impact
Economic effects Political effects Criticism of government response Social effects Effects in the Southeastern United States Effects in New Orleans Levee failures Memorial Medical Center New Orleans Hornets New Orleans Saints Superdome Tulane University Infrastructure repairs Reconstruction
Relief
Disaster relief International response
Analysis
Media coverage
External links
Media related to Hurricane Katrina at Wikimedia Commons Katrina stories at Wikinews Works related to Katrina sources at Wikisource
v t e

Hurricane Katrina was the costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States and existed late in August during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the sixth-strongest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded and the third-strongest landfalling U.S. hurricane ever recorded. Katrina had catastrophic effects on the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, and its sheer size devastated the Gulf Coast over 100 miles (160 km) away from its center; it is possible that Katrina was the largest hurricane of its strength to approach the United States in recorded history.

Katrina was the eleventh named storm, fifth hurricane, third major hurricane, and second Category 5 hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic season. It formed over the Bahamas on August 23, 2005, and crossed southern Florida as a moderate Category 1 hurricane before strengthening rapidly in the Gulf of Mexico and becoming one of the strongest hurricanes ever recorded in the Gulf. The storm weakened considerably before making its second landfall as a Category 3 storm on the morning of August 29 in southeast Louisiana.

The storm surge caused major or catastrophic damage along the coastlines of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, including the cities of Mobile, Alabama, Biloxi and Gulfport, Mississippi, and Slidell, Louisiana. Levees separating Lake Pontchartrain from New Orleans were breached by the surge, ultimately flooding roughly 80% of the city and many areas of neighboring parishes. Severe wind damage was reported well inland. Katrina is estimated to be responsible for $75 billion (2005 US dollars) in damages, making it the costliest hurricane in U.S. history. The storm killed at least 1,836 people, making it the deadliest U.S. hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane.

Storm history

Hurricane Katrina formed as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23, 2005, as the result of an interaction of a tropical wave and the remains of Tropical Depression Ten. The system was upgraded to Tropical Storm Katrina on the morning of August 24, and became a hurricane only two hours before it made landfall on the morning of August 25 between Hallandale Beach and Aventura, Florida. The storm weakened over land, but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico.

The storm rapidly intensified after entering the Gulf, due in part to the storm's movement over the warm sea surface temperatures of the Loop Current. On August 27, the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, becoming the third major hurricane of the season. An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification, but nearly doubled the size of the storm. Katrina again rapidly intensified, attaining Category 5 status by August 28 and reached its peak at 1:00 p.m. CDT that day with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 902 mbar. The pressure made Katrina the fourth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record, though it would be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico (later also broken by Rita).

Katrina made its second landfall at 6:10 a.m. CDT on August 29 as a Category 3 Hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana. At landfall, hurricane-force winds extended outward 120 miles (190 km) from the center and the storm's central pressure was 920 mbar. After moving over southeastern Louisiana and Breton Sound, it made its third landfall near the Louisiana/Mississippi border with 120 mph (195 km/h) sustained winds, still at Category 3 intensity.

Katrina maintained hurricane strength well into Mississippi, but weakened thereafter, finally losing hurricane strength more than 150 mi (240 km) inland, near Jackson, Mississippi. It was downgraded further to a tropical depression near Clarksville, Tennessee. The remnant system was last distinguishable in the eastern Great Lakes region on August 31 when it was absorbed by a frontal boundary. The resulting extratropical storm moved rapidly to the northeast and affected Ontario and Quebec.

Preparations

Florida

Many living in the area were caught off guard when Katrina strengthened from a tropical storm to a hurricane in one day and struck southern Florida between the Miami-Dade County and Broward County line between the cities of Aventura, Florida (Miami-Dade) and Hallandale, Florida (Broward) on August 25, 2005. However, National Hurricane Center (NHC) forecasts had correctly predicted that Katrina would intensify to hurricane strength before landfall, and hurricane watches and warnings were issued 31.5 hours and 19.5 hours before landfall, respectively — only slightly less than the target thresholds of 36 and 24 hours.

Florida Governor Jeb Bush declared a state of emergency on August 24 in advance of Katrina's landfall in Florida. Shelters were opened and schools closed in several counties in the south of the state. A number of evacuation orders were also issued, mostly voluntary, although a mandatory evacuation was ordered for at risk housing in Martin County.

New Orleans

By August 26, the possibility of unprecedented cataclysm was already being considered. Some computer models were putting the city of New Orleans right in the center of their track probabilities; the chances of a direct hit were forecast at 17%, with strike probability rising to 29% by August 28. This scenario was considered a potential catastrophe because 80% of the New Orleans metropolitan area is below sea level along Lake Pontchartrain. Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was forecast to be 28 feet (8.5 m), emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding. This risk of devastation was well known; previous studies by FEMA and the Army Corps of Engineers had warned that a direct hurricane strike on New Orleans could lead to massive flooding, which would lead to thousands of drowning deaths, as well as many more suffering from disease and dehydration as the flood waters slowly receded from the city.

At a news conference 10:00 a.m. on August 28, shortly after Katrina was upgraded to a Category 5 storm, New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin ordered the first ever mandatory evacuation of the city, calling Katrina, "a storm that most of us have long feared". The government also established several "refuges of last resort" for citizens who could not leave the city, including the massive Louisiana Superdome, which sheltered approximately 26,000 people and provided them with food and water for several days as the storm came ashore.

The Louisiana State Evacuation Plan left the means of evacuation up to individual citizens, parish governments, and private caretakers; however, many private care-taking facilities who relied on the same bus companies and ambulance services for evacuation were unable to evacuate their charges. Fuel and rental cars were in short supply and many forms of public transportation had been shut down well before the storm arrived. Some estimates claimed that 80% of the 1.3 million residents of the greater New Orleans metropolitan area evacuated, leaving behind substantially fewer people than remained in the city during the Hurricane Ivan evacuation.

Aftermath

Economic effects

The economic effects of the storm were far-reaching. As of April, 2006, the Bush Administration has sought $105 billion for repairs and reconstruction in the region. And this does not account for damage to the economy caused by potential interruption of the oil supply and exports of commodities such as grain. The total shut-in oil production from the Gulf of Mexico in the six-month period following the Katrina was approximately 24% of the annual production and the shut-in gas production for the same period was about 18%. The forestry industry in Mississippi was also affected, as 1.3 million acres of forest lands were destroyed. The total loss to the forestry industry due to Katrina is calculated to rise to about $5 billion. Furthermore, hundreds of thousands of local residents were left unemployed, which will have a trickle-down effect as less taxes are paid to local governments. Before the hurricane, the region supported approximately one million non-farm jobs, with 600,000 of them in New Orleans. It is estimated that the total economic impact in Louisiana and Mississippi may exceed $150 billion.

Katrina also redistributed New Orleans' population across the southern United States. Houston, Texas saw an increase of 35,000 people, Mobile, Alabama gained over 24,000, Baton Rouge, Louisiana over 15,000, and Hammond, Louisiana gained over 10,000 nearly doubling its size. As of February 19, 2006, barely 100,000 were once again living in New Orleans, less than a quarter of the pre-storm population. Additionally, insurance companies have stopped insuring the area due to the high costs from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, or have raised insurance premiums to cover their risk.

Environmental effects

Katrina also had a profound impact on the environment. The storm surge caused substantial beach erosion, in some cases completely devastating coastal areas. In Dauphin Island, approximately 150 km to the east of the point where the hurricane made landfall, the sand that comprised the barrier island was transported across the island into the Mississippi Sound, pushing the island towards land. The storm surge and waves from Katrina also obliterated the Chandeleur Islands, which had been affected by Hurricane Ivan the previous year.

The lands that were lost were also breeding grounds for marine mammals, turtles, and fish, as well as migratory species such as redhead ducks. Overall, about 20% of the local marshes were permanently overrun by water as a result of the storm.

Katrina also forced the closure of 16 National Wildlife Refuges, of which Breton National Wildlife Refuge received the worst damage, as half of its area was swept off. As a result, the hurricane affected the habitats of sea turtles, Mississippi sandhill cranes, Red-cockaded woodpeckers and Alabama Beach mice.

Finally, as part of the cleanup effort, the flood waters that covered New Orleans were pumped into Lake Pontchantrain. These residual waters contain a mix of raw sewage, bacteria, heavy metals, pesticides, toxic chemicals, and about 6.5 million gallons of oil, which has sparked fears in the scientific community of massive numbers of fish dying.

Looting and violence

Shortly after the hurricane moved away on August 30, some residents of New Orleans who remained in the city began looting stores. Many looters were in search of food and water that was not available to them due to the destruction, though many people stole non-essential items as well.

Reports of carjacking, murders, thefts, and rapes flooded the news, but all but one of the stories were determined to likely be based on rumors. Thousands of National Guard and federal troops were mobilized and sent to Louisiana along with numbers of local law enforcement agents from across the country who were temporarily deputized by the state. "They have M-16s and are locked and loaded. These troops know how to shoot and kill and I expect they will," Kathleen Blanco said. Congressman Bill Jefferson (D-LA) told ABC News. "There was shooting going on. There was sniping going on. Over the first week of September, law and order was gradually restored to the city." Several shootings were between police and New Orleans residents including the fatal incident at Danziger Bridge.

A number of arrests were made throughout the affected area including near the New Orleans Convention Center. A temporary jail was constructed of chain link cages in the city train station.

In Texas, where more than 300,000 refugees are located, local officials have run 20,000 criminal background checks on the refugees, as well as on the relief workers helping them and people who have opened up their homes. Most of the checks have found little for police to be concerned about. While the homicide rate in Houston went up by 70% in November, only eight of the cases involved refugees from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.

Government response

Some disaster recovery response to Katrina began before the storm, with Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) preparations that ranged from logistical supply deployments to a mortuary team with refrigerated trucks. A network of volunteers began rendering assistance to local residents and residents emerging from New Orleans and surrounding Parishes as soon as the storm made landfall, and has continued for more than six months after the storm.

The United States Northern Command established Joint Task Force (JTF) Katrina based out of Camp Shelby, Mississippi, to act as the military's on-scene command on Sunday, August 28. Approximately 58,000 National Guard personnel were activated to deal with the storm's aftermath, with troops coming from all 50 states. The Department of Defense also activated volunteer members of the Civil Air Patrol and the United States Coast Guard activated more than 400 reservists.

Michael Chertoff, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, decided to take over the federal, state, and local operations officially on August 30, 2005, going forward by citing the National Response Plan. Early in September, Congress authorized a total of $62.3 billion in aid for victims. Additionally, President Bush enlisted the help of former presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush to raise additional voluntary contributions, much as they did after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

FEMA has provided housing assistance (rental assistance, trailers, etc.) to over 700,000 applicants - families and individuals. However, only one-fifth of the trailers requested in Orleans Parish have been supplied resulting in an enormous housing shortage in the city of New Orleans. To provide for additional housing, FEMA has also paid for the hotel costs of 12,000 individuals and families displaced by Katrina through February 7, 2006, when a final deadline was set for the end of hotel cost coverage. After this deadline, refugees will still be eligible to receive federal assistance, which can be used towards either apartment rent, additional hotel stays, or fixing their ruined homes, although FEMA will no longer pay for hotels directly.

Two weeks after the storm, over half of the States were involved in providing shelter for refugees. By four weeks after the storm, refugees had been registered in all 50 states and in 18,700 zip codes - half of the nation's residential postal zones. Most refugees had stayed within 250 miles, but 240,000 households went to Houston and other cities over 250 miles away and another 60,000 households went over 750 miles away.

International response

Over seventy countries pledged monetary donations or other assistance. Kuwait made the largest single pledge, $500 million; other large donations were made by Qatar ($100 million), India, China (both $5 million), Pakistan ($1.5 million), and Bangladesh ($1 million).

Countries like Sri Lanka, which was still recovering from the Indian Ocean Tsunami, Cuba and Venezuela (despite their differences with the United States), also offered to help. Countries including Canada, Mexico, Singapore, and Germany sent supplies, relief personnel, troops, ships and water pumps to aid in the disaster recovery. Russia's initial offer of two jets was declined by the U.S. State Department but accepted later. The French offer was also declined and requested later.

Non-government organization response

The American Red Cross, Salvation Army, Common Ground Collective, Emergency Communities, and many other charitable organizations provided housing, food, and water to the victims of the storm. These organizations also provided an infrastructure for shelters throughout Louisiana and other states that held thousands of refugees.

Volunteers from amateur radio's emergency service wing, the Amateur Radio Emergency Service, provided emergency communications for federal, state and local officials. Over one thousand volunteer operators traveled to affected areas to provide communications in areas where the communications infrastructure had been damaged or totally destroyed, relaying everything from 911 traffic to messages home. In Hancock County, Mississippi, ham radio operators provided the only communications into or out of the area, and even served as 911 dispatchers.

Many corporations also contributed to relief efforts. On September 13, it was reported that corporate donations to the relief effort were $409 million, and were expected to exceed $1 billion.

Analysis of New Orleans levee failures

New Orleans' levee failures were found to be primarily the result of system design flaws, combined with the lack of adequate maintenance. Those responsible for the conception, design, construction, and maintenance of the region's flood-control system apparently failed to pay sufficient attention to public safety, according to an investigation by the National Science Foundation.

According to new modeling and field observations by a team from Louisiana State University, the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MRGO), a 200-meter wide canal designed to provide a shortcut from New Orleans to the Gulf of Mexico, helped provide a funnel for the storm surge, making it 20% higher and 100%-200% faster as it crashed into the city. St. Bernard Parish, one of the more devastated areas, lies just south of the MRGO. The Army Corps of Engineers disputes this causality and maintains Katrina would have overwhelmed the levees with or without the contributing effect of the MRGO.

On April 5, 2006, months after independent investigators had demonstrated that levee failures were not due to natural forces beyond intended design strength, Lt. Gen. Carl Strock testified before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Energy and Water that "We have now concluded we had problems with the design of the structure." He also testified that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers did not know of this mechanism of failure prior to August 29, 2005. The claim of ignorance is refuted, however, by the National Science Foundation investigators hired by the Army Corps of Engineers, who point to a 1986 study by the Corps itself that such separations were possible in the I-wall design.

Criticism of government response

Criticism of government response to the hurricane primarily consisted of criticism of its response to the approach of the storm and its aftermath, specifically in the delayed response to the flooding of New Orleans.

In accordance with federal law, President George W. Bush directed Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security to coordinate the Federal response. Chertoff designated Michael D. Brown, head of FEMA, as the primary federal official to lead the deployment and coordination of all federal response resources and forces in the Gulf Coast region. However, the President and Secretary Chertoff came under harsh criticism for what some perceived as a lack of planning and coordination. Eight days later, Brown was recalled to Washington and Coast Guard Vice Admiral Thad W. Allen replaced him as chief of hurricane relief operations. Three days after the recall, Michael D. Brown resigned as director of FEMA in spite of having received praise from President George W. Bush. Later, leaked video footage and transcripts of top-level briefings during the week before the storm indicate that federal officials did inform Bush and Chertoff of the danger of levee breaches.

The devastation wrought by Hurricane Katrina has raised other, more general public policy issues about emergency management, environmental policy, poverty, and unemployment. The discussion of both the immediate response and of the broader public policy issues may affect elections and legislation enacted at various levels of government, and caused a Congressional investigation which found that FEMA and the Red Cross "did not have a logistics capacity sophisticated enough to fully support the massive number of Gulf coast victims." and shared responsibility of the disaster between the three levels of government.

A minor scandal erupted when a subsidiary corporation to Service Corporation International, the company involved in illegally disposing of bodies in the Funeralgate scandal, was awarded a no-bid contract by FEMA to count and collect corpses in Louisiana after the hurricane. There was also some concern that some bodies were being improperly disposed of without notification of next of kin.

Media involvement

Many representatives of the news media reporting on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina became directly involved in the unfolding events, instead of simply reporting. Due to the loss of most means of communication, such as land-based and cellular telephone systems, field reporters in many cases became conduits for information between victims and authorities. Many journalists also contributed to the spread of false rumors of lawlessness among the victims, which many have interpreted as an instance of yellow journalism.

The authorities, who monitored the network news broadcasts, would then attempt to coordinate rescue efforts based on the reports. This was best illustrated when Geraldo Rivera of Fox News tearfully pleaded for authorities to either send help or evacuate the thousands of refugees stranded at the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center.

As the U.S. military and rescue services regained control over the city, there were restrictions on the activity of the media. On September 9, the military leader of the relief effort announced that reporters would have "zero access" to efforts to recover bodies in New Orleans. Immediately following this announcement, CNN filed a lawsuit and obtained a temporary restraining order against the ban. The next day the government backed down and reversed the ban.

Retirement

Due to the large loss of life and property along the Gulf Coast, the name Katrina was officially retired on April 6, 2006 by the World Meteorological Organization at the request of the U.S. government. It was replaced by Katia on List III of the Atlantic hurricane naming lists, which will next be used in the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season.

See also

Template:Tcportal

• List of notable Atlantic hurricanes
• List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
• List of 2005 Atlantic hurricane season storms
• Environmental effects of Hurricane Katrina
• List of tribute songs to Hurricane Katrina

References

1. ^ Knabb, Richard D (December 20, 2005). "Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina: 23-30 August 2005" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-05-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
2. Leben, Robert; Born, George; Scott, Jim. "CU-Boulder Researchers Chart Katrina's Growth In Gulf Of Mexico." University of Colorado at Boulder. September 15, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
3. Staff writer. "Hurricane Katrina Situation Report No. 3." Florida State Emergency Response Team. August 26, 2005. URL accessed on 2006-06-06.
4. "Hurricane Katrina Probabilities Report Number 15," & "Hurricane Katrina Probabilities Report Number 21." National Hurricane Center. August 26, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
5. Drye, Willie. "Hurricane Katrina Pulls Its Punches in New Orleans." National Geographic. August 29, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
6. Bourne, Joel K. "Gone with the Water." National Geographic. October 2004. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
7. Staff Writer. "Katrina Heads for New Orleans." Fox News/Associated Press. August 29, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
8. Staff Writer. "26,000 shelter at Superdome." Times-Picayune. August 28, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
9. Rulon, Malia; Scott, Katerine Hutt. "Evacuation plan failed to consider those without transportation." Burlington Free Press. March 11, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
10. Brown, Aaron. "Hurricane Katrina Pummels Three States (Transcript of CNN Newsnight with Aaron Brown)." CNN. August 29, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
11. St. Onge, Jeff; Epstein, Victor. "Ex-chief says FEMA readiness even worse." Boston.com. April 1, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
12. Fagot, Caryl; Winbush, Debra. "Hurricane Katrina/Hurricane Rita Evacuation and Production Shut-in Statistics Report as of Wednesday, February 22, 2006." U.S. Government Minerals Management Service. February 22, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
13. ^ Sheikh, Pervaze A. (October 18, 2005). "The Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Biological Resources" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 2006-06-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
14. Burton, Mark L.; Hicks, Michael J. "Hurricane Katrina: Preliminary Estimates of Commercial and Public Sector Damages." Marshall University: Center for Business and Economic Research. September, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
15. ^ United States Congress (February 19, 2006). A Failure of Initiative: Final Report of the Select Bipartisan Committee to Investigate the Preparation for and Response to Hurricane Katrina (PDF). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2006-04-10. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
16. Staff Writer. "More Bad News Blows In From Katrina." CBS News. May 28, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
17. United States Geological Survey (September 14, 2005). "Daupin Island - Pre- and Post-Storm 3D Topography". Hurricane Katrina Impact Studies. USGS. Retrieved 2006-06-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
18. United States Geological Survey (September 14, 2005). "Before and After Photo Comparisons: Chandeleur Islands". Hurricane Katrina Impact Studies. USGS. Retrieved 2006-06-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
19. ^ United States Fish and Wildlife Service (September 9, 2005). "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Conducting Initial Damage Assessments to Wildlife and National Wildlife Refuges". USFWS. Retrieved 2006-06-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
20. Rosenblatt, Sarah; Rainey, James. "Katrina Rumors." Los Angeles Times. September 27, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
21. Tapper, Jake. "Amid Katrina Chaos, Congressman Used National Guard to Visit Home." ABC News. September 13, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
22. Staff Writer. "Police kill at least 5 in New Orleans." MSNBC. September 4, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
23. Staff Writer. "At the Train Station, New Orleans' Newest Jail is Open For Business." KOMO-TV. September 6, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
24. Schubert, Elizabeth. "Some Katrina Evacuees at Camp Dawson Have Criminal Records." Associated Press. September 18, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
25. Staff Writer. "Houston Homicide Rate Up 70 Percent Since November." KPRC-TV. December 21, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
26. "Special Defense Department Briefing with Commander of Joint Task Force Katrina". United States Department of Defense, News Transcript. September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
27. Phillips, Kyra. "Bush Discusses Displaced Students; Department of Defense Briefs Press on Katrina Response (CNN Live Transcript)." CNN. September 6, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
28. Staff Writer. "Coast Guard Response to Hurricane Katrina." United States Coast Guard. Accessed May 30, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
29. California Political Desk. "Pelosi: Davis Report on Katrina Leaves Unfinished Business." California Chronicle. February 15, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
30. Baker, Peter; Goldstein, Amy. "Congress Approves $51.8 Billion For Victims." Washington Post. September 9, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
31. Bush, George W. "President Asks Bush and Clinton to Assist in Hurricane Relief." White House, Press Release. September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
32. Times-Picayune, September 26, 2005, page A-12. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
33. Foster, Mary. "Judge: FEMA Off Hook For Hotel Costs." CBC News. February 13, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
34. Quigley, Bill. "Six Months After Katrina: Who Was Left Behind Then and Who is Being Left Behind Now?" Center of Concern. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
35. Staff Writer. "U.S. Grateful for Pakistan's Assistance for Hurricane Katrina Victims."Embassy of the United States. September 8, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
36. Staff Writer. "Asian nations offer US assistance." BBC News. September 5, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
37. Staff Writer. "U.S. receives aid offers from around the world." CNN. September 4, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
38. Staff Writer. "ARRL President Submits Congressional Testimony on Hams' Katrina Response" National Association for Amateur Radio. September 15, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
39. Staff Writer. "Amateur Radio Earning Praise, Respect in Hurricane Katrina Relief." National Association for Amateur Radio. September 16, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
40. "Corporate Katrina gifts could top $1B." CNN. September 13, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
41. Myers, Lisa. "New Orleans levee reported weak in 1990s." MSNBC. September 30, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
42. Warrick, Joby; Grunwald, Michael. "Investigators Link Levee Failures to Design Flaws." Washington Post. October 24, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
43. Walsh, Bill (April 06, 2006). "Corps chief admits to 'design failure'". Times Picayune. Retrieved 2006-04-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
44. Meserve, Jeanne; Barrett, Ted. "Admiral takes over Katrina relief." CNN. September 9, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
45. Russell, Alex. "Bush 'was warned about impact of Katrina'." The Telegraph. February 3, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
46. Raftery, Miriam. "FEMA, La. outsource Katrina body count to firm implicated in body-dumping scandals." The Raw Story. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
47. Brezosky, Lynn. "Months later, couple learns son, wife died in Katrina." Associated Press. January 20, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
48. "Geraldo Rivera & Shepard Smith Unleashed." -- Video. 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
49. Staff Writer. "U.S. won't ban media from New Orleans searches." CNN. September 11, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
50. "Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, and Wilma "Retired" from List of Storm Names." NOAA. March 25, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.

External links

• National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Katrina
• National Hurricane Center's archive on Hurricane Katrina
• Hydrometeorological Prediction Center's archive on Hurricane Katrina
• Hurricane Katrina Rainfall Information from HPC

Disaster recovery

• Federal Emergency Management Agency
• Mississippi Emergency Management Agency
• Louisiana Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness
• Katrina's Angels Resource Coordination

Survivor and eyewitness accounts

• Hurricane Digital Memory Bank: Preserving the Stories from Katrina, Rita, and Wilma
• Katrina Underground: Testimony, discussion, peer-support and resources for hurricane survivors
• New Orleans Survivor Stories

Images

• Videos of Hurricane Katrina and aftermath.
• Photographs and Video of Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath
• Weather satellite imagery (University of Wisconsin at Madison)
• NASA's Hurricane Katrina Archive
• Photographs of Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath

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