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Mat (Template:Lang-ru, matershchina / materny yazyk / matny yazyk; Template:Lang-uk, matyuky) is the term for strong obscene profanity in Russian and some other Slavic language communities.
Four pillars of mat
Mat has thousands of variations but ultimately centers on four pillars: (1) khuy (“cock”); (2) pizda (“cunt”); (3) ebat’ (“to fuck”); and (4) blyad (“whore”).
Khuy
The first element of mat is khuy (хуй; хуй) for cock, penis, or for equivalent colloquial effect, dick. The etymology of the term is unclear. Mainstream theories include from Proto-Indo European (PIE) *ks-u-, related to хвоя (khvoya, "pine needles"), attributed to Pederson, 1908.; from PIE *hau-, related to хвост (khvost, "tail"), attributed to Merlingen, 1955; from Mongolian хуй (khui, meaning "sheath" or "scabbard"). This was the etymology endorsed by the Soviet government and attributed to Maxim Gorky, who claimed it was a loan word, imposed during Mongol yoke. A Gorokhovski suggests the derivation from Latin huic (lit. "for that", used on prescriptions for genital diseases) as a euphemism, because the old Russian "ud/uda" (from PIE root *ud- meaning "up, out") became taboo in mid-18th century. Currently, the first volume of the Great Dictionary of Mat by the Russian linguist and folklorist Alexei Plutser-Sarno treats only expressions with the stem хуй (khuy), numbering over 500 entries; 12 volumes are planned.
Pizda
The second element, pizdá (пизда́ , пизда) refers to cunt.
Ebat
The third element, yebát' (еба́ть, ебать) relates to fuck. It is from the Proto-Slavic jebati and Proto-Indo-European *h₃yebʰ-e-ti, cf. Ancient Greek οἴφω (oíphō) "to live in a marriage" and Sanskrit यभति (yabhati).
Blyad
The final element blyád (блядь; блядь) is related to the word whore. The word was not banned from literary use at the time of Avvakum, who used it to describe various heresies and various expressions based on these terms (as the form of word блудить, bludít, "to stray or fornicate"). Also, the 15th century merchant-traveler Afanasy Nikitin used it simply as "concubine," without any obscene connotations. However, in contemporary Russian usage блядь (or бля; blyad' or blya) are hardly considered neutral words. The word is often used as an emphatic interjection, often without intended offense, and sometimes just the opposite: "Во, бля, даёт!" - (approx.) "No shit, look at him!" - may be said, e.g., about a proficient dancer or a garmon player.
History and use
Obscenities are among the earliest recorded attestations of the Russian language (the first written mat words date to the Middle Ages).
Mikhail Lermontov's 1834 "A Holiday in Peterhof" ("Петергофский праздник") is one example of the usage of mat.
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And so I will not you |
Itak, tebe ne zaplachu ya: |
The prologue to "Luka Mudishchev", probably written at some time in the mid 19th century, was often ascribed to Ivan Barkov, an equally obscene poet who lived in the 18th century:
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Hear ye, matrons and widows fair, |
О вы, замужние, о вдовы, |
Mat is also used in humor or puns by juxtaposing innocent words so that the result will sound as if an obscene word was used. An example is a Cossack song cited in And Quiet Flows the Don (1928-1940) by Mikhail Sholokhov:
- Щуку я, щуку я, щуку я поймала.
- Девица красная, уху я варила.
- Уху я, уху я, уху я варила.
Here "Уху я варила" ("I cooked the fish stew") may be reinterpreted as "У хуя варила" ("Cooked near the penis") or "Ух, хуй я варила" ("Ooh, I cooked a dick").
The contemporaneous use of mat is widespread, especially in the army, the criminal world, and many other all-male milieus. A detailed article by Victor Erofeyev (translated by Andrew Bromfeld) analyzing the history, overtones, and sociology of mat appeared in the 15 September 2003 issue of The New Yorker.
As of 1 July 2014, mat has been banned in Russia from all movies, theatrical productions, and concerts. In modern Russia, the use of mat is censored in the media and the use of mat in public constitutes a form of disorderly conduct, or mild hooliganism, punishable under article 20.1.1 of the Offences Code of Russia, although it is enforced only episodically, in particular due to the vagueness of the legal definition. Despite the public ban, mat is used by Russians of all ages and nearly all social groups, with particular fervor in the male-dominated military and the structurally similar social strata.
See also
- Russian joke: Taboo vocabulary
- Fenya
- Leningrad, a Russian ska/punk band famous for its vulgar lyrics
Notes
- ^ Remnick, David (5 May 2014). "Putin's Four Dirty Words". The New Yorker.
- Obscene lexics in birch bark documents
- http://barkoviana.narod.ru/luka_preface.html «Лука Мудищев» — история и мифология расхожие заблуждения («Luka Mudishchev» - istoriya i mifologiya raskhozhiye zabluzhdeniya, "Luka Mudischev" - The History and Mythology: Widespread Misconceptions) Template:Ru icon accessed Aug 8, 2008
- "ЗАПРЕЩЕННЫЙ КЛАССИК"
- (Russian)
- Template:Ru icon Article 20.1 of the Offences Code, 8 December 2003 edition] "нарушение общественного порядка, выражающее явное неуважение к обществу, сопровождающееся нецензурной бранью в общественных местах ... влечет наложение административного штрафа в размере от пятисот до одной тысячи рублей или административный арест на срок до пятнадцати суток" ('disorderly conduct displaying explicit disrespect to society, accompanied by obscene language in public ... is punishable by a fine from 500 to 1000 rubles or arrest up to 15 days')
- Template:Ru icon "Задержанных на юго-востоке Москвы хулиганов оштрафуют за мат" ('Detained in south-east Moscow, the hooligans will pay fines for mat') at Lenta.Ru, 01-23-2008
- Template:Ru icon Министерство связи определит понятие нецензурной речи (Department of communications will define "obscene language") at Lenta.Ru, 24 July 2009
- Template:En icon Mikhailin, Vadim (29 September 2004). "Russian Army Mat as a Code System Controlling Behaviour in the Russian Army". The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies. 2004 (1). Retrieved 1 July 2009.
External links
- Русский мат с Алексеем Плуцером-Сарно - The online version of the Dictionary of Russian mat by Alexei Plutser-Sarno Template:Ru icon
- Russian slang explained in English, French and German
- Cited portions of a The New Yorker article.
- The unique power of Russia’s underground language Full text of the New Yorker article.
- Mikhailin, Vadim, 2004, Essay: Russian Army Mat as a Code System Controlling Behaviour in the Russian army, The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies
- 'Dead Man's Bluff' by Mikhail Volokhov. Director Andrei Zhitinkin. First play in Russia to be written entirely in profanities. Productions of this play have always been surrounded by controversy: in Russia by Andrei Zhitinkin, with actors Oleg Fomin and Sergei Chonishvili; in France by Bernard Sobel with actors Denis Lavant and Hugues Quester; in Germany and Switzerland the parts were played in French and German by Armin Rohde and Roberto Guerra.
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