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Revision as of 02:09, 1 February 2015 by Sm8900 (talk | contribs) (added Category:Historical theories and materials on the Exodus using HotCat)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)Shiphrah (Template:Lang-he šiᵽrâ) was one of two midwives who helped prevent the genocide of Hebrew children by the Egyptians, according to Exodus 1:15-21.
Midrashic Interpretations
The 11th century Jewish rabbi Rashi's Talmud commentary on the passage from Exodus identifies Shiphrah with Jochebed, the mother of Moses, and Puah with Miriam, Moses' sister, making the two midwives mother and daughter respectively.
Commentators have interpreted Exodus 1:20-21 in various ways. Some scholars argue that the two halves of each verse are parallel, so that it is the Israelites ('who multiplied and grew greatly') for whom God 'made houses'. This fits with the reference in Exodus 1:1 to the chldren of Israel coming down to Egypt, each with his 'house'. However, as Jonathan Magonet notes, the more common view is that the houses are for the midwives - 'houses' here being understood as 'dynasties'. Rabbinic thought has understood these as the houses of kehunah (priesthood), leviyah (assistants to the priests), and royalty - the latter interpreted as coming from Miriam.
Francine Klagsbrun said that the refusal of Shiphrah and her colleague Puah to follow the Pharaoh's genocidal instructions "may be the first known incident of civil disobedience in history" (Voices of Wisdom, ISBN 0-394-40159-X). Jonathan Magonet agrees, calling them 'the earliest, and in some ways the most powerful, examples, of resistance to an evil regime'.
The name means 'improved' or 'beautiful' (in modern Hebrew, leshaper means "to improve").
Connection with archaeological finding from Egypt
The name is found in a list of slaves in Egypt during the reign of Sobekhotep III. This list is on Brooklyn 35.1446, a papyrus scroll kept in the Brooklyn Museum. The name is written šp-ra and means "to be fair" or "beautiful". The name may be related to or even the same as the Aramaic Sapphira and (up to slight morphological adaptations) as Siphrah, the name of the Hebrew midwife. The name of the second midwife, Puah, is a Canaanite name which means "lass" or "little girl".
If the Shiphrah on the Brooklyn document is the same as the one in the Bible, or a close contemporary, then the Pharaoh of the Exodus must be the one named Dudimose or Tutimaios. However, Shiphrah is described in Jewish traditions as not being enslaved, rather hired by Pharaoh, and then was saved from slavery the entire time in Egypt. If this interpretation is correct, then the Shiphrah in the list may be another woman of the same name. Other possibilities are that Shiphrah may have been first a slave, then freed; or that the Jewish traditions may not go back in time far enough to be authentic.
See also
References
- See for example Judah Loew ben Bezalel's Gur Aryeh: Sifrei Chachamim ('Books of the Wise')
- Magonet, Jonathan (1992) Bible Lives (London: SCM), 7 - 8
- Magonet, Jonathan (1992) Bible Lives (London: SCM), 8
- See for example Talmud Tractate Sotah 11b; and Exodus Rabbah 1:17
- Magonet, Jonathan (1992) Bible Lives (London: SCM), 8
- W. F. Albright, Northwest-Semitic Names in a List of Egyptian Slaves from the Eighteenth Century B. C., Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 74, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1954), pp. 222-233
- David Rohl M. Pharaohs and Kings. ISBN 0-609-80130-9 (David Rohl identifies Sobekhotep III as the "King who knew not Joseph" in Exodus 1:8).