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Manchu folk religion is the ethnic religion practiced by most of the Manchu people, the major of the Tungusic peoples, in China. It can also be called Manchu Shamanism by virtue of the word "shaman" being originally from Tungusic šamán ("man of knowledge"), later applied by Western scholars to similar religious practices in other cultures. It is a patheistic system, believing in a universal God called Apka Enduri ("God of Heaven") which is the omnipotent and omnipresent source of all life and creation. Deities (enduri) enliven every aspect of nature, and the worship of these gods is believed to bring favour, health and prosperity. Many of the deities are original Manchu kins' ancestors, and people with the same surname are generated by the same god.
Shamans are persons of unusual ability, strength and sensitivity, capable of perception and prediction of the ways of the gods. They are endowed with the social function to conduct the sacrificial ceremonies and approach the deities asking them intervention or protection. Because of their abilities the shamans are people of great authority and prestige. Usually, every Manchu kin has its own shaman.
Manchu folk religious rites were standardised by the Qianlong Emperor (1736-96) in the "Manchu Sacrificial Ritual to the Gods and Heaven" (Manjusai wecere metere kooli bithe), a manual published in Manchu in 1747 and in Chinese (Manzhou jishen jitian dianli) in 1780. Study of Manchu religion usually distinguishes two tipes of ritual, "domestic" and "primitive", which can be performed in two cultic settings, "imperial" and "common". The domestic ritual primarily involves the sacrifices for the progenitors of lineages and is the most important, while the primitive ritual involves the sacrfices for zoomorph gods. The ritual manual of Qianlong was an attempt to adapt all kins' ritual traditions to the style of the imperial kin's ritual tradition. This was only partially effective as common cults were preserved and revitalised over time.
See also
References
Citations
- Elliott (2001), p. 235.
- Shirokogorov (1929), p. 204.
- ^ Elliott (2001), p. 236.
- ^ Ma & Meng (2011), p. 381.
- Elliott (2001), p. 238.
- Elliott (2001), pp. 236–237.
- Elliott (2001), pp. 238–239.
Sources
- Elliott, Mark C. (2001). The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China. Religious Studies in Contemporary China Collection. Vol. 1. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804746842.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Pang, Tatiana A. (1993). ""Praying in the Darkness": New Texts for a Little-Known Manchu Shamanic Rite". SHAMAN: An International Journal for Shamanistic Research. 1 (1–2). Budapest: Molnar & Kelemen Oriental Publishers. ISSN 1216-7827.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Ma, Xisha; Meng, Huiying (2011). Popular Religion and Shamanism. Religious Studies in Contemporary China Collection. Vol. 1. Brill. ISBN 9004174559.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Shirokogorov, Sergeĭ Mikhaĭlovich (1929). Social organization of the Northern Tungus. Garland. ISBN 0824096207.
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