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Lucille Ball

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Lucille Ball
Spouse(s)Desi Arnaz, Gary Morton

Lucille Désirée Ball (August 6, 1911 – April 26, 1989) was an iconic American actress, comedian and star of the landmark sitcom I Love Lucy, a three time Emmy Award winner and charter member of the Television Hall of Fame. A 'B-grade' movie star and "glamour girl" of the 1930s and 1940s, she later achieved tremendous success as a television actress, and became one of the most popular stars the medium has ever produced. She received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1986. Ball, known as the "Queen of Comedy," was also responsible with her then-husband, Desi Arnaz, for the foundation of Desilu Studios, a pioneering studio in American television production in the 1950s and 60s.

Biography

Early life and career

Ball was born to Henry Durrell Ball (1887–1915) and Desiree "DeDe" Eve Hunt (1892–1977) in Jamestown, New York and grew up in the adjacent small town of Celoron, a suburb of Jamestown. Her family was Baptist; her father was of Scottish descent and related to George Washington. Her mother was of French, Irish and English descent. Lucille was proud of her family and heritage. Her genealogy can be traced back to the earliest settlers in the colonies. One direct ancestor, William Sprague (1609–1675), left England on the ship Lyon's Whelp for Plymouth/Salem, Massachusetts. They were from Upwey, Dorset, England. Along with his two brothers, William helped to found the city of Charlestown, Massachusetts. Other Sprague relatives became soldiers in the US Revolutionary War and two of them became governors of the state of Rhode Island.

Her father was a telephone lineman for the Bell Company, while her mother was often described as a lively and energetic young woman. Her father's job required frequent transfers, and within three years after her birth, Lucille had moved from Jamestown to Anaconda, Montana, and then to Wyandotte, Michigan. While DeDe Ball was pregnant with her second child, Frederick, Henry Ball contracted typhoid fever and died in February 1915.

After her father died, Ball and her brother Fred were raised by her working mother and grandparents. Her grandfather, Fred C. Hunt, was an eccentric socialist who enjoyed the theater. He frequently took the family to vaudeville shows and encouraged young Lucy to take part in both her own and school plays. In 1925 after a romance with a local bad boy (Johnny DeVito), Ball decided to enroll in the John Murray Anderson School for the Dramatic Arts with her mother's approval. There, the shy girl was outshone by another pupil, Bette Davis.

Ball went home a few weeks later when drama coaches told her that she "had no future at all as a performer". Two years later, she witnessed the accidental shooting of her brother's friend, Warner Erikson, who found himself in the path of a .22 caliber rifle shot, severing his spinal cord. Her grandfather was sued and prosecuted, and lost the family home.

She moved back to New York City in 1932 to become an actress and had some success as a fashion model for designer Hattie Carnegie and as the Chesterfield girl. She began her performing career on Broadway using the stage name "Diane Belmont" and was hired—but then quickly fired—by theatre impresario Earl Carroll from his Vanities and by Florenz Ziegfeld from a touring company of Rio Rita.

File:Lucy & desi 7.jpg
Lucille Ball & Desi Arnaz

She was let go again from the Shubert brothers production of Stepping Stones. After an uncredited stint as a Goldwyn Girl in Roman Scandals (1933) she moved to Hollywood to appear in films. She appeared in many small movie roles in the 1930s as a contract player for RKO (including movies with the Marx Brothers and the Three Stooges), where she met her lifelong friend, Ginger Rogers. Ball was signed to MGM in the 1940s, but she never achieved great success in films.

She was known in many Hollywood circles as "Queen of the Bs" (a title previously held by Fay Wray) starring in a number of B-movies, such as 1939's Five Came Back. Macdonald Carey was designated as her "King".

In 1940, Ball met Cuban bandleader Desi Arnaz while filming the film version of the Rodgers and Hart stage hit Too Many Girls. Ball and Arnaz connected immediately and eloped the same year, garnering much press attention. Arnaz and Ball frequently argued, especially over his indiscretions with other women, but they always made up in the end. Arnaz was drafted to the United States Army in 1942; he ended up being classified for limited service due to a knee injury. As a result, Arnaz stayed in Los Angeles, organizing and performing USO shows for wounded GIs being brought back from the Pacific. Ball filed for a divorce in 1944. However, shortly after Ball obtained an interlocutory decree, she reconciled with Arnaz again.

In 1948, Ball was cast as Liz Cugat (later "Cooper"), a wacky wife, in My Favorite Husband, a radio program for CBS. The program was successful, and CBS asked her to develop it for television, a show that eventually became I Love Lucy. She agreed, but insisted on working with Arnaz. CBS executives were reluctant, thinking the public would not accept an All-American redhead and a Cuban as a couple. CBS was initially not impressed with the pilot episode produced by the couple's Desilu Productions company, so the couple toured the road in a vaudeville act with Lucy as the zany housewife wanting to get in Arnaz's show. The tour was a smash, and CBS put the show on their lineup.

In 1953, she was subpoenaed by the House Committee on Un-American Activities because she had registered to vote in the Communist party in 1936 at her socialist grandfather's insistence (per FBI FOIA-released documents in this declassified FBI file).

In response to these accusations, Arnaz quipped: "The only thing red about Lucy is her hair, and even that's not legitimate." Ball survived this encounter with the HUAC, naming no names.

I Love Lucy and Desilu

File:LucyEthel I Love Lucy.jpg
Ball as Lucy, Vivian Vance as Ethel on an episode of I Love Lucy

The I Love Lucy show was not only a star vehicle for Lucille Ball, but a way for her to try to salvage her marriage to Desi Arnaz, which had become badly strained, in part by the fact that each had a hectic performing schedule which often kept them apart.

Along the way, she created a television dynasty and reached several "firsts". Ball was the first woman in television to be head of a production company: Desilu, the company that she and Arnaz formed. (After buying out her ex-husband's share of the studio, Ball functioned as a very active studio head.)

Desilu and I Love Lucy pioneered a number of methods still in use in television production today. When the show premiered, most shows were captured by kinescope, and the picture was inferior to film. The decision was made to film the series, a decision driven by the performers' desire to stay in Los Angeles.

Sponsor Philip Morris did not want to show kinescopes to the major markets on the east coast, so Desilu agreed to take a pay cut to finance filming. In return, CBS relinquished the show rights back to Desilu after broadcast, not realizing they were giving away a valuable and durable asset. Desilu made many millions of dollars on I Love Lucy rebroadcasts through syndication and became a textbook example of how a show can be profitable in second-run syndication.

Desilu also hired legendary {{Academy Award]] winning Czech cameraman Karl Freund as their director of photography. Freund had worked for F.W. Murnau and Fritz Lang, shot part of Metropolis, had directed a number of Hollywood films himself, and knew his business. Freund used a three-camera setup, which became the standard way of filming situation comedies.

Shooting long shots, medium shots, and close-ups on a comedy in front of a live audience demanded discipline, technique, and close choreography. Among other non-standard techniques used in filming the show, cans of paint (in shades ranging from white to medium gray) were kept on set to "paint out" inappropriate shadows and disguise lighting flaws.

Desilu produced several other popular shows, most notably Make Room for Daddy, Our Miss Brooks, The Dick Van Dyke Show, The Andy Griffith Show, The Untouchables, I Spy, Star Trek, and Mission: Impossible.

Ball's instincts with business were often astonishingly sharp, and her love for Arnaz was passionate, but her relationships with her children were sometimes strained. Lucie Arnaz, her daughter, spoke of her mother's "controlling" nature. She had a few very good friends in the business: Ginger Rogers, Mary Wickes and Vivian Vance. All were childless; Wickes never married. Vance said, following her first meeting with Ball, "I'm going to learn to love that bitch."

On July 17, 1951, just one month shy of her 40th birthday and after several miscarriages, Ball gave birth to her first child, Lucie Desiree Arnaz. A year and a half later, Ball gave birth to her second child, Desiderio Alberto Arnaz IV, known as Desi Arnaz, Jr. When he was born, I Love Lucy was a solid ratings hit, and Ball and Arnaz wrote the pregnancy into the show (indeed, Ball gave birth in real life on the same day that her Lucy Ricardo character gave birth). There were several challenges from CBS, insisting that a pregnant woman could not be shown on television, nor could the word "pregnant" be spoken on-air.

After approval from several religious figures the network allowed the pregnancy storyline, but insisted that the word "expecting" be used instead of "pregnant". (Arnaz garnered laughs when he deliberately mispronounced it as "'spectin'.) The birth made the first cover of TV Guide in January 1953.

I Love Lucy was enormously popular and dominated the Nielsen weekly tv ratings for most of its run. The strenous rehearsals and demands of running a televison studio kept the Arnazes so busy they hardly realized the television shows success. According to a number of sources, such as biographers Stern Kanfer and Bart Andrews, the couple finally found time to attend a movie premiere in late 1953. Once seated, they began to look to see who was sitting nearby, as the star-studded audience was goose-necking in their direction. When the entire audience stood and turned with a thunderous applause, it finally connected with the Arnazes. The ovation was for them! It was their first true indication of the shows enormous success, and astonishing coming from the Hollywood film industry, which had little respect for television stars. By the end of the 1950s, Desilu had become a large company, causing a good deal of stress for both Ball and Arnaz; his increasing drinking further compounded matters. On May 4, 1960, the very day after filming the final episode of The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour, the couple divorced, ending one of television's greatest marriages. However, until his death in 1986, Arnaz would remain friends with Ball. Indeed, both Arnaz and Ball spoke lovingly of each other after the breakup.

Lucille Ball at her last public appearance, Photo taken at the 61st Academy Awards by Alan Light

The following year, Ball married comedian Gary Morton, a Borscht Belt stand-up comic who was twelve years younger than her. Morton told interviewers at the time that he had never seen Ball on television, since he was always performing during primetime. Ball immediately installed Morton in her production company, teaching him the television business and eventually promoting him to producer. Morton also played occasional bit parts on Ball's various series.

Following I Love Lucy, Ball appeared in the Broadway musical Wildcat, which was a wildly successful sell-out that ended up losing money and closing early when Ball became too ill to continue in the show. She made a few more movies (including Yours, Mine and Ours, and the musical Mame), and two more successful long-running sitcoms for CBS: The Lucy Show (1962–68), which costarred Vance and Gale Gordon, and Here's Lucy (1968–74), which also featured Gordon, as well Lucy's real life children, Lucie Arnaz and Desi Arnaz, Jr.

During the mid-1980s, she attempted to resurrect her television career. In 1982, Ball hosted a two-part Three's Company retrospective, showing clips from the show's first five seasons, summarizing memorable plotlines, and commenting on her love of the show. The second part of the special ended with her receiving a kiss on the cheek from John Ritter. A 1985 dramatic made-for-TV film about an elderly homeless woman, Stone Pillow, was well received. However, her 1986 sitcom comeback Life With Lucy (costarring her longtime foil Gale Gordon) was a critical and commercial flop which was canceled less than two months into its run by ABC and producer Aaron Spelling.

The failure of this series was said to have sent Ball into a serious depression, and other than a few miscellaneous awards show appearances, she was absent from the public eye for the last several years of her life. Her last appearance took place several weeks before her death at the Oscar telecast in which she was presented by Bob Hope to a cheering audience.

Lucille Ball died on April 26, 1989, of a ruptured aorta at the age of 77 and was cremated. Her remains were initially interred in the Forest Lawn – Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles, but were later moved by her children to the Lake View Cemetery, in Jamestown, New York.

Filmography

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s–1970s

Television appearances

Radio appearances

Miscellaneous

This article contains a list of miscellaneous information. Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles.
  • Her cousin, Suzan Ball (wife of actor Richard Long), was an actress for several years, before dying of cancer, aged 21.
  • Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz founded Desilu Productions, making her one of the few women in history (along with Oprah Winfrey) to own and run her own TV production company.
  • After the demise of Desilu, she also founded Lucille Ball Productions in 1968.
  • There is a Lucy-Desi Museum honoring Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz in Jamestown, New York, which has festivals twice a year to celebrate the legends. There are also Lucille Ball museums located in the Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Florida theme parks.
  • In the summer of 2005, Lucille Ball was voted America's most beloved deceased star.
  • With the near-constant re-running of I Love Lucy, Lucille Ball is probably the most-watched comedian in American television history.
  • The film Rat Race (2001) includes, as one of its comic themes, a coach load of Lucille Ball look-alikes on their way to a convention.
  • Though she had long since died, the "character" of Lucille Ball appeared during the eleventh season of the television series The Simpsons, in the episode "Little Big Mom". In the episode Homer and Bart Simpson are watching I Love Lucy on television and you can hear Lucy give her trademark cry, after which you then hear an impersonation of Fred Mertz saying, "I think you hit her pretty hard there, Ric". This causes the spirit of Lucille Ball to appear to Lisa Simpson upstairs, in which Lucy introduces herself by using all of the last names from her past television series.
  • Her real hair color was brown.
  • From 1955 until her death in 1989, Lucille Ball lived at 1000 North Roxbury Drive in Beverly Hills. The Georgian style brick home was next door to the homes of James Stewart and Jack Benny. Other neighbors on Roxbury Drive included Rosemary Clooney and Ira Gershwin.
  • According to The Lucy Book by Geoffrey Mark Fidelman, Lucy was taping a special episode of Super Password with Betty White the day Desi died.

Further reading

  • Love, Lucy (1997) ISBN 0-425-17731-9
  • The Comic DNA of Lucille Ball: Interpreting the Icon by Michael Karol (2005) ISBN 0-595-37951-6
  • Lucy A to Z: The Lucille Ball Encyclopedia by Michael Karol (2004) ISBN 0-595-29761-7
  • The Lucille Ball Quiz Book by Michael Karol (2004) ISBN 0-595-31857-6
  • Lucy in Print by Michael Karol (2003) ISBN 0-595-29321-2

External links

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