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A Hawaiian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption where lava flows from the vent in a relatively gentle, low level eruption; it is so named because it is characteristic of Hawaiian volcanoes. Typically they are effusive eruptions, with basaltic magmas of low viscosity, low content of gases, and high temperature at the vent. Very small amounts of volcanic ash are produced. This type of eruption occurs most often at hotspot volcanoes such as Kīlauea on Hawaii's big island and in Iceland, though it can occur near subduction zones (e.g. Medicine Lake Volcano in California, United States) and rift zones. Another example of Hawaiian eruptions occurred on the island of Surtsey in Iceland from 1964 to 1967, when molten lava flowed from the crater to the sea.

Hawaiian eruptions may occur along fissure vents, such as during the eruption of Mauna Loa in 1950, or at a central vent, such as during the 1959 eruption in Kīlauea Iki Crater, which created a lava fountain 580 meters (1,900 ft) high and formed a 38-meter cone named Puʻu Puaʻi. In fissure-type eruptions, lava spurts from a fissure on the volcano's rift zone and feeds lava streams that flow downslope. In central-vent eruptions, a fountain of lava can spurt to a height of 300 meters or more (heights of 1600 meters were reported for the 1986 eruption of Mount Mihara on Izu Ōshima, Japan).

Hawaiian eruptions usually start by the formation of a crack in the ground from which a curtain of incandescent magma or several closely spaced magma fountains appear. The lava can overflow the fissure and form ʻaʻā or pāhoehoe style of flows. When such an eruption from a central cone is protracted, it can form lightly sloped shield volcanoes, for example Mauna Loa or Skjaldbreiður in Iceland.

Petrology of Hawaiian basalts

The key factors in generating a Hawaiian eruption are basaltic magma and a low percentage of dissolved water (less than one percent). The lower the water content, the more peaceful is the resulting flow. Almost all lava that comes from Hawaiian volcanoes is basalt in composition. Hawaiian basalts that make up almost all of the islands are tholeiite. These rocks are similar but not identical to those that are produced at ocean ridges. Basalt relatively richer in sodium and potassium (more alkaline) has erupted at the undersea volcano of Lōʻihi at the extreme southeastern end of the volcanic chain, and these rocks may be typical of early stages in the "evolution" of all Hawaiian islands. In the late stages of eruption of individual volcanoes, more alkaline basalt also was erupted, and in the very late stages after a period of erosion, rocks of unusual composition such as nephelinite were produced in very small amounts. These variations in magma composition have been investigated in great detail, in part to try to understand how mantle plumes may work.

Safety

Hawaiian eruptions are considered less dangerous than other types of volcanic eruptions, due to the lack of ash. However, they can still cause injuries or deaths.

In 1790, 80 warriors marching on Kīlauea were killed in an eruption. On May 18, 1924, a plantation accountant named Truman Taylor who was sightseeing on Kīlauea's caldera, was hit with debris from an explosion. Although rushed to the hospital, Taylor succumbed to his injuries later that day.

See also

• Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

Notes

1. Natural Hazards of North America (map). National Geographic Society.
2. William Melson (1982). Volcano. Time Life Books. p. 123. ISBN 0-8094-4304-X.
3. "The 1924 Explosions of Kilauea". Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. Retrieved 2008-03-19.

References

• Frankel, Charles (2005). Worlds on Fire: Volcanoes on the Earth, the Moon, Mars, Venus and Io. Cambridge University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-521-80393-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

• Frankel, Charles (1996). Volcanoes of the Solar System. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-521-47770-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

• Casadevall, T.J. (ed.) (1995). Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety. DIANE Publishing. p. 437. ISBN 0-7881-1650-9. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

• MacDonald, Gordon A.; Peterson, Frank L.; Abbott, Agatin T. (1983). Volcanoes in the Sea: Geology of Hawaii (2nd edition). University of Hawaii Press. pp. 156–157. ISBN 0-8248-0832-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

v t e Hawaiian volcanism topics (list)
Windward Isles	South Arch volcanic field Kamaʻehuakanaloa Māhukona Hawaiʻi Kīlauea (Kīlauea Iki, Pauahi Crater, Puʻu ʻŌʻō, Mauna Ulu) Mauna Loa Hualālai Mauna Kea Kohala Kahoʻolawe Kauaʻi Kaʻula Lānaʻi Maui Haleakalā West Maui Molokaʻi Penguin Bank West Molokai Volcano East Molokai Volcano Niʻihau Oʻahu Honolulu Kaʻena Koʻolau North Arch volcanic field Waiʻanae
Leeward Isles	French Frigate Shoals Gardner Pinnacles Kure Atoll Laysan Lisianski Island Maro Reef Midway Atoll Necker Island Nihoa Pearl and Hermes Atoll
Emperor Seamounts	Abbott Colahan Daikakuji Detroit Hancock Jingū Kammu Kimmei Koko Meiji Nintoku Ojin Suiko Yomei Yuryaku
Notable eruptions and vents	1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption 1975 eruption of Mauna Loa 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa 2018 lower Puna eruption 2022 eruption of Mauna Loa Keanakakoi eruption ʻAilāʻau eruption Halemaʻumaʻu Kīlauea Caldera Kīlauea Iki Mauna Ulu Powers Caldera Puʻu ʻŌʻō
Topics	ʻAʻā (lava) Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes Haleakalā National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain Hawaiian eruption Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Kīlauea eruptions Lava fountain Limu o Pele Mauna Loa eruptions Pāhoehoe (lava) Pele (deity) Pele's hair Pele's tears Puna Geothermal Venture Volcano House

• Volcanic eruption types
• Volcanism of Hawaii