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Uthman Beg or Osman Beg (Template:Lang-az, Template:Lang-tr) (reigned 1378–1435) was a late 14th and early 15th-century leader of the Turkoman tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu in what is now eastern Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan and Iraq.

Early beginnings

He was born Baha-ud-Din Osman and was later given the nickname Qara Iluk or Qara Yuluk meaning The Black Leech. However John E. Woods argues that this interpretation is doubtful since "leech" in modern Turkish is sülük, not yülük, which means cleanshaven or smooth. Uthman Beg was the son of Fakhr-ud-Din Qutlugh, likely by his Greek wife, Maria, sister of Alexios III of Trebizond. He is estimated to have been born c. 1356. According to Byzantine and Aq Qoyunlu sources, he later married his maternal cousin, a daughter of Alexios III and his consort Theodora Kantakouzene.

He was afraid of the intentions of his brothers, Ahmed and Pir Ali, when they joined Kadi Burhan al-Din of Sivas. He eventually killed his opponents and took over their territories in 1398 but retreated from Erzinjan on arrival of the Ottomans under Süleyman Çelebi.

Rise

When Timur invaded the Caucasus and eastern Anatolia, the Aq Qoyunlu sided with him in support and fought alongside the Timurids against the Ottomans. For his services Uthman Beg was given Diyarbakır in 1402.

References

1. Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38;"Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Azerbaijan."
2. ^ Edward Granville Browne (2009). A History of Persian Literature Under Tartar Dominion (A.D, 1265-1502). CUP Archive.
3. ^ John E. Woods (1999). The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire. University of Utah Press.
4. ERDEM, Ilhan, The Aq-qoyunlu State from the Death of Osman Bey to Uzun Hasan Bey (1435-1456), University of Ankara, Turkey
5. Facts On File, Incorporated (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 9781438126760.

Sources

• Langaroodi, Reza Rezazadeh; Negahban, Farzin (2008). "Āq-qūyūnlū". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.

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• Aq Qoyunlu rulers
• 14th-century births
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• 15th-century monarchs in the Middle East
• 14th-century monarchs in the Middle East
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