Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by WikiCleanerBot (talk | contribs) at 21:20, 10 September 2021 (v2.04b - Bot T19 CW#83 - Fix errors for CW project (Heading start with three "=" and later with level two)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

City of David (Silwan) is the Wadi Hilweh area of the Palestinian Arab village of Silwan intertwined with an Israeli settlement, The Silwan area of East Jerusalem was annexed by Israel following the 1967 Six-Day War and 1980 Jerusalem Law, an action not recognized internationally. The international community regards Israeli settlements as illegal under international law, although Israel disputes this.

Wadi Hilweh is the Southeast Hill extending down from the southern city walls of Jerusalem's Old City. According to tradition, Silwan originated at the time of Saladin in the twelfth century on Ras al-Amud, on the south-west slope of the Mount of Olives, then in the early twentieth century, expanding across the Kidron Valley (known to locals as Wadi Sitti Maryam or the Valley of St.Mary) eventually incorporating all of the Southeast Hill.

National Parks

The Jerusalem Walls Park was declared in 1974 on "a large part of the neighborhood of Silwan." Other parks in East Jerusalem include Tzurim Valley Park in 2000 and in 2013, Mount Scopus Slopes National Park (located between al-'Esawiyah and a-Tur), and Refa’im Stream National Park (on lands belonging to al-Walaja). These parks were approved on privately owned Palestinian lands and in built-up areas or areas bordering the built-up sections of Palestinian neighborhoods and villages. According to B'Tselem these parks are not meant simply to protect nature, landscape and heritage but are also, "perhaps mainly", meant to promote political agendas. By declaring parts of the city as parks entails no development in these areas and serves the political agenda far better than any municipal restrictions on planning and building.

In 1997, management of the City of David within the park was assumed by the Ir David Foundation (commonly known as Elad). First suggested in 1920 for this particular area, the term "City of David" was used officially from the 1970s onward, following the capture of East Jerusalem by Israel, but today the name with its biblical and political connotations is questioned by some in the archaeological academic community. Since El'Ad took over the management of the park in 1997, 'David's City' has essentially become a religious-nationalist battle cry that has transformed the area from an ordinary Palestinian neighbourhood with a few excavation pits, largely unknown to the Israeli public, into a religious settlement and major national biblical monument with hundreds of thousands of visitors a year and an official education site for Israeli school children and soldiers.

Around 70 homes in the Al-Bustan area of Silwan are under threat of demolition. According to Ir Amim plans call for the establishment of a touristic and archeological park (King's Garden) which would extend the City of David southwards to cover the entirety of Al-Bustan and towards the settler enclave in central Silwan (Batan al-Hawa) where the Ateret Cohanim settler organization is active.

After having been run by Elad for three years, management of the Jerusalem Archaeological Park/Davidson Center, south of the Western Wall Plaza, with effect from July 2021, reverted to the government’s Company for the Reconstruction and Development of the Jewish Quarter.

Development projects

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2021)

A US$60–66 million project to construct a 1.4 km cable-car running from the First Station compound, passing over the neighborhoods of Abu Tor and the Valley of Hinnom, then through the Mount Zion parking lot and ending at the Kedem visitor center in Silwan/City of David was put on hold following a judgement by the Israeli High Court on 24 February 2021. Since 2019, the court has several times examined petitions against the project, which is closely connected with Elad. Israeli authorities were given until 22 April to provide explanations to the Court on various matters.

Elad is planning the construction of a 16,000 m2 structure on the opposite side of the Wadi Hilweh Street, at the former Givati parking lot, the "Kedem Compound", which was approved in April 2014, a project that was denounced by UNESCO in October 2016.

Modern history

Late Ottoman period

The area immediately outside the walls of Jerusalem was undeveloped for most of early modern history, with the exception of the village of Silwan. Modern settlement outside of the walls began in the late 19th century. A few small buildings are visible on the hill facing the houses of Silwan in the Illés Relief, built between 1864 and 1873. In 1873–1874 a member of the notable Jewish Meyuchas family moved to a house on the towards the bottom of the hill. During the early 20th century, Baron de Rothschild acquired some land in the same area for the purposes of archaeological excavation. The Meyuchas family left in the 1930s; no other Jewish families are known to have settled in the area during the period.

Settlement in Mandatory Palestine

During the later stages of the Mandate era the houses of the nearby Arab village of Silwan expanded across the Kidron Valley and up the ridge of what became Wadi Hilweh.

Jordanian period

After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the whole area fell on the eastern side of the Green Line under Jordanian control.

Post 1967 and Israeli settlement

Arab families continued to live on the ridge and to build houses there after 1967.

From 1968 to 1977 the Israel Exploration Society started the first excavations at the Ophel, north of the City of David proper, headed by Benjamin Mazar and Eilat Mazar.

In October 2014, Uri Ariel, politician from The Jewish Home party and at that time Israeli Minister of Housing and Construction, caused controversy when he suggested he was considering taking up residence in the area.

See also

Further reading

• Dalman, G. (1922). "Die Ausgrabungen von Raymond Weill in der Davidsstadt (Raymond Weill's excavations in the City of David)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (in German). 45 (1/2). Deutscher verein zur Erforschung Palästinas: 22–31. JSTOR 27929432.

References

1. Wendy Pullan and Max Gwiazda, Jerusalem's 'City of David': The Politicisation of Urban Heritage Archived 2017-08-09 at the Wayback Machine, Divided Cities/Contested States Working Paper No. 6, 2008, p.12: "The 'City of David' is formally treated as a settlement; making homes for Jewish people is seen as an integral part of El-Ad's heritage stewardship"
2. The Independent, "Israeli foreign ministry cadets to defend 'legality' of West Bank settlements", 1 November 2015, "Among the new sessions to be added to the cadet's course are a lecture on the legality of the settlements based on the claim that the West Bank is not occupied territory, according to The Times of Israel. It also includes a tour of the “City of David” settlement in the Palestinian Silwan neighbourhood of East Jerusalem, to be led by settler leader David Be'eri, who seeks its transformation, based on biblical claims, into a Jewish area."
3. Sixty-ninth session of the United Nations General Assembly, Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the occupied Syrian Golan: Report by the Secretary-General, A/69/348, 25 August 2014: "Archaeological excavations and parks are also used as a way to control land for settlements, mainly through the funding, participation and endorsement by the Government of Israel of archaeological projects led by settler organizations. Observer organizations report that several archaeological projects in the Old City of Jerusalem are being used as a means to consolidate the presence of settlements and settlers in the area. On 3 April 2014, despite several objections presented by Palestinian residents of the Silwan neighbourhood, a Palestinian community with a population of 45,000, located around the southern Old City wall in East Jerusalem, the Jerusalem District Planning and Building Committee approved a project known as the Kedem Compound.36 The Kedem Compound includes a museum, a visitors centre, and a parking lot covering around 16,000 square metres. The plan was presented by Israel's Nature and Parks Authority and the Ir David Foundation, also known as Elad, which works to strengthen the Jewish connection to Jerusalem, notably the Silwan area. The Kedem Compound would constitute a gateway to the City of David National Park, a touristic archaeological site controlled by the same organization."
4. Galor 2017, p. 120.
5. Galor 2017, p. 119.
6. "National parks as tool for constraining Palestinian neighborhoods in East Jerusalem". 16 September 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
7. Wendy Pullan; Maximilian Sternberg; Lefkos Kyriacou; Craig Larkin; Michael Dumper (20 November 2013). "David's City in Palestinian Silwan". The Struggle for Jerusalem's Holy Places. Routledge. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-1-317-97556-4..
8. "Reignited Plan For "King's Garden" Park Threatens To Displace Over 1000 Palestinians From Al Bustan, Silwan". 25 March 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
9. "Settler group loses control over Jerusalem archaeological park". Haaretz.com.
10. "First court victory for opponents of Jerusalem cable car project - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". www.al-monitor.com.
11. "Settlement & Annexation Report: February 25, 2021".
12. Sixty-ninth session of the United Nations General Assembly, Israeli settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the occupied Syrian Golan: Report by the Secretary-General, A/69/348, 25 August 2014: "On 3 April 2014, despite several objections presented by Palestinian residents of the Silwan neighbourhood, a Palestinian community with a population of 45,000, located around the southern Old City wall in East Jerusalem, the Jerusalem District Planning and Building Committee approved a project known as the Kedem Compound. The Kedem Compound includes a museum, a visitors centre, and a parking lot covering around 16,000 square metres. The plan was presented by Israel's Nature and Parks Authority and the Ir David Foundation, also known as Elad, which works to strengthen the Jewish connection to Jerusalem, notably the Silwan area. The Kedem Compound would constitute a gateway to the City of David National Park, a touristic archaeological site controlled by the same organization. Furthermore, Elad presented plans, covering an estimated area of 1,200 square metres for the construction of another tourist compound above a site known as the spring house in Silwan, an ancient structure built above the main spring. Palestinians in the area have been prevented from accessing one of their main sources of water, since Elad has blocked the entrance to the spring by walls and fences. According to the Ir Amim archaeological organization, the plan was submitted for objections in February 2014. According to Emek Shaveh, an organization of archaeologists, an examination of the placement of the excavations and the planned tourist centres (the Kedem Compound, the City of David Visitors Centre, and the Spring House tourist centre) shows that a contiguous line of Israeli settler presence along the entire northern boundary of the Silwan area is being created."
13. 200 EX/PX/DR.25.2 Rev. PARIS, 12 October 2016: "The Executive Board... Deplores the Israeli decision to approve... the construction of the so-called “Kedem Center”, a visitor centre near the southern wall of the Al-Aqṣa Mosque/Al-Ḥaram Al-Sharif... and urges Israel, the occupying Power, to renounce the above-mentioned projects and to stop the construction works in conformity with its obligations under the relevant UNESCO conventions, resolutions and decisions"
14. Yemin Moshe: The Story of a Jerusalem Neighborhood, Eliezer David Jaffe, Praeger, 1988, p. 51
15. ^ Meron Rapoport, 2009, Ir Amin: "At the beginning of the 20th century, Baron de Rothschild acquired land on the eastern slopes of the Wadi Hilweh hill with the intention of dedicating it to archaeological excavations... As far as we know, during this period, only a single Jewish family lived in Wadi Hilweh itself, in a house known today as the "Meyuhas house," and left during the 1930s."
16. Excavations on the South of the Temple Mount. The Ophel of Biblical Jerusalem, Qedem. Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, No. 29, 1989 ISSN 0333-5844
17. Housing Minister Uri Ariel May Move to City of David, 25 October 2014.

Notes

1. "The Southeast Hill is the most excavated place in Jerusalem, with a history of more than 150 years of exploration."

Bibliography

• Ben-Ami, D. (2011). "The Northwestern Slope of the City of David during the Iron Age—Preliminary Findings". Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies (in Hebrew). 30 (Amnon Ben-Tor volume). Israel Exploration Society: 95–104. JSTOR 23630964.
• Ben-Ami, Doron (2014). "Notes on the Iron IIA Settlement in Jerusalem in Light of Excavations in the Northwest of the City of David". Tel Aviv. 41 (1): 3–19. doi:10.1179/0334435514Z.00000000030. S2CID 140566946.
• Broshi, M. (1974). "The expansion of Jerusalem in the reigns of Hezekiah and Manasseh." Israel Exploration Journal, pp. 21–26
• Dever, William G. (18 August 2020). Has Archaeology Buried the Bible?. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-4674-5949-5.
• Finkelstein, I.; Silberman, N.A. (2007). David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of Western Tradition. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-4362-9.
• Galor, Katharina (2017). Finding Jerusalem: Archaeology between Science and Ideology. University of California Press. pp. 119–131. ISBN 978-0-520-96807-3., Chapter 7: The City of David / Silwan
• Galor, K. (2017b). "Jerusalem: Archaeologists Versus Residents?". Review of Middle East Studies. 51 (2). Middle East Studies Association of North America (MESA). JSTOR 26374492.
• Geva, Hillel ; De Groot, Alon (2017). "The City of David Is Not on the Temple Mount After All". Israel Exploration Journal. 67 (1). Israel Exploration Society: 32–49. JSTOR 44474016.
• Greenberg, Rafi (10 November 2014). "Ethics in Action: A Viewpoint from Israel/Palestine". In Alfredo González-Ruibal and Gabriel Moshenska (ed.). Ethics and the Archaeology of Violence. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4939-1643-6.
• Hurvitz, Gila; Shiloh, Yigal (1999). The City of David: Discoveries from the Excavations. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. OCLC 610542128.
• Kletter, Raz (30 July 2019). Archaeology, Heritage and Ethics in the Western Wall Plaza, Jerusalem: Darkness at the End of the Tunnel. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-63197-9.
• Mazar, B.; Mazar, E. (1989). "Excavations in the South of the Temple Mount: The Ophel of Biblical Jerusalem". Qedem. 29. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem: I–XVIII, 1–187. JSTOR 43588801.
• Mazar, Eilat (2009), "The Palace of King David, Excavations at the Summit of the City of David. Preliminary Report of Seasons 2005–2007." Shoham: Jerusalem and New York
• Mizrachi, Yonathan; Greenberg, Raphael (2011), From Shiloah to Silwan, visitor’s guide to ancient Jerusalem (City of David) and the village of Silwan, Emek Shaveh, ISBN 978-965-91758-0-2, retrieved July 31, 2021
• Pullan, Wendy, 'City of David': Urban Design and Frontier Heritage, January 2009, The Jerusalem Quarterly, 39
• Reich, Ronny; Shukron, Eli (1999). "Light at the End of the Tunnel". Biblical Archaeology Review. 25 (1): 26–33.
• Reich, Ronny; Shukron, Eli (2003). "Jerusalem, City of David". Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel. 115. Israel Antiquities Authority: 51–53. JSTOR 23485357.
• Reich, Ronny; Shukron, Eli; Lernau, Omri (2007). "Recent Discoveries in the City of David, Jerusalem". Israel Exploration Journal. 57 (2). Israel Exploration Society: 153–169. JSTOR 27927171.
• Reich, R. (2011). Excavating the City of David: Where Jerusalem History Began. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. OCLC 706618759.
• Smith, G.A. (1907). Jerusalem: The Topography, Economics and History from the Earliest Times to A.D. 70. Vol. 1. London. p. 156. OCLC 832328756.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Wasserstein, Bernard; Prawer, Joshua (n.d.). "Jerusalem - History (chapter: History of Jerusalem - Ancient Origins of the City)". Britannica. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
• Yitzhaki, Arieh (1980). "City of David (עיר דוד)". In Chaim Rubenstein (ed.). Israel Guide - Jerusalem (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) (in Hebrew). Vol. 10. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, in affiliation with the Israel Ministry of Defence. pp. 164–172. OCLC 745203905.

External links

• Ancient Silwan (Shiloah) {Siloam} in Israel and The City of David
• City of David link, 2008 archived version
• From Shiloah to Silwan project
• Did I Find King David's Palace? Biblical Archaeology Review
• The Dig Dividing Jerusalem: Ahdaf Soueif writes on Silwan in the Guardian
• Amit Rosenblum. City of David: Conservation Maintenance, Israel Antiquities Authority Site - Conservation Department
• Ivanovsky E., Van Zaiden A., Vaknin Y., Asamain, T., Sabag, S. (2007). City of David, Givati Car Park: Stabilization and post-excavation conservation, Israel Antiquities Authority Site - Conservation Department
• 10 reasons the “City of David” is not the wholesome tourist site you thought it was

31°46′25″N 35°14′08″E / 31.77361°N 35.23556°E / 31.77361; 35.23556

• Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
• City of David
• Archaeological sites in Jerusalem
• Siloam
• Former populated places in Southwest Asia