Garry Kasparov

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Llammakey (talk | contribs) at 20:41, 28 February 2022 (→1990s: fixed bareurl). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Revision as of 20:41, 28 February 2022 by Llammakey (talk | contribs) (→1990s: fixed bareurl)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) Russian chess grandmaster and political activist "Kasparov" redirects here. For other uses, see Kasparov (disambiguation). In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Kimovich and the family name is Kasparov.

Garry Kasparov
Kasparov in 2015
Born	(1963-04-13) 13 April 1963 (age 61) Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union (now Azerbaijan)
Full name	Garry Kimovich Kasparov
Country	Soviet Union (before 1992) Russia (after 1992)
Title	Grandmaster (1980)
World Champion	1985–1993 (undisputed) 1993–2000 (classical)
Years active	1976–2005 2016–present (speed chess only)
FIDE rating	2812 (December 2024)
Peak rating	2851 (July 1999)
Peak ranking	No. 1 (January 1984)

Kasparov's voice (in Russian) from Kasparov's interview for Echo of Moscow, 13 September 2011

Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Russian: Гарри Кимович Каспаров, Russian pronunciation: , born Garik Kimovich Weinstein, Гарик Кимович Вайнштейн; 13 April 1963) is a Russian chess grandmaster, former World Chess Champion, writer, political activist and commentator. His peak rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013. From 1984 until his retirement in 2005, Kasparov was ranked world No. 1 for a record 255 months overall for his career, a record that outstrips all other previous and current players. Kasparov also holds records for the most consecutive professional tournament victories (15) and Chess Oscars (11).

Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov. He held the official FIDE world title until 1993 when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association. In 1997 he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls when he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue in a highly publicized match. He continued to hold the "Classical" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. Despite losing the title, he continued winning tournaments and was the world's highest-rated player when he retired from professional chess in 2005.

Since retiring, he has devoted his time to politics and writing. He formed the United Civil Front movement and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the administration and policies of Vladimir Putin. In 2008, he announced an intention to run as a candidate in that year's Russian presidential race, but after encountering logistical problems in his campaign, for which he blamed "official obstruction", he withdrew. In the wake of the Russian mass protests that began in 2011, he announced in 2013 that he had left Russia for the immediate future out of fear of persecution. Following his flight from Russia, he had lived in New York City with his family. In 2014, he obtained Croatian citizenship, and has maintained a residence in Podstrana near Split.

Kasparov is currently chairman of the Human Rights Foundation and chairs its International Council. In 2017, he founded the Renew Democracy Initiative (RDI), an American political organization promoting and defending liberal democracy in the U.S. and abroad. He serves as chairman of the group. Kasparov is also a Security Ambassador for the software company Avast.

Early life and career

Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: Гарик Ки́мович Вайнштейн, Garik Kimovich Vainshtein) in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR (now Azerbaijan), Soviet Union. His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was Jewish, and his mother, Klara Shagenovna Gasparian, was Armenian. Kasparov has described himself as a "self-appointed Christian", although "very indifferent" and identifies as Russian: "although I'm half-Armenian, half-Jewish, I consider myself Russian because Russian is my native tongue, and I grew up with Russian culture."

Kasparov began the serious study of chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution. When Garry was seven years old, his father died of leukaemia. At the age of twelve, Garry, upon request of his mother Klara and with the consent of the family, adopted Klara's surname Kasparov, which was done to avoid possible antisemitic tensions, which were common in the USSR at the time.

From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, at 10 began training at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school under coach Vladimir Makogonov. Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen's Gambit Declined. Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship in Tbilisi in 1976, scoring 7 points of 9, at age 13. He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8.5 of 9. He was being trained by Alexander Shakarov during this time.

In 1978, Kasparov participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament in Minsk. He had been invited as an exception but took first place and became a chess master. Kasparov has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life and that it convinced him to choose chess as his career. "I will remember the Sokolsky Memorial as long as I live", he wrote. He has also said that after the victory, he thought he had a very good shot at the World Championship.

He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level. He won the 64-player Swiss system tournament at Daugavpils on tiebreak over Igor V. Ivanov to capture the sole qualifying place.

Kasparov rose quickly through the FIDE world rankings. Starting with oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina (part of Yugoslavia at the time), in 1979 while still unrated (he was a replacement for the Soviet defector Viktor Korchnoi, who was originally invited but withdrew due to the threat of a boycott from the Soviets). Kasparov won this high-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top group of chess players (at the time, number 15 in the world). The next year, 1980, he won the World Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, West Germany. Later that year, he made his debut as the second reserve for the Soviet Union at the Chess Olympiad at Valletta, Malta, and became a Grandmaster.

Towards the top

As a teenager, Kasparov tied for first place in the USSR Chess Championship in 1981–82. His first win in a superclass-level international tournament was scored at Bugojno, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia in 1982. He earned a place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament. At age 19, he was the youngest Candidate since Bobby Fischer, who was 15 when he qualified in 1958. At this stage, he was already the No. 2-rated player in the world, trailing only World Chess Champion Anatoly Karpov on the January 1983 list.

Kasparov's first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 6–3 (four wins, one loss). Politics threatened Kasparov's semi-final against Viktor Korchnoi, which was scheduled to be played in Pasadena, California. Korchnoi had defected from the Soviet Union in 1976 and was at that time the strongest active non-Soviet player. Various political manoeuvres prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match. This was resolved by Korchnoi allowing the match to be replayed in London, along with the previously scheduled match between Vasily Smyslov and Zoltán Ribli. The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice by Raymond Keene. Kasparov lost the first game but won the match 7–4 (four wins, one loss).

In January 1984, Kasparov became the No. 1 ranked player in the world, with a FIDE rating of 2710. He became the youngest ever world No. 1, a record that lasted 12 years until being broken by Vladimir Kramnik in January 1996; the record is currently held by Magnus Carlsen.

Later in 1984, he won the Candidates' final 8½–4½ (four wins, no losses) against the resurgent former world champion Vasily Smyslov, at Vilnius, thus qualifying to play Anatoly Karpov for the World Championship. That year he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), as a member of which he was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol in 1987.

1984 World Championship

Main article: World Chess Championship 1984

The World Chess Championship 1984 match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov had many ups and downs, and a very controversial finish. Karpov started in very good form, and after nine games Kasparov was down 4–0 in a "first to six wins" match. Fellow players predicted he would be whitewashed 6–0 within 18 games.

In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a series of 17 successive draws, some relatively short, and others drawn in unsettled positions. Kasparov lost game 27 (5–0), then fought back with another series of draws until game 32 (5–1), earning his first-ever win against the World Champion. Another 14 successive draws followed, through game 46; the previous record length for a world title match had been 34 games, the match of José Raúl Capablanca vs. Alexander Alekhine in 1927.

Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 5–3 in Karpov's favour. Then the match was ended without result by Florencio Campomanes, the President of the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE), and a new match was announced to start a few months later. The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue. Announcing his decision at a press conference, Campomanes cited the health of the players, which had been strained by the length of the match.

The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result. Kasparov's relations with Campomanes and FIDE were greatly strained, and the feud between them finally came to a head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete break-away from FIDE.

World Champion

The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was organized in Moscow as the best of 24 games where the first player to win 12½ points would claim the World Champion title. The scores from the terminated match would not carry over; however, in the event of a 12–12 draw, the title would remain with Karpov. On 9 November 1985, Kasparov secured the title by a score of 13–11, winning the 24th game with Black, using a Sicilian defence. He was 22 years old at the time, making him the youngest ever World Champion, and breaking the record held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years. Kasparov's win as Black in the 16th game has been recognized as one of the all-time masterpieces in chess history.

As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984 match, Karpov had been granted (in the event of his defeat) a right to rematch. Another match took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games. At one point in the match, Kasparov opened a three-point lead and looked well on his way to a decisive match victory. But Karpov fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match. At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of his seconds, grandmaster Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing him of selling his opening preparation to the Karpov team (as described in Kasparov's autobiography Unlimited Challenge, chapter Stab in the Back). Kasparov scored one more win and kept his title by a final score of 12½–11½.

A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987 in Seville, as Karpov had qualified through the Candidates' Matches to again become the official challenger. This match was very close, with neither player holding more than a one-point lead at any time during the contest. Kasparov was down one full point at the time of the final game and needed a win to draw the match and retain his title. A long tense game ensued in which Karpov blundered away a pawn just before the first time control, and Kasparov eventually won a long ending. Kasparov retained his title as the match was drawn by a score of 12–12. (All this meant that Kasparov had played Karpov four times in the period 1984–87, a statistic unprecedented in chess. Matches organized by FIDE had taken place every three years since 1948, and only Botvinnik had a right to a rematch before Karpov.)

The fifth match between Kasparov and Karpov was held in New York and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games. Again, the result was a close one with Kasparov winning by a margin of 12½–11½. In their five world championship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses, and 104 draws in 144 games.

Break with and ejection from FIDE

Kasparov and Viswanathan Anand in a publicity photo on top of the World Trade Center in New York, 1995

With the World Champion title in hand, Kasparov began opposing FIDE. In November 1986, he created the Grandmasters Association (GMA), an organization to represent professional chess players and give them more say in FIDE's activities. Kasparov assumed a leadership role. GMA's major achievement was in organizing a series of six World Cup tournaments for the world's top players. This caused a somewhat uneasy relationship to develop with FIDE.

This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a new challenger had qualified through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defence: Nigel Short, a British grandmaster who had defeated Anatoly Karpov in a qualifying match and then Jan Timman in the finals held in early 1993. After a confusing and compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected, the world champion and his challenger decided to play outside FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called the Professional Chess Association (PCA). At this point, a great fracture occurred in the lineage of the FIDE World Championship. In an interview in 2007, Kasparov called the break with FIDE the worst mistake of his career, as it hurt the game in the long run.

Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE and played their well-sponsored match in London in 1993. Kasparov won convincingly by a score of 12½–7½. The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with an unprecedented level of coverage on Channel 4. Meanwhile, FIDE organized a World Championship match between Jan Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former World Champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semi-finalist), which Karpov won.

FIDE removed Kasparov and Short from the FIDE rating lists. Until this happened, there was a parallel rating list presented by PCA which featured all the world top players, regardless of their relation to FIDE. There were now two World Champions: PCA champion Kasparov, and FIDE champion Karpov. The title remained split for 13 years.

Kasparov defended his title in a 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand at the World Trade Center in New York City. Kasparov won the match by four wins to one, with thirteen draws.

Kasparov tried to organize another World Championship match, under another organization, the World Chess Association (WCA) with Linares organizer Luis Rentero. Alexei Shirov and Vladimir Kramnik played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a surprising upset. But when Rentero admitted that the funds required and promised had never materialized, the WCA collapsed. This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped in: BrainGames.com, headed by Raymond Keene. No match against Shirov was arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was instead arranged against Kramnik.

During this period, Kasparov was approached by Oakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time the only school in the country with a full-time chess coach, and developed an interest in the use of chess in education. In 1997, Kasparov supported a scholarship programme at the school. Kasparov also won the Marca Leyenda trophy that year.

Losing the title and aftermath

Kasparov playing against Vladimir Kramnik in the Botvinnik Memorial match in Moscow, 2001

The Kasparov-Kramnik match took place in London during the latter half of 2000. Kramnik had been a student of Kasparov's at the famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chess school in Russia and had served on Kasparov's team for the 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand.

The better-prepared Kramnik won game 2 against Kasparov's Grünfeld Defence and achieved winning positions in Games 4 and 6, although Kasparov held the draw in both games. Kasparov made a critical error in Game 10 with the Nimzo-Indian Defence, which Kramnik exploited to win in 25 moves. As White, Kasparov could not crack the passive but solid Berlin Defence in the Ruy Lopez, and Kramnik successfully drew all his games as Black. Kramnik won the match 8½–6½.

After losing the title, Kasparov won a series of major tournaments, and remained the top-rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE World Champions. In 2001 he refused an invitation to the 2002 Dortmund Candidates Tournament for the Classical title, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik.

Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match with rapid time controls over two days in December 2002 in New York City. Karpov surprised the experts and emerged victorious, winning two games and drawing one.

Due to Kasparov's continuing strong results, and status as world No. 1 in much of the public eye, he was included in the so-called "Prague Agreement", masterminded by Yasser Seirawan and intended to reunite the two World Championships. Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003. But this match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation. In its place, there were plans for a match against Rustam Kasimdzhanov, winner of the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004, to be held in January 2005 in the United Arab Emirates. These also fell through due to a lack of funding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey instead came too late. Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and so had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title.

Retirement from chess

After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 that he would retire from serious competitive chess. He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world (he commented when winning the Russian championship in 2004 that it had been the last major title he had never won outright) and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the world championship.

Kasparov said he might play in some rapid chess events for fun, but he intended to spend more time on his books, including the My Great Predecessors series, and work on the links between decision-making in chess and other areas of life. He also stated that he would continue to involve himself in Russian politics, which he viewed as "headed down the wrong path."

Post-retirement chess

On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof Chess Champions Tournament, a blitz event played at the time control of 5 minutes per side and 3-second increments per move. Kasparov tied for first with Anatoly Karpov, scoring 4½/6.

Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov played a 12-game match from 21 to 24 September 2009, in Valencia, Spain. It consisted of four rapid (or semi rapid) games, in which Kasparov won 3–1, and eight blitz games, in which Kasparov won 6–2, winning the match with a total result of 9–3. The event took place exactly 25 years after the two players' legendary encounter at World Chess Championship 1984.

Kasparov actively coached Magnus Carlsen for approximately one year beginning in February 2009. The collaboration remained secret until September 2009. Under Kasparov's tutelage, Carlsen in October 2009 became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800 and rose from world number four to world number one. While the pair initially planned to work together throughout 2010, in March of that year it was announced that Carlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer be using him as a trainer. According to an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, Carlsen indicated that he would remain in contact and that he would continue to attend training sessions with Kasparov, but in fact, no further training sessions were held and the cooperation gradually fizzled out over the course of the spring.

In May 2010 he played 30 games simultaneously, winning each one, against players at Tel Aviv University in Israel. In the same month, it was revealed that Kasparov had aided Viswanathan Anand in preparation for the World Chess Championship 2010 against challenger Veselin Topalov. Anand won the match 6½–5½ to retain the title.

In January 2011, Kasparov began training the U.S. grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura. The first of several training sessions were held in New York just before Nakamura participated in the Tata Steel Chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands. In December 2011, it was announced that the cooperation had come to an end.

Kasparov played two blitz exhibition matches in the autumn of 2011. The first was in September against French grandmaster Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, in Clichy (France), which Kasparov won 1½–½. The second was a longer match consisting of eight blitz games played on 9 October, against English grandmaster Nigel Short. Kasparov won again by a score of 4½–3½.

A little after that, in October 2011, Kasparov played and defeated fourteen opponents in a simultaneous exhibition that took place in Bratislava.

On 25 and 26 April 2015, Kasparov played a mini-match against Nigel Short. The match consisted of two rapid games and eight blitz games and was contested over the course of two days. Both commentators GM Maurice Ashley and Alejandro Ramirez remarked how Kasparov was an 'initiative hog' throughout the match, consistently not allowing Short to gain any foothold in the games, and won the match decisively with a score of 8½–1½. Kasparov also managed to win all five games on the second day, with his victories characterised by aggressive pawn moves breaking up Short's position, thereby allowing Kasparov's pieces to achieve positional superiority.

On Wednesday 19 August 2015, he played and won all 19 games of a simultaneous exhibition in Pula, Croatia.

On Thursday 28 April and Friday 29 April 2016 at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis, Kasparov played a 6-round exhibition blitz round-robin tournament with Fabiano Caruana, Wesley So, and Hikaru Nakamura in an event called the Ultimate Blitz Challenge. He finished the tournament third with 9.5/18, behind Hikaru Nakamura (11/18) and Wesley So (10/18). At the post-tournament interview, he considered the possibility of playing future top-level blitz exhibition matches.

On 2 June 2016, Kasparov played against fifteen chess players in a simultaneous exhibition in the Kaiser-Friedrich-Halle of Mönchengladbach. He won all games.

Candidate for FIDE presidency

On 7 October 2013, Kasparov announced his candidacy for World Chess Federation president during a reception in Tallinn, Estonia, where the 84th FIDE Congress took place. Kasparov's candidacy was supported by his former student, reigning World Chess Champion and FIDE#1 ranked player Magnus Carlsen. At the FIDE General Assembly in August 2014, Kasparov lost the presidential election to incumbent FIDE president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, with a vote of 110–61.

A few days before the election took place, the New York Times Magazine had published a lengthy report on the viciously fought campaign. Included was information about a leaked contract between Kasparov and former FIDE Secretary General Ignatius Leong from Singapore, in which the Kasparov campaign reportedly "offered to pay Leong US$500,000 and to pay $250,000 a year for four years to the ASEAN Chess Academy, an organization Leong helped create to teach the game, specifying that Leong would be responsible for delivering 11 votes from his region ". In September 2015, the FIDE Ethics Commission found Kasparov and Leong guilty of violating its Code of Ethics and later suspended them for two years from all FIDE functions and meetings.

Return from retirement

In 2017, Kasparov came out of retirement to participate in the inaugural St. Louis Rapid and Blitz tournament from 14 to 19 August, scoring 3.5/9 in the rapid and 9/18 in the blitz, finishing eighth out of ten participants, which included Nakamura, Caruana, former world champion Anand, and the eventual winner, Aronian. Any tournament money that he earned would go towards charities to promote chess in Africa.

In 2020 he participated in 9LX tournament in Chess 960. He finished eighth in a field of 10 players. Notably he drew a game against Magnus Carlsen, who tied for first place.

In 2021 he launched Kasparovchess, a subscription-based online chess community featuring documentaries, lessons and puzzles, podcasts, articles, interviews, and playing zones.

In 2021, Kasparov played in the blitz section of the Grand Chess Tour event in Zagreb, Croatia. He performed poorly, however, scoring 0.5/9 on the first day and 2.0/9 on the second day, getting his only win against Jorden Van Foreest. He also participated in 9XL 2 - Chess 960 tournament - finishing fifth in a field of 10 players, with a score of 5/9.

Politics

1980s

Kasparov's grandfather was a staunch communist but Kasparov gradually began to have doubts about the Soviet Union's political system at age 13 when he travelled abroad for the first time to Paris for a chess tournament. In 1981, at age 18 he read Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago, a copy of which he bought while abroad.

Kasparov joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1984, and in 1987 was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol. However, in 1990, he left the party.

1990s

In January 1990, Kasparov and his family fled Baku to escape pogroms against Armenians.

In May 1990, Kasparov took part in the creation of the Democratic Party of Russia, which at first was a liberal anti-communist party, later shifting to centrism. Kasparov left the party on 28 April 1991, after its conference.

In 1991, Kasparov received the Keeper of the Flame award from the Center for Security Policy, a Washington, D.C. based far-right, anti-Muslim think tank. In his acceptance speech Kasparov lauded the defeat of communism while also urging the United States to give no financial assistance to central Soviet leaders.

In June 1993, Kasparov was involved with the creation of the "Choice of Russia" bloc of parties and in 1996 took part in the election campaign of Boris Yeltsin. In 2001 he voiced his support for the Russian television channel NTV.

In 1997, Kasparov was awarded honorary citizenship of Bosnia and Herzegovina for his support of Bosnian people during the Bosnian War.

2000s

In 2002, he called for Turkey to be admitted to the European Union if Turkey recognizes the Armenian genocide.

After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turned to politics and created the United Civil Front, a social movement whose main goal is to "work to preserve electoral democracy in Russia". He has vowed to "restore democracy" to Russia by restoring the rule of law.

Kasparov was instrumental in setting up The Other Russia, a coalition which opposes Putin's government. The Other Russia has been boycotted by the leaders of Russia's mainstream opposition parties, Yabloko and Union of Right Forces due to its inclusion of both nationalist and radical groups. Kasparov has criticized these groups as being secretly under the auspices of the Kremlin.

In April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed. The assailant was reported to have said "I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics" immediately before the attack. Kasparov has been the subject of a number of other episodes since, including police brutality and alleged harassment from the Russian secret service.

Kasparov at the third Dissenters March in Saint Petersburg on 9 June 2007

Kasparov helped organize the Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March on 3 March 2007 and The March of the Dissenters on 24 March 2007, both involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and Saint Petersburg Governor Valentina Matviyenko's policies.

In April 2007, Kasparov led a pro-democracy demonstration in Moscow. Soon after the demonstration's start, however, over 9,000 police descended on the group and seized almost everyone. Kasparov, who was briefly arrested by the Moscow police, was warned by the prosecution office on the eve of the march that anyone participating risked being detained. He was held for some 10 hours and then fined and released. He was later summoned by the FSB for violations of Russian anti-extremism laws.

Speaking about Kasparov, former KGB defector Oleg Kalugin in 2007 remarked, "I do not talk in details – people who knew them are all dead now because they were vocal, they were open. I am quiet. There is only one man who is vocal and he may be in trouble: world chess champion Kasparov. He has been very outspoken in his attacks on Putin and I believe that he is probably next on the list."

Kasparov gave speeches at think tanks such as the Hoover Institution.

On 30 September 2007, Kasparov entered the Russian presidential race, receiving 379 of 498 votes at a congress held in Moscow by The Other Russia. In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency as the candidate of the "Other Russia" coalition and vowed to fight for a "democratic and just Russia". Later that month he traveled to the United States, where he appeared on several popular television programs, which were hosted by Stephen Colbert, Wolf Blitzer, Bill Maher, and Chris Matthews.

In November 2007, Kasparov and other protesters were detained by police at an Other Russia rally in Moscow, which drew 3,000 demonstrators to protest election rigging. Following an attempt by about 100 protesters to march through police lines to the electoral commission, which had barred Other Russia candidates from parliamentary elections, arrests were made. The Russian authorities stated a rally had been approved but not any marches, resulting in several detained demonstrators. He was subsequently charged with resisting arrest and organizing an unauthorized protest and given a jail sentence of five days. Kasparov appealed the charges, citing that he had been following orders given by the police, although it was denied. He was released from jail on 29 November. Putin criticized Kasparov at the rally for his use of English when speaking rather than Russian.

In December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a meeting hall where at least 500 of his supporters could assemble. With the deadline expiring on that date, he explained it was impossible for him to run. Russian election laws required sufficient meeting hall space for assembling supporters. Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to deter anyone from renting a hall for the gathering and said that the electoral commission had rejected a proposal that would have allowed for smaller gathering sizes rather than one large gathering at a meeting hall.

2010s—2020s

Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a key organizer of the online anti-Putin campaign "Putin must go", started on 10 March 2010. The campaign was begun by a coalition of opposition to Putin who regard his rule as lacking any rule of law. Within the text is a call to Russian law enforcement to ignore Putin's orders. By June 2011, there were 90,000 signatures. While the identity of the petition author remained anonymous, there was wide speculation that it was indeed Kasparov.

Kasparov was named Chairman of the Human Rights Foundation in 2011.

On 31 January 2012, Kasparov hosted a meeting of opposition leaders planning a mass march on 4 February 2012, the third major opposition rally held since the disputed State Duma elections of December 2011. Among other opposition leaders attending were Alexey Navalny and Yevgenia Chirikova.

On 17 August 2012, Kasparov was arrested and beaten outside of the Moscow court while attending the sentencing in the case involving the all-female punk band Pussy Riot. On 24 August, he was cleared of charges that he took part in an unauthorized protest against the conviction of three members of Pussy Riot. Judge Yekaterina Veklich said there were "no grounds to believe the testimony of the police". He could still face criminal charges over a police officer's claims that the opposition leader bit his finger while he was being detained. He later thanked all the bloggers and reporters who provided video evidence that contradicted the testimony of the police.

Kasparov wrote in February 2013 that "fascism has come to Russia. ... Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler, is but the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elite. Fascist rule was never the result of the free will of the people. It was always the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elites!"

In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemnation of Kanye West for having performed for the leader of Kazakhstan in exchange for a $3 million paycheck, saying that West "has entertained a brutal killer and his entourage" and that his fee "came from the loot stolen from the Kazakhstan treasury".

Kasparov denied rumors in April 2013 that he planned to leave Russia for good. "I found these rumors to be deeply saddening and, moreover, surprising," he wrote. "I was unable to respond immediately because I was in such a state of shock that such an incredibly inaccurate statement, the likes of which is constantly distributed by the Kremlin's propagandists, came this time from Ilya Yashin, a fellow member of the Opposition Coordination Council (KSO) and my former colleague from the Solidarity movement."

In an April 2013 op-ed piece, Kasparov accused prominent Russian journalist Vladimir Posner of failing to stand up to Putin and to earlier Russian and Soviet leaders.

Kasparov was presented with the Morris B. Abram Human Rights Award, UN Watch's annual human-rights prize, in 2013. The organization praised him as "not only one of the world's smartest men" but "also among its bravest".

At the 2013 Women in the World conference, Kasparov told The Daily Beast's Michael Moynihan that democracy no longer existed in what he called Russia's "dictatorship".

Kasparov said at a press conference in June 2013 that if he returned to Russia he doubted he would be allowed to leave again, given Putin's ongoing crackdown against dissenters. "So for the time being," he said, "I refrain from returning to Russia." He explained shortly thereafter in an article for The Daily Beast that this had not been intended as "a declaration of leaving my home country, permanently or otherwise", but merely an expression of "the dark reality of the situation in Russia today, where nearly half the members of the opposition's Coordinating Council are under criminal investigation on concocted charges". He noted that the Moscow prosecutor's office was "opening an investigation that would limit my ability to travel", making it impossible for him to fulfill "professional speaking engagements" and hindering his "work for the nonprofit Kasparov Chess Foundation, which has centers in New York City, Brussels, and Johannesburg to promote chess in education".

Kasparov further wrote in his June 2013 Daily Beast article that the mass protests in Moscow 18 months earlier against fraudulent Russian elections had been "a proud moment for me". He recalled that after joining the opposition movement in March 2005, he had been criticized for seeking to unite "every anti-Putin element in the country to march together regardless of ideology". Therefore, the sight of "hundreds of flags representing every group from liberals to nationalists all marching together for 'Russia Without Putin' was the fulfillment of a dream." Yet most Russians, he lamented, had continued to "slumber" even as Putin had "taken off the flimsy mask of democracy to reveal himself in full as the would-be KGB dictator he has always been".

Kasparov responded with several sardonic Twitter postings to a September 2013 The New York Times op-ed by Putin. "I hope Putin has taken adequate protections," he tweeted. "Now that he is a Russian journalist his life may be in grave danger!" Also: "Now we can expect NY Times op-eds by Mugabe on fair elections, Castro on free speech, & Kim Jong-un on prison reform. The Axis of Hypocrisy."

In a 12 May 2013 op-ed for The Wall Street Journal, Kasparov questioned reports that the Russian security agency, the FSB, had fully cooperated with the FBI in the matter of the Boston bombers. He noted that the elder bomber, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had reportedly met in Russia with two known jihadists who "were killed in Dagestan by the Russian military just days before Tamerlan left Russia for the U.S." Kasparov argued, "If no intelligence was sent from Moscow to Washington" about this meeting, "all this talk of FSB cooperation cannot be taken seriously." He further observed, "This would not be the first time Russian security forces seemed strangely impotent in the face of an impending terror attack," pointing out that in both the 2002 Moscow theater siege and the 2004 Beslan school attack, "there were FSB informants in both terror groups – yet the attacks went ahead unimpeded." Given this history, he wrote, "it is impossible to overlook that the Boston bombing took place just days after the U.S. Magnitsky List was published, creating the first serious external threat to the Putin power structure by penalizing Russian officials complicit in human-rights crimes." In sum, Putin's "dubious record on counterterrorism and its continued support of terror sponsors Iran and Syria mean only one thing: common ground zero".

Kasparov wrote in July 2013 about the trial in Kirov of fellow opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who had been convicted "on concocted embezzlement charges", only to see the prosecutor, surprisingly, ask for his release the next day pending appeal. "The judicial process and the democratic process in Russia," wrote Kasparov, "are both elaborate mockeries created to distract the citizenry at home and to help Western leaders avoid confronting the awkward fact that Russia has returned to a police state". Still, Kasparov felt that whatever had caused the Kirov prosecutor's about-face, "my optimism tells me it was a positive sign. After more than 13 years of predictable repression under Putin, anything different is good."

Kasparov had maintained a summer home in the Croatian city of Makarska. In February 2014, he applied for citizenship by naturalisation in Croatia, according to media reports, claiming he was finding it increasingly difficult to live in Russia. According to an article in The Guardian, Kasparov was "widely perceived" as having been a vocal supporter of Croatian independence during the early 1990s. Later in February 2014, his application for naturalisation was approved and he had a meeting with Croatian prime minister Zoran Milanović on 27 February. Croatian press cited his "lobbying for Croatia in 1991" as grounds for the expedited naturalisation. Subsequent publications in Croatian press suggested that his lobbying for Croatia "was handsomely paid for". In an interview for a Croatian daily published in February 2022, Kasparov said he was "very grateful" to Croatian president Zoran Milanović for the help rendered by him (then as prime minister) in obtaining Croatian citizenship.

Political views

In September 2013, Kasparov wrote in Time magazine that in Syria, Putin and Bashar al-Assad "won by forfeit when President Obama, Prime Minister Cameron and the rest of the so-called leaders of the free world walked away from the table." Kasparov lamented the "new game at the negotiating table where Putin and Assad set the rules and will run the show under the protection of the U.N." Kasparov said in September 2013 that Russia was now a dictatorship. In the same month he told an interviewer that "Obama going to Russia now is dead wrong, morally and politically," because Putin's regime "is behind Assad".

Kasparov has been outspoken against Putin's antigay laws, describing them as "only the most recent encroachment on the freedom of speech and association of Russia's citizens" which the international community had largely ignored. Regarding Russia's hosting of the 2014 Winter Olympics, Kasparov explained in August 2013 that he had opposed Russia's bid from the outset, since it would "allow Vladimir Putin's cronies to embezzle hundreds of millions of dollars" and "lend prestige to Putin's authoritarian regime". Kasparov did not support the proposed Sochi Olympics boycott—writing that it would "unfairly punish athletes"—but called for athletes and others to "transform Putin's self-congratulatory pet project into a spotlight that exposes his authoritarian rule" to the world. In September, Kasparov called upon politicians to refuse to attend the games and the public to pressure sponsors and the media, such that Coca-Cola, for example, could put "a rainbow flag on each Coca-Cola can" and NBC could "do interviews with Russian gay activists or with Russian political activists". Kasparov also emphasized that although he was "still a Russian citizen", he had "good reason to be concerned about my ability to leave Russia if I returned to Moscow".

Kasparov has spoken out against the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and has stated that control of Crimea should be returned to Ukraine after the overthrow of Putin without additional conditions.

Kasparov's website was blocked by the Russian government censorship agency, Roskomnadzor, at the behest of the public prosecutor, allegedly due to Kasparov's opinions on the Crimean crisis. Kasparov's block was made in unison with several other notable Russian sites that were accused of inciting public outrage. Reportedly, several of the blocked sites received an affidavit noting their violations. However, Kasparov stated that his site had received no such notice of violations after its block. In 2015 a whole note on Kasparov was removed from a Russian language encyclopedia of greatest Soviet players after an intervention from "senior leadership".

In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped. In the book, Kasparov likens Putin to Adolf Hitler, and explains the need for the west to oppose Putin sooner, rather than appeasing him and postponing the eventual confrontation. According to his publisher, "Kasparov wants this book out fast, in a way that has potential to influence the discussion during the primary season." In 2018, he said that "anything is better than Putin because that eliminates the probability of a nuclear war. Putin is insane."

In the 2016 United States presidential election, Kasparov described Republican Donald Trump as "a celebrity showman with racist leanings and authoritarian tendencies" and criticised Trump for calling for closer ties with Putin. After Trump's running mate, Mike Pence, called Putin a strong leader, Kasparov said that Putin is a strong leader "in the same way arsenic is a strong drink". He also criticised the economic policies of Democratic primary candidate Bernie Sanders, but showed respect for Sanders as "a charismatic speaker and a passionate believer in his cause". Kasparov opined that Henry Kissinger "was selling the Trump Administration on the idea of a mirror of 1972 , except, instead of a Sino-U.S. alliance against the U.S.S.R., this would be a Russian-American alliance against China."

In 2017, he condemned the violence unleashed by the Spanish police against the independence referendum in Catalonia. He criticized the Spanish PM Mariano Rajoy and accused him of "betraying" the European promise of peace. After the Catalan regional election held later the same year, Kasparov wrote: "Despite unprecedented pressure from Madrid, Catalonian separatists won a majority. Europe must speak and help find a peaceful path toward resolution and avoid more violence". Kasparov recommended that Spain look to how Britain handled the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, adding: "look only at how Turkey and Iraq have treated the separatist Kurds. That cannot be the road for Spain and Catalonia."

Kasparov supports recognition of the Armenian Genocide.

He welcomed the Velvet Revolution in Armenia in 2018, just a few days after it happened.

Kasparov condemned the assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi. In October 2018, he wrote that Erdoğan's regime in Turkey "has jailed more journalists than any country in the world and scores of them remain in prison in Turkey. Since 2016, Turkey's intelligence agency has abducted at least 80 people in operations in 18 countries."

In 2021, Kasparov stated that "the only language that Putin understands is power, and his power is his money," arguing that the United States should target the bank accounts of Russian oligarchs to force Russia to rein in its criminals' cyberattacks against American agencies and companies.

Playing style

Kasparov's attacking style of play has been compared by many to Alekhine's. Kasparov has described his style as being influenced chiefly by Alekhine, Tal and Fischer. Kramnik has opined that " capacity for study is second to none", and said "There is nothing in chess he has been unable to deal with." Magnus Carlsen, whom Kasparov coached from 2009 to 2010, said of Kasparov, "I've never seen someone with such a feel for dynamics in complex positions." Kasparov was known for his extensive opening preparation and aggressive play in the opening.

Olympiads and other major team events

Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads. He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, the youngest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia at that level, a record which was broken by Vladimir Kramnik in 1992. In 82 games, he has scored (+50−3=29), for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including team gold medals all eight times he competed.

For the 1994 Moscow Olympiad, he had a significant organizational role, in helping to put together the event on short notice, after Thessaloniki canceled its offer to host, a few weeks before the scheduled dates. Kasparov's detailed Olympiad record follows:

Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9½/12 (+8−1=3), team gold, board bronze;
Lucerne 1982, USSR 2nd board, 8½/11 (+6−0=5), team gold, board bronze;
Dubai 1986, USSR 1st board, 8½/11 (+7−1=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold;
Thessaloniki 1988, USSR 1st board, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold;
Manila 1992, Russia board 1, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance silver;
Moscow 1994, Russia board 1, 6½/10 (+4−1=5), team gold;
Yerevan 1996, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+5−0=4), team gold, board silver, performance gold;
Bled 2002, Russia board 1, 7½/9 (+6−0=3), team gold, performance gold.

Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship. He won a total of five medals. His detailed Euroteams record follows:

Skara 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5½/6 (+5−0=1), team gold, board gold;
Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4−0=4), team gold, board gold, performance silver.

Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition, but the detailed data at Olimpbase is incomplete; the Chessmetrics Garry Kasparov player file has his individual score from that event.

Graz 1981, USSR board 1, 9/10 (+8−0=2), team gold.

Records and achievements

Chess ratings achievements

Kasparov holds the record for the longest time as the No. 1 rated player in the world – from 1984 to 2005 (Vladimir Kramnik shared the No. 1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list). He was also briefly ejected from the list following his split from FIDE in 1993, but during that time he headed the rating list of the rival PCA. At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No. 1 in the world, with a rating of 2812. His rating has fallen inactive since the January 2006 rating list.

In January 1990, Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Bobby Fischer's old record of 2785. By the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists, Kasparov had reached a 2851 Elo rating, at that time the highest rating ever achieved. He held that record for the highest rating ever achieved until Magnus Carlsen attained a new record high rating of 2861 in January 2013.

Other records

Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15 individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990. The streak was broken by Vasyl Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, where Kasparov placed second, half a point behind him after losing their individual game. The details of this record winning streak follow:

Frunze 1981, USSR Championship, 12½/17, tie for 1st;
Bugojno 1982, 9½/13, 1st;
Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st;
Nikšić 1983, 11/14, 1st;
Brussels OHRA 1986, 7½/10, 1st;
Brussels SWIFT 1987, 8½/11, tie for 1st;
Amsterdam Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st;
Belfort (World Cup) 1988, 11½/15, 1st;
Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11½/17, tie for 1st;
Reykjavík (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st;
Barcelona (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st;
Skellefteå (World Cup) 1989, 9½/15, tie for 1st;
Tilburg 1989, 12/14, 1st;
Belgrade (Investbank) 1989, 9½/11, 1st;
Linares 1990, 8/11, 1st.

Kasparov went 9 years winning every supertournament he played in addition to contesting his series of 5 consecutive matches with Anatoly Karpov. His only failure in this time period in either tournament or match play was in the World Chess Championship 1984 when the 21 year old Kasparov was trailing (-5, +3 = 40) against the defending champion Karpov before the match was abruptly cancelled.

Later on in his career, Kasparov went on another long streak of consecutive supertournament wins.

Wijk aan Zee Hoogovens 1999, 10/13, 1st;
Linares 1999, 10½/14, 1st;
Sarajevo 1999, 7/9, 1st;
Wijk aan Zee Corus 2000, 9½/13, 1st;
Linares 2000, 6/10, tie for 1st;
Sarajevo 2000, 8½/11, 1st;
Wijk aan Zee Corus 2001, 9/13, 1st;
Linares 2001, 7.5/10, 1st;
Astana 2001, 7/10, 1st;
Linares 2002, 8/12, 1st.

In these 10 consecutive classical supertournaments wins, Kasparov had a score of 53 wins, 61 draws and 1 loss in 115 games with his only loss coming against Ivan Sokolov in Wijk aan Zee 1999.

Kasparov won the Chess Oscar a record eleven times.

Chess and computers

In 1983, Acorn Computers acted as one of the sponsors for Kasparov's Candidates semi-final match against Viktor Korchnoi. Kasparov was awarded a BBC Micro which he took back with him to Baku, making it perhaps the first western-made microcomputer to reach Baku at that time. In 1985, computer chess magazine editor Frederic Friedel invited Kasparov to his house, and the two of them discussed how a chess database program would be useful for preparation. Two years later, Friedel founded Chessbase, and gave a copy of the program to Kasparov who started using it in his preparation.

In 1985, Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games, but with some difficulty.

On 22 October 1989, Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a two-game match.

In December 1992, Kasparov visited Frederic Friedel in his hotel room in Cologne, and played 37 blitz games against Fritz 2 winning 24, drawing 4 and losing 9.

Kasparov cooperated in producing video material for the computer game Kasparov's Gambit released by Electronic Arts in November 1993. In April 1994, Intel acted as a sponsor for the first Professional Chess Association Grand Prix event in Moscow played a time control of 25 minutes per game. In May, Chessbase's Fritz 3 running on an Intel Pentium PC defeated Kasparov in their first in the Intel Express blitz tournament in Munich, but Kasparov managed to tie it for first, and then win the playoff with 3 wins and 2 draws. The next day, Kasparov lost to Fritz 3 again in a game on ZDF TV. In August, Kasparov was knocked out of the London Intel Grand Prix by Richard Lang's ChessGenius 2 program in the first round.

In 1995, during Kasparov's world title match with Viswanathan Anand, he unveiled an opening novelty that had been checked with a chess engine, an approach that would become increasingly common in subsequent years.

Kasparov played in a pair of six-game chess matches with an IBM supercomputer called Deep Blue. The first match was played in Philadelphia in 1996 and won by Kasparov. The second was played in New York City in 1997 and won by Deep Blue. The 1997 match was the first defeat of a reigning world chess champion by a computer under tournament conditions.

In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 3½–2½ in a highly publicized six-game match. The match was even after five games but Kasparov lost quickly in Game 6. This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in a match. A documentary film was made about this famous match entitled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine.

Kasparov said that he was "not well prepared" to face Deep Blue in 1997. He said that based on his "objective strengths" his play was stronger than that of Deep Blue. Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match. In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov's.

After the loss, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players, in contravention of the rules, intervened. IBM denied that it cheated, saying the only human intervention occurred between games. The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match. Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's log files but IBM refused, although the company later published the logs on the Internet. Much later, it was suggested that the behavior Kasparov noted had resulted from a glitch in the computer program. Although Kasparov wanted another rematch, IBM declined and ended their Deep Blue program.

Kasparov wore 3D glasses in his match against the program X3D Fritz.

In January 2003, he engaged in a six-game classical time control match with a $1 million prize fund which was billed as the FIDE "Man vs. Machine" World Championship, against Deep Junior. The engine evaluated three million positions per second. After one win each and three draws, it was all up to the final game. After reaching a decent position Kasparov offered a draw, which was soon accepted by the Deep Junior team. Asked why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder.

Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov with black and at a standard time control.

In June 2003, Mindscape released the computer game Kasparov Chessmate with Kasparov himself listed as a co-designer.

In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system. After two draws and one win apiece, the X3D Man–Machine match ended in a draw. Kasparov received $175,000 for the result and took home the golden trophy. Kasparov continued to criticize the blunder in the second game that cost him a crucial point. He felt that he had outplayed the machine overall and played well. "I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game."

Books and other writings

Early writings

Kasparov has written books on chess. He published a controversial autobiography when still in his early 20s, originally titled Child of Change, later retitled Unlimited Challenge. This book was subsequently updated several times after he became World Champion. Its content is mainly literary, with a small chess component of key unannotated games. He published an annotated games collection in 1983, Fighting Chess: My Games and Career, which has been updated several times in further editions. He also wrote a book annotating the games from his World Chess Championship 1985 victory, World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985.

He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav Chess Informant series and for other chess publications. In 1982, he co-authored Batsford Chess Openings with British grandmaster Raymond Keene and this book was an enormous seller. It was updated into a second edition in 1989. He also co-authored two opening books with his trainer Alexander Nikitin in the 1980s for British publisher Batsford – on the Classical Variation of the Caro-Kann Defence and on the Scheveningen Variation of the Sicilian Defence. Kasparov has also contributed extensively to the five-volume openings series Encyclopedia of Chess Openings.

In 2000, Kasparov co-authored Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge with grandmaster Daniel King. The 202-page book analyzes the 1999 Kasparov versus the World game, and holds the record for the longest analysis devoted to a single chess game.

My Great Predecessors series

Main article: My Great Predecessors

In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors was published. This volume, which deals with the world chess champions Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, and some of their strong contemporaries, has received lavish praise from some reviewers (including Nigel Short), while attracting criticism from others for historical inaccuracies and analysis of games directly copied from unattributed sources. Through suggestions on the book's website, most of these shortcomings were corrected in following editions and translations. Despite this, the first volume won the British Chess Federation's Book of the Year award in 2003. Volume two, covering Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov and Mikhail Tal appeared later in 2003. Volume three, covering Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spassky appeared in early 2004. In December 2004, Kasparov released volume four, which covers Samuel Reshevsky, Miguel Najdorf, and Bent Larsen (none of these three were World Champions), but focuses primarily on Bobby Fischer. The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of World Champion Anatoly Karpov and challenger Viktor Korchnoi, was published in March 2006.

Modern Chess series

Main article: My Great Predecessors § Modern Chess

His book Revolution in the 70s (published in March 2007) covers "the openings revolution of the 1970s–1980s" and is the first book in a new series called "Modern Chess Series", which intends to cover his matches with Karpov and selected games. The book "Revolution in the 70s" concerns the revolution in opening theory that was witnessed in that decade. Such systems as the controversial (at the time) "Hedgehog" opening plan of passively developing the pieces no further than the first three ranks are examined in great detail. Kasparov also analyzes some of the most notable games played in that period. In a section at the end of the book, top opening theoreticians provide their own "take" on the progress made in opening theory in the 1980s.

Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov series

Main article: My Great Predecessors § Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov

Kasparov published three volumes of his games, spanning his entire career.

Winter Is Coming

In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped. The title is a reference to the HBO television series Game of Thrones. In the book, Kasparov writes about the need for an organization composed solely of democratic countries to replace the United Nations. In an interview, he called the United Nations a "catwalk for dictators".

Historical revision

Kasparov believes that the conventional history of civilization is radically incorrect. Specifically, he believes that the history of ancient civilizations is based on misdatings of events and achievements that actually occurred in the medieval period. He has cited several aspects of ancient history that he says are likely to be anachronisms.

Kasparov has written in support of New Chronology (Fomenko), although with some reservations. In 2001, Kasparov expressed a desire to devote his time to promoting the New Chronology after his chess career. "New Chronology is a great area for investing my intellect ... My analytical abilities are well placed to figure out what was right and what was wrong." "When I stop playing chess, it may well be that I concentrate on promoting these ideas... I believe they can improve our lives."

Later, Kasparov renounced his support of Fomenko theories but reaffirmed his belief that mainstream historical knowledge is highly inconsistent.

Bibliography

Kasparov Teaches Chess (1984–85, Sport in the USSR Magazine; 1986, First Collier Books)
The Test of Time (Russian Chess) (1986, Pergamon Pr)
World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985 (1986, Everyman Chess)
Child of Change: An Autobiography (1987, Hutchinson)
London–Leningrad Championship Games (1987, Everyman Chess)
Unlimited Challenge (1990, Grove Pr)
The Sicilian Scheveningen (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
The Queen's Indian Defence: Kasparov System (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
Kasparov Versus Karpov, 1990 (1991, Everyman Chess)
Kasparov on the King's Indian (1993, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
Kasparov, Garry. Jon Speelman and Bob Wade. 1995. Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-4221-0
Garry Kasparov's Chess Challenge (1996, Everyman Chess)
Lessons in Chess (1997, Everyman Chess)
Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge (2000, Kasparov Chess Online)
My Great Predecessors Part I (2003, Everyman Chess)
My Great Predecessors Part II (2003, Everyman Chess)
Checkmate!: My First Chess Book (2004, Everyman Mindsports)
My Great Predecessors Part III (2004, Everyman Chess)
My Great Predecessors Part IV (2004, Everyman Chess)
My Great Predecessors Part V (2006, Everyman Chess)
How Life Imitates Chess (2007, William Heinemann Ltd.)
Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolution in the 70s (2007, Everyman Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparov vs Karpov 1975–1985 (2008, Everyman Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part III: Kasparov vs Karpov 1986–1987 (2009, Everyman Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kasparov vs Karpov 1988–2009 (2010, Everyman Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I (2011, Everyman Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II (2013, Everyman Chess)
Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III (2014, Everyman Chess)
Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped (2015, Public Affairs)
Deep Thinking with Mig Greengard (2017, Public Affairs)

Videos

Kasparov, Garry, Nigel Short, Raymond Keene and Daniel King. 1993. Kasparov Short The Inside Story. Grandmaster Video.
Kasparov, Garry, Jonathan Tisdall and Jim Plaskett. 2000. My Story. Grandmaster Video.
Kasparov, Garry. 2004. How to Play the Queen's Gambit. Chessbase. ISBN 978-3-937549-06-4
Kasparov, Garry. 2005. How to Play the Najdorf. Chessbase. vol. 1 ISBN 978-3-937549-25-5, vol. 2 ISBN 978-3-937549-78-1
Kasparov, Garry. 2012. How I Became World Champion 1973–1985. Chessbase. ISBN 978-3-86681-341-0
Kasparov, Garry. 2017. Garry Kasparov Teaches Chess. Masterclass.com.

Personal life

Kasparov has lived in New York City since 2013.

He has been married three times: to Masha, with whom he had a daughter before divorcing; to Yulia, with whom he had a son before their 2005 divorce; and to Daria (Dasha), with whom he has two children, a daughter born in 2006 and a son born in 2015. Kasparov's wife manages his business activities worldwide as the founder of Kasparov International Management Inc.

References

"Who is the Strongest Chess Player?". Bill Wall. Chess.com. 27 October 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
Ruslan Ponomariov won the disputed FIDE title, at the age of 18, when the world title was split
"Garry Kasparov | Biography & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
"Putin "heir" on course to win Russia election: poll". Reuters. 13 December 2007.
Gessen, Masha (2012). The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin. New York: Riverhead Books. pp. 196–197. ISBN 978-1-59448-842-9. Gessen describes some of the obstacles Kasparov encountered during the attempt to build his campaign: his chartered plane was refused airport access; hotels were advised not to house him; event attendees and organizers were threatened; secret police were a constant presence; a "total television blackout" was enforced. These measures, Gessen concludes, kept the Kasparov movement from growing.
Demirjian, Karoun (13 September 2014). "Moscow city elections leave little room for Russian opposition". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 September 2014."Independent opposition candidates faced many obstacles. In February, Putin signed a law requiring all independent candidates to collect signatures from 3 percent of their constituents. The city didn't finalize the boundaries of the districts – which expanded from 35 to 45 – until April. Then in May, two of the original 'For Moscow' members were slapped with fraud charges, effectively ending their campaigns. The remaining would-be candidates had a few weeks in the summer to collect approximately 5,000 signatures. It proved an elusive goal for most coalition members."
"Garry Kasparov not returning to Russia out of fear of prosecution". Financial Times. 6 June 2013.
^ Gessen, Masha (4 December 2018). "Garry Kasparov Says We Are Living in Chaos, But Remains an Incorrigible Optimist". The New Yorker. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
Boot, Max (25 April 2018). "The political center is fighting back". The Washington Post.
."Gari Kasparov dobio hrvatsko državljanstvo". Večernji list. 27 February 2014.
GARI KASPAROV: ‘Vladimir Putin ima previše problema da bi nastavio svoje agresivne politike na području Balkana’Nacional, 22 December 2020, # 1183, p. 51.
."Je li se legendarni šahist Gari Kasparov trajno preselio u Podstranu pokraj Splita? U Dalmaciju se 'sklonio' nakon pandemije koronavirusa". Slobodna Dalmacija. 15 January 2021.
"Avast Blog | Garry Kasparov". blog.avast.com. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
"Chess Champion Garry Kasparov is Russia's Great Red Hope". The Daily Beast.
Kasparov, Garry (2011), Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973–1985, Everyman Chess: "I am absolutely sure that the Garry Kasparov, who became leader of the chess world, professed the same values as Garik Weinstein, who once, following the example of his father, became fascinated by chess..."
^ Biography on Kasparov.ru site (in Russian)
White King and Red Queen by Daniel Johnson, ISBN 1-84354-609-4
"Transcript: Kasparov to Start Campaign Promoting 'Values of Democracy'". Fox News. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
"Garry Kasparov on Conversations with Bill Kristol".
"Garry Kasparov Transcript – Conversations with Bill Kristol".
Unlimited Challenge, an autobiography by Garry Kasparov with Donald Trelford, ISBN 0-00-637358-5
Kasparov: The World's Chess Champion, by Anne Kressler, From Azerbaijan International (3.3) Autumn 1995. (Retrieved 31 March 2008)
Hooper, David & Whyld, Kenneth (1996). Oxford Companion To Chess. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280049-3. OCLC 34618196.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
"Reason for name change". Retrieved 22 June 2019.
Ham, Stephen (2005). "The Young King" (PDF). Chesscafe. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
Garry Kasparov (2011). Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973-1985. Everyman Chess. p. 11. ISBN 9781857448641. Extract of page 11
"ICC Help: interview". Internet Chess Club. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
"FIDE Rating List: January 1980". OlimpBase. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
"Garry Kasparov". Encyclopedia Britannica.
^ Chessmetrics Player Profile: Garry Kasparov Archived 8 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
"World Chess Championship 1982–84 Candidates Matches". Mark Weeks' Chess Pages. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
Byrne, Robert (17 December 1983). "KASPAROV BEATS KORCHNOI TO WIN CHESS SEMIFINAL". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
"No1". The New York Times. 14 January 1990.
"Garry Kasparov" (PDF).
1984 Karpov – Kasparov Title Match Highlights Mark Weeks' Chess Pages
Bruce Pandolfini (2008). Pandolfini's Ultimate Guide to Chess (illustrated ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 360. ISBN 9780743260985. Extract of page 360
Mclellan, Joseph (8 October 1990). "Rematch of the Chess Kings". Washington Post. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
"1985 World Chess Championship".
Dylan Loeb McClain (24 December 2010). "Record Set for World's Youngest Chess Champion". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022.
"Mikhail Tal". World Chess Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
London-Leningrad Championship Games by Garry Kasparov ISBN 978-1-870207-05-8
^ "Kasparov - Karpov World Championship Rematch (1986)". www.chessgames.com. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
"Kasparov - Karpov World Championship Match (1987)". www.chessgames.com. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
"Kasparov - Karpov World Championship Match (1990)". www.chessgames.com. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
Nigel Short: Quest for the Crown, by Cathy Forbes
'My decision to break away from fide was a mistake' Archived 18 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, DNA, 10 September 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
"Throwback Thursday: Kasparov and Anand atop the World Trade Center". Chess News. 18 June 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
"Tradition with an eye on the future". Telegraph.co.uk. 6 November 2001. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
"Kasparov's master class to launch chess scholarship in Britain".
"Marca Leyenda". Marca. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
"BGN/Dortmund Event" (Press release). This Week in Chess. 6 September 2001. Retrieved 11 August 2001.
Anatoly Karpov wins X3D Rapid Match Archived 19 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ChessBase News, 21 December 2002
"Garry Kasparov". Interesting stories about famous people, biographies, humorous stories, photos and videos. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
Heintz, Jim (12 March 2005). "Chess Genius Kasparov Retires". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
"The Credit Suisse Blitz – in pictures". Chessbase. 27 August 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
"Kasparov and Karpov to play 12 games match in Valencia". Chessdom. Archived from the original on 12 July 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
"Breaking news: Carlsen and Kasparov join forces". Chessbase. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
Magnus Carlsen: "My job is to improve my chess" Archived 28 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, ChessVibes, 7 September 2009
Barden, Leonard (13 March 2010). "World No 1 Magnus Carlsen parts company with mentor Garry Kasparov". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
"Magnus Carlsen on his chess career", ChessBase News, 15 March 2010.
"NIC's Cafe: Last Call", New in Chess Magazine, 2011/07, p. 6.
"Kasparov beats 30 challengers in simultaneous play at TAU". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
"Chess News – Anand in Playchess – the helpers in Sofia". Chessbase. 19 May 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
Peterson, Macauley. "The Spirit of Saint Louis" New in Chess Magazine, 2001/07, p. 12.
"Now it's official: Kasparov no longer training Nakamura". Chessbase Publishing. Chessbase. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
"Kasparov Defeated All Fourteen Opponents". Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
"Battle of the Legends (2/2)". Chess News. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
"19–0". Retrieved 21 July 2016.
"Ultimate Blitz Challenge with Garry Kasparov". uschesschamps.com. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
"Kasparov simultaneous exhibition Mönchengladbach". Retrieved 21 July 2016.
"Kasparov Announces Candidacy for FIDE President". Chess.com. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
Карлсен: поддерживаю Каспарова на выборах президента FIDE (in Russian). Championat.com. 4 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
"Ilyumzhinov Beats Kasparov 110–61 at FIDE Presidential Elections". Chess.com. 11 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
Myers, Steven Lee (6 August 2014). "Vladimir Putin's Chess-Master Nemesis". The New York Times Magazine.
"Kasparov, Leong Found Guilty of Breaching FIDE Code of Ethics". Chess.com. 9 September 2015.
"Ethics Commission Judgement". Fide.com. 21 October 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
Salter, Jim (15 July 2017). "Chess Legend Kasparov Picks St. Louis Competition for Return". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
Payne, Marissa (15 August 2017). "Chess legend Garry Kasparov proving he's still got it in first competitive tournament in 12 years". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
Payne, Marissa (15 August 2017). "Chess legend Garry Kasparov proving he's still got it in first competitive tournament in 12 years". The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
"2020 Champions Showdown: Chess 9LX | www.uschesschamps.com".
Mascarenhas, Natasha (15 April 2021). "Garry Kasparov launches a community-first chess platform". TechCrunch. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
"Pairings & Results - Blitz A | Grand Chess Tour".
"Pairings & Results - Blitz B | Grand Chess Tour".
"Chess 9LX 2: Kasparov is back! Dominguez leads".
^ "Garry Kasparov V Transcript". Conversations with Bill Kristol. The Foundation for Constitutional Government. 25 April 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
"Kasparov" (PDF).
Kasparov, Garry (18 October 2020). "I think I got a good education on the subject when my family and I had to flee Baku at night to escape the January 1990 pogroms against Armenians that were coordinated by local leaders with Soviet acquiescence" (Tweet). Retrieved 28 February 2022 – via Twitter.
Tolz, Vera (29 April 2018). "Split in Democratic Party of Russia". friends-partners.org. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
^ Remnick, David (1 October 2007). "The Tsar's Opponent: Garry Kasparov takes aim at the power of Vladimir Putin". New Yorker. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
"Center for Security Policy Annual Report 2006". p. 23. Archived from the ctr images pdfs/AnnualReport2006.pdf#page=23 the original (PDF) on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
"The Center's Role in National Security Policy". Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
"1991: Keeper of the Flame Award". Center for Security Policy. 18 April 2007. Archived from the original on 17 September 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
Неудобные вопросы (in Russian). 18 April 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
1997, he was awarded,take him around the world. "Garry Kasparov: World Chess Legend, Russian Pro-Democracy Leader and Chairman of Human Rights Foundation". Sandra Day O'Connor Institute. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
"Garry Kasparov calls on the world to recognize Armenian Genocide". Armenpress. 24 April 2015.
"Russian Chess Legend Kasparov to Establish United Civil Front". MOSNeWS.com. 18 May 2005. Archived from the original on 9 May 2007.
"Kasparov leads demonstration against Putin's rule". The Independent on Sunday. 10 June 2007. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
"Chess champ Kasparov's new gambit: politics". Chicago Sun-Times. 12 March 2005. Archived from the original on 25 August 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
Applebaum, Anne (21 April 2007). "Why Putin will stop at nothing to smash the new Russian revolution". The Spectator. UK. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
"Non-partying system".
"Pictures of the Moscow assault". The Federal Post. Chessbase. 22 April 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
"Kasparov manhandled by police at Moscow protest". The Moscow Times. Chessbase. 16 May 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
"Breaking news: Kasparov assaulted again". Mosnewsm.com. Chessbase. 30 June 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
"Anti-Kremlin protesters beaten by police". CNN. 3 March 2007. Archived from the original on 14 March 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
"Russian opposition demo quashed". BBC News. London. 25 March 2005. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
"Kasparov arrested at Moscow rally". BBC News. London. 17 April 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
Buckley, neil (18 April 2007). "Russian intelligence to quiz Kasparov over "inciting extremism"". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
Rivkin, Amanda (July 2007). "Seven Questions: A Little KGB Training Goes a Long Way". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
"Kasparov runs for Russian presidency". Associated Press. 1 October 2007.
"Kasparov seized by Russian Police". BBC News. London. 24 November 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
Japaridze, Misha (28 November 2007). "Kasparov released from Moscow jail". Associated Press. Retrieved 28 November 2007.
A Bible, But No E-mail Time magazine
Andrew E. Kramer, "Kasparov Says He Was Forced to End Bid for Presidency", The New York Times, 13 December 2007.
"Гарри Каспаров. Возьмемся за руки, друзья... "ЕЖ", 6 April 2010". Ej.ru. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
Особое мнение. Гость: Владимир Рыжков. , 12 March 2010
"Игорь Эйдман. Открытое письмо организаторам кампании по сбору подписей". Igeid.livejournal.com. 25 March 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
Гарри Каспаров: В интернет ОМОН не пришлешь Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Novaya Gazeta, No. 27 of 17 March 2010.
"HRF Elects Garry Kasparov as New Chairman". Human Rights Foundation. 4 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
"Protest Organizers Meet to Settle on Demands". The Moscow Times. 1 February 2012. pp. 12–27. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
"Breaking news: Kasparov arrested and beaten at Pussy Riot trial". Chessbase.com. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
"Putin Critic Kasparov Acquitted Over Pussy Riot Protest". Moscow: RIA Novosti. 25 August 2012.
"Kasparov Declared Innocent in Unprecedented Case (incl. statement)". Kasparov. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
Kasparov, Garry (6 February 2013). "Fascism in Our Own Backyard". The Official Website of Garry Kasparov. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
"Rights Group Slams Kanye West for Gig in Kazakhstan". RIA Novosti. 6 September 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
Kasparov, Garry (7 April 2013). "Don't You Worry, I'm Not Leaving". The Official Website of Garry Kasparov. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
Kasparov, Garry (24 April 2013). "The Doubling of VVP". The Official Website of Garry Kasparov. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
"Russian Dissident & Chess Champion Wins Human Rights Award". UN Watch. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
^ Kasparov, Garry (20 June 2013). "I Will Not Return to the Dark Reality of Putin's Russia". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
Kasparov, Garry (20 June 2013). "I Will Not Return to the Dark Reality of Putin's Russia". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
"Checkmate: Garry Kasparov rips apart 'pathetic' NYT for providing Putin a platform for 'condescending propaganda'". Twitchy. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
Kasparov, Garry (12 May 2013). "A Shared Enemy Does Not Mean Shared Values". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
Kasparov, Garry (26 July 2013). "Kasparov: Why cracks are starting to appear in Putin's Russia". CNN. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
"Chess champion Garry Kasparov granted Croatian citizenship". The Guardian. London. 28 February 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
^ "Gari Kasparov dobio hrvatsko državljanstvo". Dnevnik.hr (in Croatian). 27 February 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
Svjetski poznati šahovski velemajstor našu zemlju zapravo koristi kao bankomat. // 7Dnevno, # 416, 19 November 2021, p 26.
Jutarnji list, 5 February 2022, # 8431, p. 22. // Veliki intervju. Gari Kasparov.
Kasparov, Garry (18 September 2013). "Putin's Pawn: Forget Chess or Checkers – Obama Forfeited Read more: Putin's Pawn: Forget Chess or Checkers – Obama Forfeited". Time Ideas. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
"'Russia is a Dictatorship Now:' Kasparov". Bloomberg TV. 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
Keating, Joshua. "Garry Kasparov: 'Obama Going to Russia Now Is Dead Wrong'". Slate. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
Portwood, Jerry (28 August 2013). "Garry Kasparov: Let's Boycott Putin at the Sochi Olympics". Out. Retrieved 2 December 2013. The 'homosexual propaganda' law is only the most recent encroachment on the freedom of speech and association of Russia's citizens. Yet, the European Union and other governments have largely ignored the fact that Russia has signed various international conventions that categorically forbid this sort of discrimination. In the face of silent complicity by governments, it is up to artists, activists, and individuals like us to speak up against Putin's human rights abuses.
Keating, Joshua (4 September 2013). "Garry Kasparov: "Obama Going to Russia Now Is Dead Wrong"". Slate. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
(in Ukrainian) After removing Putin of Russia returns the Crimea Ukraine – Kasparov, Ukrayinska Pravda (25 August 2016)
"В России заблокировали несколько интернет-СМИ и блог Алексея Навального – Газета.Ru". Gazeta.ru. 17 June 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
"Имя Гарри Каспарова вычеркнули из книги, посвященной победам советского спорта". www.znak.com. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
Lozada, Carlos (28 January 2015). "Garry Kasparov on his next book – and why Putin is like Tywin Lannister". The Washington Post.
Thornhill, John (8 November 2015). "Review: 'Winter is Coming', by Garry Kasparov". Financial Times. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
Kasparov, Garry (6 March 2016). "Parties, Pledges and Principles".
Kasparov, Garry (11 December 2015). "Trump, Putin, and Real Fascism".
"Garry Kasparov's response to Mike Pence on Twitter".
Kasparov, Garry (10 March 2016). "Garry Kasparov: Hey, Bernie, Don't Lecture Me About Socialism. I Lived Through It". The Daily Beast.
"Kasparov acusa a Rajoy de "traicionar" la promesa europea del fin de la fuerza". El Nacional (in Spanish). 2 October 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
"El mensaje de Kasparov a la Unión Europea tras las elecciones en Cataluña". The Huffington Post (in Spanish). 22 December 2017.
Kasparov, Garry. "Despite unprecedented pressure from Madrid, Catalonian separatists won a majority. Europe must speak and help find a peaceful path toward resolution and avoid more violence".
"Kasparov recommends Spain look towards the UK instead of Turkey". El Nacional. 2 December 2019.
Kasparov, Garry (24 April 2018). "A day of mourning and of hope. My solidarity and admiration for the heroic people of Armenia on the anniversary of the Genocide, who once again face the tide of history with courage and determination". @Kasparov63. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
"Garry Kasparov: We must be brave enough to call evil by its name". news.am. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
Kasparov, Garry (24 April 2017). "My note on Armenian Genocide Mem Day. 'Denial of atrocity is denial of humanity–of the victims and of ourselves.'". @Kasparov63. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
"Kasparov: Armenia Unrest Is Political Bellwether". Voice of America. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
Kasparov, Garry (23 April 2018). "Armenians fighting for democracy by taking to the streets against a corrupt & autocratic regime. Putin's worst nightmare. Hoping for peace and the real reform that the people of Armenia". @Kasparov63. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
^ "Jamal Khashoggi died for an important cause: We must not forget it". Salon. 24 October 2018.
Sanger, David E.; Perlroth, Nicole (7 July 2021). "Biden Weighs a Response to Ransomware Attacks". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
"Poll Picks Bobby Fischer As Favorite Player". Articles.sun-sentinel.com. 6 February 2000. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
"Chess '25 Jul 1986' The Spectator Archive". Archive.spectator.co.uk. 25 July 1986. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
Kasparov, Garry (2003). My Great Predecessors, part I. Everyman Chess. ISBN 1-85744-330-6. p. 9 OCLC 223602528.
"The most important interviews by GM Vladimir Kramnik, World Chess Champion 2000–2007". Kramnik.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
"Magnus Carlsen – 'I don't quite fit into the usual schemes'". ChessBase News. 22 December 2011. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
Byrne, Robert (5 November 2000). "Chess: How Kramnik Kept Kasparov Off His Game". The New York Times.
"Game 4: Ibm, Kasparov Draw – Sun Sentinel". Articles.sun-sentinel.com. 8 May 1997. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
"Kasparov, Garry: Men's Chess Olympiads". OlympBase. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
"Kasparov, Garry: European Men's Team Chess Championship". OlympBase. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
"All Time rankings". Archived from the original on 26 November 2009.
"FIDE Archive: Top 100 Players July 2005". World Chess Federation. 18 April 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
The Week in Chess 270, The Week in Chess, 10 January 2000.
Roudik, Peter (2009). Culture and Customs of the Caucasus. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-313-34885-3.
"Kramnik-Leko, Anand-Kasparov Drawn. Leko Takes Title". 9 March 2003. Retrieved 3 September 2003.
"Meet the Legends | www.uschesschamps.com". www.uschesschamps.com. Retrieved 21 November 2021.
"How it all started". 24 December 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
Garry Kasparov. Deep Thinking.
Kasparov, Garry. "The Chess Master and the Computer by Garry Kasparov". nybooks.com. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
Garry Kasparov, Jon Speelman and Bob Wade. 1995. Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. Henry Holt. p. 242. Hsu, Feng-hsiung (2002). Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09065-3.
Computerschach & Spiele. 1993#1 p. 40
Kasparov, Speelman and Wade. 1995. Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. p. 290
Garry Kasparov. 2014. Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov Part II 1993–2005. Everyman Chess.
^ "Garry Kasparov IV Transcript". Conversations with Bill Kristol. The Foundation for Constitutional Government. 13 December 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
"The Guide: Watch this: Storyville: Game Over - Kasparov And The Machine 9pm, BBC4". The Guardian (London, England): 77. 14 August 2004.
GIMBEL, STEVEN (1998). "Get With the Program: Kasparov, Deep Blue, and Accusations of Unsportsthinglike Conduct". Journal of Applied Philosophy. 15 (2): 145–154. doi:10.1111/1468-5930.00082. ISSN 0264-3758. JSTOR 24354219.
"IBM Research – Deep Blue – Overview". 1 July 2008. Archived from the original on 1 July 2008.
Roberts, Jacob (2016). "Thinking Machines: The Search for Artificial Intelligence". Distillations. 2 (2): 14–23. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
"Kasparov vs Deep Junior in January 2003". ChessBase. 15 November 2002. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
"Kasparov: "Intuition versus the brute force of calculation"". CNN. 10 February 2003. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
Shabazz, Damian. "Kasparov & Deep Junior fight 3–3 to draw!". The Chess Drum. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
"Kasparov knows more about Deep Junior than we do". ChessBase. 15 February 2003. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
"Kasparov Chessmate for Windows (2003)". MobyGames. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
"Kasparov vs X3D Fritz match finishes 2–2 after game four draw". ChessBase. 19 November 2003. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
Kasparov's Child of Change by Edward Winter chesshistory.com
Kasparov, Garry (1983). Wade, Robert G. (ed.). Fighting Chess: My Games and Career. HarperCollins Distribution Services. ISBN 0-7134-1984-9.
Kasparov, G. K. (1986). New world chess champion : all the championship games with annotations. G. K. Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov (1st ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-034044-X. OCLC 13328176.
Kasparov, Garri Kimovich; King, Daniel (2000). Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge. ISBN 0-9704813-0-6.
Winter, Edward "Chess Records" Chess Notes
"Garry Kasparov Interview (originally published in Saturday Night Online, 2001)". timothytaylor.ca (wp:newsblog). 23 August 2010.
"Time Warp (Originally published in Saturday Night Magazine)". timothytaylor.ca (wp:newsblog). 31 August 2010.
Kasparov, Garry. "Mathematics of the Past" (PDF). Pi in the Sky (magazine of the Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences, Canada). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
Winter, Edward "Garry Kasparov and New Chronology" Chess Notes
^ Warren, Marcus (24 April 2001). "Email from Russia". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
"Газета.Ru – Интервью с Гарри Каспаровым". gazeta.ru.
"Многократный чемпион мира по шахматам Гарри КАСПАРОВ". bulvar.com.
"How Life Imitates Chess: Making the Right Moves, from t…". Goodreads. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
The Chessman, Time, 26 January 2008
Why We Can't Solve Big Problems, MIT Technology Review, 24 October 2012.
Garry Kasparov, "Chess, a Drosophila of reasoning". Science 7 December 2018: Vol. 362, Issue 6419, pp. 1087. doi:10.1126/science.aaw2221 Full text.
Pahwa, Nitish (17 November 2020). "World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov on What The Queen's Gambit Gets Right". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
"All about automation: A deep dive into automation for a great cause". TechRepublic. 5 November 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
Foreword by Garry Kasparov (2020). Hyperautomation. . ISBN 978-1-7357329-0-9. OCLC 1237642165.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Deep thinking: Where machine intelligence ends and human creativity begins. PublicAffairs, an imprint of Perseus Books, LLC. 2017. ISBN 9781610397865. LCCN 2017304768.
"MasterClass | Garry Kasparov Teaches Chess". Archived from the original on 7 September 2017.
Edwards, Jim (23 January 2018). "Garry Kasparov told us what it's like to live in fear of being assassinated by Putin". Business Insider. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
^ Cowing, Emma (14 July 2006). "Kasparov makes his first political move on Putin". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 29 August 2006.
"Team". Kasparov. 6 October 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2021.

External links

Official website
Garry Kasparov player profile and games at Chessgames.com
Template:Curlie
Garry Kasparov, "Man of the Year?", OpinionJournal, 23 December 2007
Edward Winter, List of Books About Fischer and Kasparov
Appearances on C-SPAN
Kasparov's "Deep Thinking" talk at Google
Garry Kasparov's best games analyzed in video
Articles about Garry Kasparov by Edward Winter

Sporting positions
Preceded byAnatoly Karpov	FIDE World Chess Champion 1985–93	Succeeded byAnatoly Karpov
Preceded byAnatoly Karpov	Classical World Chess Champion 1985–2000	Succeeded byVladimir Kramnik
Preceded byPeter Svidler	Russian Chess Champion 2004	Succeeded bySergei Rublevsky
Achievements
Preceded byAnatoly Karpov Anatoly Karpov Vladimir Kramnik	World No. 1 1 January 1984 – 30 June 1985 1 January 1986 – 31 December 1995 1 July 1996 – 31 March 2006	Succeeded byAnatoly Karpov Vladimir Kramnik Veselin Topalov

World Chess Championships

Pre-FIDE

1886, 1889, 1890–1891, 1892 (Steinitz)
1894, 1896–1897, 1907, 1908, 1910 (Jan–Feb), 1910 (Nov–Dec) (Lasker)
1921 (Capablanca)
1927, 1929, 1934 (Alekhine)
1935 (Euwe)
1937 (Alekhine)

FIDE

Split title

PCA/Classical	1993, 1995 (Kasparov) 2000, 2004 (Kramnik)
FIDE	1993, 1996, 1998 (Karpov) 1999 (Khalifman) 2000 (Anand) 2002 (Ponomariov) 2004 (Kasimdzhanov) 2005 (Topalov)