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Perperuna (also spelled Peperuda, Preperuda, Preperuša, Prporuša, Papaluga etc.) and Dodola (also spelled Dodole, Dudola, Dudula etc.) are Balkan rainmaking pagan customs found among Albanian, Greek, Hungarian, Romanian and Slavic speakers in the region until the 20th century.

It is a ceremonial ritual of singing and dancing done by young boys and girls in times of droughts. According to some interpretations, Perperuna could have been a Slavic goddess of rain, and the wife of the supreme deity Perun (god of thunder in the Slavic pantheon).

Names

Περπερούνα περπατεί / Perperouna perambulates
Κή τόν θεό περικαλεί / And to God prays
Θέ μου, βρέξε μια βροχή / My God, send a rain
Μιἁ βροχή βασιλική / A right royal rain
Οσ ἀστἀχυα ς τἀ χωράΦια / That as many (as are there) ears of corn in the fields
Τόσα κούτσουρα ς τ ἁμπέλια / So many stems (may spring) on the vines

The custom's Slavic prototype name is *Perperuna (with variations Preperuna, Peperuna, Preperuda/Peperuda, Pepereda, Preperuga/Peperuga, Peperunga, Pemperuga in Bulgaria and Macedonia: Prporuša, Parparuša, Preporuša/Preporuča, Preperuša, Barburuša/Barbaruša in Croatia; Peperuda, Papaluga, Papaluda/Paparuda, Babaruta, Mamaruta in Romania; Perperouna, Perperinon, Perperouga, Parparouna in Greece; Perperona/Perperone, Rona in Albania; Pirpirună among Aromanians) and Dodola (including Serbia among previous countries, with variants Dodole, Dudola, Dudula, Dudule, Dudulica, Doda, Dodočka, Dudulejka, Didjulja, Dordolec/Durdulec etc.). They can be found among South Slavs, Albanians, Greeks, Hungarians, Moldavians and Romanians (including Bukovina and Bessarabia). All variants are considered to be taboo-alternations to "avoid profaning the holy name" of pagan god. Perperuna is formed by reduplication of root "per-" (to strike/beat). Those with root "peper-", "papar-" and "pirpir-" were changed accordingly modern words for pepper-tree and poppy plant, possibly also perper and else.

Origin

The rainmaking practice is a shared tradition among Balkan peoples, and it is not clear who borrowed it from whom. Many scholars consider that the name and custom of Perperuna/Dodola is a (Balto-)Slavic heritage of Proto-Indo-European origin related to Slavic thunder-god Perun. It has parallels in ritual prayers for bringing rain in times of drought dedicated to rain-thunder deity Parjanya recorded in the Vedas and Baltic thunder-god Perkūnas, cognates alongside Perun of Proto-Indo-European weather-god Perkwunos. The same ritual in an early medieval Russian manuscript is related to East Slavic deity Pereplut. According to Roman Jakobson, Novgorod Chronicle ("dožd prapruden") and Pskov Chronicle ("dožd praprudoju neiskazaemo silen") could have "East Slavic trace of Peperuda calling forth the rain", and West Slavic god Pripegala reminds of Preperuga/Prepeluga variation and connection with Perun. Serbo-Croatian archaic variant Prporuša and verb prporiti se ("to fight") also have parallels in Old Russian ("porъprjutъsja"). The name Dodola is cognate with the Lithuanian Dundulis, a word for "thunder" and another name of the Baltic thunder-god Perkūnas. It is also distantly related to Greek Dodona and Daedala. Bulgarian variant Didjulja is similar to alleged Polish goddess Dzidzilela, and Polish language also has verb dudnić ("to thunder"). Besides the mostly considered mythological and etymological Slavic origin related to Perun, William Shedden-Ralston noted that Jacob Grimm thought Perperuna/Dodola were "originally identical with the Bavarian Wasservogel and the Austrian Pfingstkönig" rituals, Vitomir Belaj considering the geographical distribution considered the possibility it also has a Paleo-Balkan background. One theory, in particular, argues that Perperuna/Dodola customs are of Thracian origin.

The name Perperuna can be identified as the reduplicated feminine derivative of the name of the male god Perun (per-perun-a), being his female consort, wife and goddess of rain Perperuna Dodola, which parallels the Old Norse couple Fjörgyn–Fjörgynn and the Lithuanian Perkūnas–Perkūnija. Perun's battle against Veles becuase of Perperuna/Dodola's kidnapping has paralles in Zeus saving of Persephone after Hades carried her underground causing big drought on Earth. Another explanation for the variations of the name Dodola is relation to the Slavic spring goddess (Dido-)Lada/Lado/Lela, some scholars relate Dodole with pagan custom and songs of Lade (Ladarice) in Hrvatsko Zagorje (so-called "Ladarice Dodolske"), and in Žumberak-Križevci for the Preperuša custom was also used term Ladekarice.

Ritual

Perperuna and Dodola are considered very similar pagan customs with common origin, with main difference being in the most common gender of the central character (possibly related to social hierarchy of the specific ethnic or regional group), lyric verses, sometimes religious content, and presence or absence of a chorus. They essentially belong to rituals related to fertility, but over time differentiated to a specific form connected with water and vegetation. They represent a group of rituals with a human collective going on a procession around houses and fields of a village, but with a central live character which differentiates them from other similar collective rituals in the same region and period (Krstonoše, Poklade, Kolade, German, Ladarice, those during Jurjevo and Ivandan and so on). In the valley of Skopje in North Macedonia the Dodola were held on Thursday which was Perun's day. The core of the song always mentions a type of rain and list of regional crops. The first written mentions and descriptions of the pagan custom are from 18th century by Dimitrie Cantemir in Description of Moldavia (1714/1771, Papaluga), then in a Greek law book from Bucharest (1765, it invoked 62nd Cannon to stop the custom of Paparuda), and by the Bulgarian hieromonk Spiridon Gabrovski who also noted to be related to Perun (1792, Peperud).

South Slavs used to organise the Perperuna/Dodola ritual in times of spring and especially summer droughts, where they worshipped the god/goddess and prayed to him/her for rain (and fertility, later also asked for other field and house blessings). The central character of the ceremony of Perperuna was usually a young boy, while of Dodola usually a young girl, both aged between 10-15 years. Purity was important, and sometimes to be orphans. They would be naked, but were not anymore in latest forms of 19-20th century, wearing a skirt and dress densely made of fresh green knitted vines, leaves and flowers of Sambucus nigra, Sambucus ebulus, Clematis flammula, Clematis vitalba, fern and other deciduous shrubs and vines, small branches of Tilia, Oak and other. The green cover initially covered all body so that the central person figure was almost unrecognizable, but like the neccessity of direct skin contact with greenery it also greatly decreased and was very simple in modern period. They whirled and were followed by a small procession of children who walked and danced with them around the same village and fields, sometimes carrying oak or beech branches, singing the ritual prayer, stopping together at every house yard, where the hosts would sprinkle water on chosen boy/girl who would shake and thus sprinkle everyone and everything around it (example of "analogical magic"), hosts also gifted treats (bread, eggs, cheese, sausages etc., in a later period also money) to children who shared and consumed them among them and sometimes even hosts would drink wine in Perun's honor. The chosen boy/girl was called by one of the name variants of the ritual itself, however in Istria was also known as Prporuš and in Dalmatia-Boka Kotorska as Prpac/Prpats and both regions his companions as Prporuše, while at Pirot and Nišava District in Southern Serbia near Bulgarian border were called as dodolće and preperuđe with one song using both words "Duda preperuga".

By the 20th century once common rituals almost vanished in the Balkans, although rare examples of practice can be traced until 1950-1980s and remained in folk memory. The main reason is the development of agriculture and consequently lack of practical need for existence of mystical connection and customs with nature and weather. Christian church also tried to diminish pagan beliefs and customs, resulting in "dual belief" (dvoeverie) in rural populations, a conscious preservation of pre-Christian beliefs and practices alongside Christianity. Into customs and songs were mixed elements from other rituals including Christianity, but they also influenced the creation of Christian songs and prayers invoking the rain which were used as a close Christian alternative (decline was reportedly faster among Catholics). According to Velimir Deželić Jr. in 1937, it was an old custom that "Christians approved it, took it over and further refined it. In the old days, Prporuša were very much like a pious ritual, only later the leaders - Prpac - began to boast too much, and Prporuše seemed to be more interested in gifts than beautiful singing and prayer". Depending on region, instead of village boys and girls the pagan ritual by then was mostly done by migrating Romani people from other villages and for whom it became a professional performance motivated by gifts, sometimes followed by financially poor members from other ethnic groups. Due to Anti-Romani sentiment, the association with Romani also caused repulsion, shame and ignorance among last generations of members of ethnic groups who originally performed it. Eventually it led to a dichotomy of identification with own traditional heritage, Christianity and stereotypes about Romani witchcraft.

Perperuna songs

Ioan Slavici reported in 1881 that the custom of Paparuga was already "very disbanded" in Romania. Stjepan Žiža in 1889/95 reported that the once common ritual almost vanished in Southwestern and Central-Eastern Istria, Croatia. Ivan Milčetić recorded in 1896 that the custom of Prporuša also almost vanished from the North Adriatic island of Krk, although almost recently it was well known in all Western parts of Croatia, while in other parts as Dodola. Croatian linguist Josip Ribarić recorded in 1916 that it was still alive in Southwestern Istria and Ćićarija (and related it to the 16th century migration from Dalmatia of speakers of Southwestern Istrian dialect). On island of Krk was also known as Barburuša/Barbaruša/Bambaruša (occurrence there is possibly related to the 15th century migration which included besides Croats also Vlach-Istro-Romanian shepherds). It was also widespread in Dalmatia (especially Zadar hinterland, coast and islands), Žumberak (also known as Pepeluše, Prepelice) and Western Slavonia (Križevci). It was held in Istria at least until 1950s, in Žumberak until 1960s, while according to one account in Jezera on island Murter the last were in late 20th century. In Serbia, Perperuna was only found in Kosovo, Southern and Eastern Serbia near Bulgarian border. According to Natko Nodilo the discrepancy in distribution between these two countries makes an idea that originally Perperuna was Croatian while Dodola was Serbian custom. Seemingly it was not present in Slovenia, Northern Croatia, almost all of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro (only sporadically in Boka Kotorska). Luka Jovović from Virpazar, Montenegro reported in 1896 that in Montenegro existed some koleda custom for summer droughts, but was rare and since 1870s not practiced anymore.

Dodola songs

The oldest record for Dodole rituals in Macedonia is the song "Oj Ljule" from Struga region, recorded in 1861. The Dodola rituals in Macedonia were actively held until the 1960s. In Bulgaria the chorus was also "Oj Ljule". The oldest record in Serbia was by Vuk Karadžić (1841), where was widespread all over the country and held at least until 1950/70s. In Croatia was found in Eastern Slavonia, Southern Baranja and Southeastern Srijem. August Šenoa in his writing about the travel to Okić-grad near Samobor, Croatia mentioned that saw two dodole. To them is related the custom of Lade/Ladarice from other parts of Croatia, having chorus "Oj Lado, oj!" and similar verses "Molimo se višnjem Bogu/Da popuhne tihi vjetar, Da udari rodna kiša/Da porosi naša polja, I travicu mekušicu/Da nam stada Lado, Ugoje se naša stada".

See also

• Perëndi
• Caloian
• Porevit
• Porenut
• Slavic paganism

References

1. ^ Jakobson 1955, p. 616.
2. ^ Wachtel 2008: "Anthropologists have noted shared traditions as well, such as a rainmaking ritual in which a young woman covered in a costume of leavs would sing and dance through the village: this ritual was practiced among Greek, Albanian, Romanian, and Slavic speakers throughout the region, and it is not clear who borrowed it from whom."
3. ^ Ḱulavkova 2020, p. 19: "According to some researchers, among both the Slavic peoples (Bosnians, Bulgarians, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, and Serbs) and non-Slavic peoples alike (Albanians, Greeks, Hungarians, Romanians, Vlachs, or Aromanians, and others), these pagan rites of worship are thought to be of Thracian origin, as are the names of these Dodola-type rites(including their many variants, such as Dudula, Dudulica, Dodolă, Tuntule, Dudule, Didule, Gugule, Djudjule). According to others, these rain-rituals derive specifically from Slavic languages, and the names Peperuda, Peperuga, Peperuna, and Perperuna are cognate with that of the storm-god Perun." Cite error: The named reference "FOOTNOTEḰulavkova202019" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
4. Abbott, George Frederick (1903). Macedonian Folklore. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 119.
5. ^ Gimbutas 1967, p. 743.
6. Evans 1974, p. 100.
7. Jakobson 1985, p. 22–24:Mythological associations linked with the butterfly (cf. her Serbian name Vještica) also explain the Bulgarian entomological names peperuda, peperuga
8. Čulinović-Konstantinović 1963, p. 80, 93.
9. ^ Puchner 2009, p. 346.
10. Jakobson 1985, p. 22, 24.
11. Čulinović-Konstantinović 1963, p. 93–94.
12. Zaroff, Roman (1999). "Organized pagan cult in Kievan Rus': The invention of foreign elite or evolution of local tradition?". Studia mythologica Slavica. 2: 57. doi:10.3986/sms.v2i0.1844. As a consequence of the relatively early Christianisation of the Southern Slavs, there are no more direct accounts in relation to Perun from the Balkans. Nevertheless, as late as the first half of the 12th century, in Bulgaria and Macedonia, peasants performed a certain ceremony meant to induce rain. A central figure in the rite was a young girl called Perperuna, a name clearly related to Perun. At the same time, the association of Perperuna with rain shows conceptual similarities with the Indian god Parjanya. There was a strong Slavic penetration of Albania, Greece and Romania, between the 6th and 10th centuries. Not surprisingly the folklore of northern Greece also knows Perperuna, Albanians know Pirpirúnă, and also the Romanians have their Perperona.90 Also, in a certain Bulgarian folk riddle the word perušan is a substitute for the Bulgarian word гърмомеҽица (grmotevitsa) for thunder.91 Moreover, the name of Perun is also commonly found in Southern Slavic toponymy. There are places called: Perun, Perunac, Perunovac, Perunika, Perunićka Glava, Peruni Vrh, Perunja Ves, Peruna Dubrava, Perunuša, Perušice, Perudina and Perutovac.92
13. Evans 1974, p. 116.
14. ^ Jakobson 1985, p. 23.
15. ^ Katičić, Radoslav (2017). Naša stara vjera: Tragovima svetih pjesama naše pretkršćanske starine [Our Old Faith: Tracing the Sacred Poems of Our Pre-Christian Antiquity] (in Croatian). Zagreb: Ibis Grafika, Matica hrvatska. p. 105. ISBN 978-953-6927-98-2.
16. Puchner 2009, p. 348.
17. Puchner, Walter (1983). "Бележки към ономатологията и етимологиятана българските и гръцките названия на обреда за дъжд додола/перперуна" [Notes on the Onomatology and the Etymology of Bulgarian and Greek Names for the Dodola / Perperuna Rite]. Bulgarian Folklore (in Bulgarian). IX (1): 59–65.
18. Puchner 2009, p. 347–349.
19. Jakobson 1985, p. 6–7, 21, 23.
20. Jakobson 1985, p. 23–24.
21. Jakobson 1985, p. 24.
22. ^ Puhvel 1987, p. 235.
23. Evans 1974, p. 127–128.
24. Dauksta, Dainis (2011). "From Post to Pillar – The Development and Persistence of an Arboreal Metaphor". New Perspectives on People and Forests. Springer. p. 112. ISBN 9789400711501.
25. ^ Jakobson 1985, p. 22–23.
26. Čulinović-Konstantinović 1963, p. 94.
27. Gieysztor 2006, p. 89, 104–106.
28. ^ Zečević, Slobodan (1974). Elementi naše mitologije u narodnim obredima uz igru (in Serbian). Zenica: Muzej grada Zenice. pp. 125–128, 132–133.
29. Institut za književnost i umetnost (Hatidža Krnjević) (1985). Rečnik književnih termina [Dictionary of literary terms] (in Serbian). Beograd: Nolit. p. 130, 618. ISBN 9788619006354.
30. Sikimić, Biljana (1996). Etimologija i male folklorne forme (in Serbian). Beograd: SANU. pp. 85–86. О vezi Peruna i prporuša up. Ivanov i Toporov 1974: 113: можно думать об одновременной связи имени nеnеруна - nрnоруша как с обозначением nорошения дождя, его распыления (ср. с.-хорв. ирпошuмu (се), nрnошка и Т.Д.; чешск. pršeti, prch, prš), так и с именем Громовержца. Связъ с порошением дождя представляется тем более вероятной, что соответствующий глагол в ряде индоевропейских язЪП<ов выступает с архаическим удвоением". Za etimologiju sh. ргроrušа up. i Gavazzi 1985: 164.
31. Belaj 2007, p. 80, 112.
32. Dragić 2007, p. 80, 112.
33. Lajoye 2015, p. 114.
35. ^ Shedden-Ralston, William Ralston (1872). The Songs of the Russian People: As Illustrative of Slavonic Mythology and Russian Social Life. London: Ellis & Green. p. 227–229.
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37. Dimitǔr Dechev, Die thrakischen Sprachreste, Wien: R.M. Rohrer, 1957, pp. 144, 151
38. Sorin Paliga (2003). "Influenţe romane și preromane în limbile slave de sud" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 28, 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
39. Dragnea, Mihai (2014). "The Thraco-Dacian Origin of the Paparuda/Dodola Rain-Making Ritual". Brukenthalia Acta Musei (4): 18–27.
40. Ḱulavkova, Katica (2020). "A Poetic Ritual Invoking Rain and Well-Being: Richard Berengarten's In a Time of Drought". Anthropology of East Europe Review. 37 (1): 19–20.
41. Jackson 2002, p. 70.
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50. ^ Vukelić, Deniver (2010). "Pretkršćanski prežici u hrvatskim narodnim tradicijam" [Pre-Christian belief traces in Croatian folk traditions]. Hrvatska revija (in Croatian). No. 4. Matica hrvatska. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
51. Čulinović-Konstantinović 1963, p. 85, 95.
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59. Cantemir, Dimitrie (1771). Descriptio antiqui et hodierni status Moldaviae (in German). Frankfurt, Leipzig. p. 315–316. Im Sommer, wenn dem Getreide wegen der Dürre Gefabr bevorzustehen fcheinet, ziehen die Landleute einem kleinen Ragdchen, welches noch nicht über zehen Jahr alt ist, ein Hemde an, welches aus Blattern von Baumen und Srantern gemacht wird. Alle andere Ragdchen und stnaben vol gleiechem Alter folgen ihr, und siehen mit Tanzen und Singen durch die ganze Racharfchaft; wo sie aber hin komuien, da pflegen ihnen die alten Weiber kalt Wasser auf den Stopf zu gieffen. Das Lied, welches fie fingen, ist ohngefähr von folegendem Innbalte: "Papaluga! steige nech dem Himmel, öffne feine Thüren, fend von oben Regen ber, daß der Roggen, Weizen, Hirfe u. f. w. gut wachsen."
60. Puchner, Walter (2017). "2 - Byzantium High Culture without Theatre or Dramatic Literature?". Greek Theatre between Antiquity and Independence: A History of Reinvention from the Third Century BC to 1830. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. doi:10.1017/9781107445024.004. ISBN 9781107445024. ...in 1765, a Greek law book from Bucharest quotes the 62nd Canon of the Trullanum in order to forbid public dancing by girls in a custom well known throughout the Balkans as 'paparuda', 'perperuna' or 'dodole', a ritual processional rain dance.
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98. ^ Karadžić, Vuk Stefanović (1867). Život i običaji naroda srpskoga [Life and customs of Serbian nation] (in Serbian). Vienna: A. Karacić. pp. 61–66.
99. Muraj 1987, p. 164.
100. ^ Miladinovci (1962). Зборник (PDF). Skopje: Kočo Racin. p. 462. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-16.
101. Veličkovska, Rodna (2009). Музичките дијалекти во македонското традиционално народно пеење : обредно пеење [Musical dialects in the Macedonian traditional folk singing: ritual singing] (in Macedonian). Skopje: Institute of folklore "Marko Cepenkov". p. 45.
102. Nodilo 1981, p. 50b.
103. Čulinović-Konstantinović 1963, p. 77–78, 86, 88.
104. Čulinović-Konstantinović 1963, p. 77–78, 90.
105. Dragić 2012, p. 54.
106. Janković, Slavko (1956). Kuhačeva zbirka narodnih popijevaka (analizirana): od br. 1801 do br. 2000. Naša doda moli Boga (Otok, Slavonia, 1881, sken ID: IEF_RKP_N0096_0_155; IEF_RKP_N0096_0_156A) - Ide doda preko sela (Erdevik, Srijem, 1885, sken ID: IEF_RKP_N0096_0_163; IEF_RKP_N0096_0_164A) - Filip i Jakob, Koleda na kišu (Gibarac, Srijem, 1886, sken ID: IEF_RKP_N0096_0_165; IEF_RKP_N0096_0_166A)
107. Šenoa, August (1866). "Zagrebulje I (1866.)". Književnost.hr. informativka d.o.o. Retrieved 23 July 2022. ...već se miču niz Okić put naše šljive dvije u zeleno zavite dodole. S ovoga dodolskoga dualizma sjetih se odmah kakvi zecevi u tom grmu idu, i moja me nada ne prevari. Eto ti pred nas dva naša junaka, ne kao dodole, kao bradurina i trbušina, već kao pravi pravcati bogovi – kao Bako i Gambrinus... Naša dva boga, u zeleno zavita, podijeliše društvu svoj blagoslov, te bjehu sa živim usklikom primljeni. No i ova mitologička šala i mrcvarenje božanske poezije po našem generalkvartirmeštru pobudi bogove na osvetu; nad našim glavama zgrnuše se oblaci, i naskoro udari kiša.
108. Čulinović-Konstantinović 1963, p. 88.
109. Čulinović-Konstantinović 1963, p. 77, 90.
110. Černelić, Milana (1998). "Kroz godinu dana srijemskih običaja vukovarskog kraja" [Annual customs of Srijem in the Vukovar region]. Etnološka tribina (in Croatian). 28 (21): 135.

Bibliography

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Further reading

• Beza, Marcu (1928). "The Paparude and Kalojan". Paganism in Roumanian Folklore. London: J.M.Dent & Sons LTD. pp. 27–36.
• Schneeweis, Edmund (2019) . Serbokroatische Volkskunde: Volksglaube und Volksbrauch (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 161–163. ISBN 9783111337647.
• MacDermott, Mercia (2003). Explore Green Men. Heart of Albion Press. pp. 17–19. ISBN 9781872883663.
• Croatian Encyclopaedia (2021), Dodole

External links

• Dodole ritual on TV in Macedonia on YouTube
• Reconstruction of Dodole ritual in Bulgaria on YouTube at Etar Architectural-Ethnographic Complex
• "Dodole" song by Croatian ethno-folk rock band Kries on YouTube

• Albanian folklore
• Bulgarian folklore
• Bulgarian traditions
• Croatian folklore
• Greek folklore
• Macedonian traditions
• Moldovan traditions
• Rainmaking (ritual)
• Romanian folklore
• Romanian traditions
• Serbian folklore
• Serbian traditions
• Slavic pseudo-deities
• South Slavic culture