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Russian Sign Language (RSL) is the sign language of the Deaf community in Russia and Tajikistan, and possibly in neighboring countries such as Belarus, Moldova, and Georgia.(See also Lithuanian Sign Language, Mongolian Sign Language and Ukrainian Sign Language, all of which may be dialects of the same basic language.) It belongs to the French Sign Language family.

RSL is its own language with a grammar that differs from spoken or written Russian language, with much stricter word order and word formation rules. RSL is heavily influenced by the vocabulary of Austrian Sign Language.

History

In 1806, the first Russian deaf school was founded near St. Petersburg. It is believed that RSL belongs to the French sign language family due to the fact that the first two sign language teachers were from France and Austria.

RSL was exported to Bulgaria in 1920, where it has become a separate language (Bulgarian Sign Language) rather than a dialect of Russian Sign Language, though Russian Sign Language is also used there.

The Moscow Bilingual School for the Deaf, which uses Russian Sign Language in classrooms, was opened in 1992.

Much of the early research on Russian Sign Language was done by Galina Lazarevna Zaitseva, who wrote her 1969 PhD thesis on spatial relationships in Russian Sign Language, and in 1992 devised the now standard term for Russian Sign Language "Russkii Zhestovyi Yazyk" (Russian: Русский Жестовый Язык). Ongoing research into the language takes place at the Centre for Deaf Studies in Moscow.

Regional variation

There appears to be a relatively significant amount of regional variation in RSL comparable to regional variants of Polish Sign Language or Estonian Sign Language. One study reported lexical similarity between two Russian signers at around 70–80%.

Grammar

Syntax

The basic word order in RSL appears to be SVO and SOV. Classifier constructions use SOV order. A 2012 study found that that subject came before the predicate 95% of the time. Additionally, the object was placed before the verb 74-81% of the time. In situations where the subject and object can switch places, SVO word order is preferred; the same can be said for sentences with animate objects. Topicalization, marked by either by lowered eyebrows and a head nod or just raised eyebrows, introduces previously mentioned information.

Morphology

Whereas tense is marked analytically or lexically, aspectual distinctions are marked morphologically. Examples of the latter include repeated the sign to indicate habituality, slow movement for durativity, and a single quick movement for completivity. Adjectives and temporal adverbials along with negative, tense markers all come after the base of the sign. Question words tend to come at the end of the sentence. The plural may be marked either by doubling the sign or by signing MNOGO 'many' or RAZNYJ 'various' after the base sign. A dual meaning of the noun can be expressed by signing the predicate with both hands. Naturally masculine signs are signed at the upper part of the face whereas feminine ones are signed on the lower part of the face.

Phonology

A 2019 study identified 116 handshapes in a corpus of more than 5000 images, 23 of which were phonologically distinct.

National status and societal attitudes

State status, related issues

Active status of Russian sign language is as follows:

1. The Russian Federation provides services for sign language for rehabilitation measures.
2. The current status of Russian Sign Language is extremely low. According to article 14 of the Russian Federal Law, entitled "Social protection of the disabled in the Russian Federation", sign language is recognized as a means of interpersonal communication. Although it is recognized, there is no state support, despite Articles 3, 5, 14, and 19 of the Russian Federal Law, which claim to provide necessary services to the deaf.

There are several problems concerning the study and application of sign language in Russia, which Valery Nikitich Rukhledev, President of the All-Russian Society of the Deaf cited:

1. The instruction of sign language interpreters is an old, long-established program, and they study some gestures, which have long fallen into disuse or have changed in meaning or form. Because of this, interpreters have difficulty understanding the deaf, who try to use their services.
2. Until 1990, the sign language interpreter trade unions had 5,500 translators, of whom 1,000 worked in the system of our organization. Now, thanks to the federal target program "Social Support of Disabled," we manage to keep translators at 800. But the shortage of interpreters remains at about 5,000 people.
3. Today, the Russian Federation only trains sign language interpreters with the issuance of state diplomas from the inter-regional center for the medical rehabilitation of persons with hearing disabilities center in St. Petersburg. Eliminating the existing deficit of sign language interpreters in a country like Russia is impossible with only one training center. It is necessary to train more specialists and to have them in distant regions of the country.

However, there is hope that the situation can change. On April 4, 2009, at the Russian Council on The Disabled, President Dmitry Medvedev discussed the issue of the status of sign language in Russia. In his closing remarks, the President of the Russian Federation expressed his opinion:

"There is indeed, a distinct lack of sign language translators. This level of need necessitates changes. There are considerations and proposals for implementation to resolve the need of training sign language interpreters to provide translation services. But I agree with what has been said: it is necessary to reconsider the preparation of the interpreters at the Ministry of Education Institutions and universities. These teachers should be prepared in virtually every federal district, because we have a huge country and it is impossible to imagine having all sign language interpreters trained in Moscow, for example, and this is the only way we can solve this problem. I am glad that the State Duma supported the initiatives of the President, so we will continue to work in the same unity, in which we have previously worked to resolve this issue."

Use in films

• Страна глухих (Country of the Deaf) (1998)
• Свадьба тишины (Wedding of Silence) (2004)
• Пыль (Dust) (2005)

See also

• Russian Manual Alphabet

References

1. Russian Census 2010
2. Kagirov, Ildar. "Russian Sign Language: History, Grammar and Sociolinguistic Situation in Brief" (PDF).
3. Bickford, J. Albert. The signed languages of Eastern Europe. Dallas, TX: SIL International, 2005.
4. ^ Kagirov, Ildar. "Russian Sign Language: History, Grammar and Sociolinguistic Situation in Brief" (PDF).
5. Kimmelman, Vadim (2012). "Word Order in Russian Sign Language". Sign Language Studies. 12 (3): 414–445. doi:10.1353/sls.2012.0001. ISSN 1533-6263.
6. ^ Grenoble, Lenore (1992). "An Overview of Russian Sign Language". Sign Language Studies. 1077 (1): 321–338. doi:10.1353/sls.1992.0027. ISSN 1533-6263.
7. Valentin Lebedev. In search of a common language (Russian)
8. ^ text/appears/2009/04/214924.shtml verbatim record of the meeting of the Council for the Disabled

Further reading

• Grenoble, Lenore. 1992. An Overview of Russian Sign Language. Sign Language Studies No. 77: 321–38.
• Kimmelman, Vadim. 2009. Parts of speech in Russian Sign Language: The role of iconicity and economy. Sign Language & Linguistics 12.2:161-186.
• Kimmelman, Vadim . 2012. Word Order in Russian Sign Language. Sign Language Studies Vol. 12.3: 414–445.
• Kimmelman, Vadim. 2014. Information Structure in Russian Sign Language and Sign Language of the Netherlands. Web access

External links

• Russian Sign Language Project at Stanford University. – Online Video Glossary
• MBDSA website of the charity that supports the Moscow Bilingual School for the Deaf
• SIL report: The Signed Languages of Eastern Europe

• Languages of Russia
• Languages of Moldova
• French Sign Language family
• Sign languages of Israel