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Slavery in Afghanistan was present in the post-Classical history of Afghanistan, continued during the Middle Ages, and persisted into the 1920s.

The origin of the enslaved people in Afghanistan shifted during different periods, and slaves in Afghanistan never had any particular ethnicity. Slavery was formally abolished in 1923.

History

After the Islamic conquest of Persia, regions of both Persia and Afghanistan which had not converted to Islam were considered infidel regions, and as a result, they were considered legitimate targets of slave raids which were launched from regions whose populations had converted to Islam: for example Daylam in northwestern Iran and the mountainous region of Ḡūr in central Afghanistan were both exposed to slave raids which were launched from Muslim regions.

It was considered legitimate to enslave war captives; during the Afghan occupation of Persia (1722-1730), for example, thousands of people were enslaved, and the Baluch made regular incursions into Southeastern Iran for the purpose of capturing people and turning them into slaves. The slave traffic in Afghanistan was particularly active in the northwest, where 400 to 500 were sold annually. In Southern Iran, poor parents sold their children into slavery, and as late as around 1900, slave raids were conducted by chieftains in south Iran. The markets for these captives were often in Arabia and Afghanistan; “most of the slave girls employed as domestics in the houses of the gentry at Kandahar were brought from the outlying districts of Ghayn”.

The rulers of Afghanistan customarily had a harem of four official wives as well as a large number of unofficial wives for the sake of tribal marriage diplomacy, in addition to enslaved harem women known as kaniz (“slave girl”) and surati or surriyat ("mistress" or concubine)), guarded by the ghulam bacha (eunuchs).

Most slaves were employed as agricultural laborers, domestic slaves and sexual slaves, while other slaves served in administrative positions. Slaves in Afghanistan possessed some social mobility, especially those slaves who were owned by the government. Slavery was more common in towns and cities, because some Afghan tribal communities did not readily engage in the slave trade; according to some sources, the decentralized nature of Afghan tribes forced more urbanized areas to import slaves to fill labor shortages. Most slaves in Afghanistan had been imported from Persia and Central Asia.

According to a report of an expedition to Afghanistan published in London in 1871:

"The country generally between Caubul (Kabul) and the Oxus appears to be in a very lawless state; slavery is as rife as ever, and extends through Hazara, Badakshan, Wakhan, Sirikul, Kunjūt (Hunza), &c. A slave, if a strong man likely to stand work well, is, in Upper Badakshan, considered to be of the same value as one of the large dogs of the country, or of a horse, being about the equivalent of Rs 80. A slave girl is valued at from four horses or more, according to her looks &c.; men are, however, almost always exchanged for dogs. When I was in Little Tibet (Ladakh), a returned slave who had been in the Kashmir army took refuge in my camp; he said he was well enough treated as to food &c., but he could never get over having been exchanged for a dog, and constantly harped on the subject, the man who sold him evidently thinking the dog the better animal of the two. In Lower Badakshan, and more distant places, the price of slaves is much enhanced, and payment is made in coin."

In response to the Hazara uprising of 1892, the Afghan Emir Abdur Rahman Khan declared a "Jihad" against the Shiites. His large army defeated the rebellion at its center, in Oruzgan, by 1892 and the local population was being massacred. According to S. A. Mousavi, "thousands of Hazara men, women, and children were sold as slaves in the markets of Kabul and Qandahar, while numerous towers of human heads were made from the defeated rebels as a warning to others who might challenge the rule of the Amir"; Hazara people were still sold in the slave market of Kabul as late as in the early 20th-century.

Abolition

By the time of the official abolition of slavery in 1923, there were about 700 enslaved people (many of them Hazara ) in Kabul, called begar or impressed labor. Slaves under the age of twelve was sold for a price of 50 rupees and slaves over twelve cost 30 rupees; most wealthy families had at least one or two slaves and it was common to exchange them as gifts. Male slaves were often referred to as ghulam, and female as either kaniz (domestic maidservants) or surriyat (referring to concubines).

Many of the Hazara enslaved by the Pashtuns during the Uprisning in the 1890s were still enslaved when Amanullah Khan banned slavery in the 1920s. Amanullah Khan banned slavery in Afghanistan in the 1923 Constitution, but the practice carried on unofficially for many more years. The Swede Aurora Nilsson, who lived in Kabul in 1926-1927, described the occurrence of slavery in Kabul in her memoirs, as well as how a German woman, the widow of an Afridi man named Abdullah Khan, who had fled to the city with her children from her late husband's successor, was sold at public auction and obtained her freedom by being bought by the German embassy for 7,000 marks.

See also

• Slavery in Iran
• History of slavery in the Muslim world
• History of concubinage in the Muslim world
• Slavery in Saudi Arabia
• Slavery in Oman

References

1. "BARDA and BARDA-DĀRI iii. In the Islamic period up to the Mongol invasion". Encyclopaedia Iranica. December 15, 1988. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
2. ^ "BARDA and BARDA-DĀRI iv. From the Mongols to the abolition of slavery". Encyclopaedia Iranica. December 15, 1988. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
3. Ismati, Masoma (1987), The position and role of Afghan women in Afghan society, from the late 18th to the 19th century; Kabul
4. ^ 1931., Kātib Hazārah, Fayz̤ Muḥammad, 1862 or 1863-1930 or (2013–2016). The history of Afghanistan : Fayz Muhammad Katib Hazarah's Siraj al-tawarikh. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-23492-5. OCLC 810773180. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
5. ^ Hafizullah., Emadi (2002). Repression, resistance, and women in Afghanistan. Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97671-8. OCLC 928478390.
6. ^ Hopkins, B. D. (2008). "Race, Sex and Slavery: 'Forced Labour' in Central Asia and Afghanistan in the Early 19th Century". Modern Asian Studies. 42 (4): 629–671. doi:10.1017/S0026749X0600271X. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 20488036. S2CID 145068664.
7. Montgomerie, T. G. (1871). "Report of "The Mirzas" Exploration from Caubul to Kashgar". Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 41: 132–193. doi:10.2307/3698058. ISSN 0266-6235. JSTOR 3698058.
8. Gilles Dorronsoro: Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present p. 45-46
9. Gilles Dorronsoro: Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present p. 45-46
10. Gilles Dorronsoro: Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present p. 45-46
11. "Afghan Constitution: 1923". Afghangovernment.com. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
12. "Afghan History: kite flying, kite running and kite banning By Mir Hekmatullah Sadat". Afghanmagazine.com. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
13. ^ Rora Asim Khan (Aurora Nilsson): Anders Forsberg and Peter Hjukström: Flykten från harem, Nykopia, Stockholm 1998. ISBN 91-86936-01-8.

• Slavery by country
• Slavery in Asia
• Society of Afghanistan
• Human rights abuses in Afghanistan
• Islam and slavery
• Human trafficking in Afghanistan