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HHO Gas contains the following molecular arrangements according to gas chromatography published in the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. H2,H5,H4O,H6O,H7O,O2,HO2,H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide),O3,H1O3,H2O3,H3O3,H1O4,H2O4,O5.
HHO Gas has been trademarked and branded as Aquygen. HHO Gas is claimed for use as an "alternative to and enhancer of fossil fuels." HHO Gas was featured on several news programs, including CNN and Fox news.
HHO Gas is practically indistinguishable from precedent common ducted electrolyzer designs, including but not limited to, the William Rhodes and Yull Brown designs. Since common ducting is the primary reason for distinction from Oxyhydrogen electrolyzers, and the Klein electrolyzer is common ducted, this alleged novel design falls within the scope of prior art.
Alleged variation of electrolysis
According to Klein, the electrolyzer is "common ducted", which he claims produces a hydrogen and oxygen mixture that is molecularly different from the oxyhydrogen mixture produced in typical independently ducted electrolyzers; oxyhydrogen contains a 2:1 ratio of diatomic hydrogen and oxygen, whereas the result of common ducting produces additional molecular configurations other than purely H2 and O2.
This gas is given a variety of names, such as HHO gas (Hybrid Hydrogen Oxygen), Brown's Gas (for Yull Brown), Rhodes Gas, or Green Gas. It is claimed to contain a variety of hydrogen and oxygen allotropes by controversial physicist Ruggero Santilli; for example, according to chromatography there are small quantities of 5 atom hydrogen allotropes, and large quantities of 5 atom oxygen allotropes.
Claimed practical applications
Welding
The allegedly unique variant of the electrolysis process was originally claimed to be useful for welding/soldering torches, able to weld glass, copper, aluminum, and carbon steel. Though, a welding torch utilizing electrolysis is certainly a valid idea, what was seen on air did not necessarily match the claims of the broadcast.
As a fuel or fuel additive
Klein's website claimed that the gas was useful as a "primary fuel source or a fuel additive" for water-fueled cars, and proclaims, "Imagine cutting steel or running a car with ordinary water." Klein has been featured in local news programs, videos of which are shown on the company website and have been passed around the Internet. The videos claim that the gas can be used by itself to fuel cars and electrical generators.
HHO Gas has been demonstrated in a car as a fuel additive in combination with gasoline. News reports claim that this improves engine efficiency by 50%, but no substantiation has been offered by Klein beyond that. Klein says, "On a hundred mile trip, we use about 4 ounces of water". Aside from fuel efficiency Klein claims, the performance and design of his vehicle could be explained by battery powered design that utilizes, possibly ostensibly, some conventional form of electrolysis.
Similar Gases
Consolidating Analysis
HHO Gas, and Oxy-Hydrogen both consist 2:1 proportions of hydrogen and oxygen, and while these gases are practically indistinguishable upon gas chromatography analysis, cited in reference #1 of this article, molecular distinction exists. Oxyhydrogen, being produced from bottled torch gases, consists of diatomic (H2, O2) hydrogen and oxygen, while the peer reviewed publication of Santilli shows that HHO Gas contains allotropes, isomers, and other molecular configurations of hydrogen and oxygen in addition to standard H2, and O2.
Prior Art
Brown's Gas has been around for decades and upon visual inspection distinction between HHO Gas and Brown's Gas appears impossible.
Criticism
The claims of Klein's alleged technology remain unscrutinized by any sort of peer reviewed scientific literature. Many skeptics, such as James Randi, have censured this alleged technology as fraud. Though such novel molecular arrangements have been hypothesized by physicists in peer reviewed literature dating back to the seventies, and electrolysis is certainly a valid process, neither Klein's claim to produce a novel molecular arrangement nor the outrageous claims of his alleged invention's applications have been subject to such scrutiny.
Third party analysis of Denny Klein's company reveals Hydrogen Technology Applications (HTA) may have aspects of defraudment. HTA Inc. leads investors to believe that HHO has no history to support their patent claim that HHO is not Brown's Gas. Third party testing shows HHO to be indistinguishable from Brown's Gas. Therefore HTA may be misinforming investors.
There are questions as to whether the claims made in HTA's patents are legitimate or false. The general consensus is that patents were made on 'public domain' technology to convince uninformed investors that HTA has a unique gas (which has not been proven).
Skeptics, such as James Randi, have refuted this technology to be little more than a combination of pseudoscience and conventional electrolysis, which has been known about for well over a century.
These designs and claims were not subjected to any sort of rigorous scientific scrutiny.
Circulating videos are far from explicit.
See also
References
- Santilli, Ruggero Maria (2006). "A new gaseous and combustible form of water". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 31 (9): pp. 1113-1128. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.11.006.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help);|pages=has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) (Excerpt) - http://hytechapps.com/company/press
- Aquygen website
- "That HHO iddea isn't new". Swift: Online Newsletter of the JREF. June 9, 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-01.
- YouTube search for "Denny Klein"
- A more recent news broadcast aired in Channel 2 News in California
- "Fire water". Swift: Online Newsletter of the JREF. May 26, 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-01.