Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by AnomieBOT (talk | contribs) at 01:57, 20 December 2022 (Dating maintenance tags: {{Dubious}}). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

TRAPPIST-1c

Artist's impression of TRAPPIST-1c (February 2018)
Discovery
Discovery date	May 2, 2016
Detection method	Transit
Orbital characteristics
Apastron	0.015919 −0.00003 AU
Periastron	0.015712 −0.00003 AU
Semi-major axis	0.01581512 ± 1.5e-07 AU
Eccentricity	0.00654 ± 0.00108
Orbital period (sidereal)	2.42180746 ± 0.00000091 d
Inclination	89.70 ± 0.18
Star	TRAPPIST-1
Physical characteristics
Mean radius	1.095 −0.030 R🜨
Mass	1.156 −0.142 ME
Mean density	4.87 −0.46 g/cm g cm
Surface gravity	0.966 −0.092 g
Temperature	Teq: 334.8 ± 4.7 K (61.65 ± 4.70 °C; 142.97 ± 8.46 °F)

TRAPPIST-1c, also designated as 2MASS J23062928-0502285 c, is a mainly rocky, Venus-like exoplanet orbiting around the ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1 approximately 40 light-years away from Earth in the constellation Aquarius. It is the most massive and third largest planet of the system, with about 116% the mass and 110% the radius of Earth. Its density indicates a primarily rocky composition with a very thick Venus-like atmosphere, although it is expected to be thinner than that of TRAPPIST-1b.

Physical characteristics

Mass, radius, and temperature

TRAPPIST-1c was observed with the transit method, which enabled scientists to calculate its radius. Transit-timing variations and computer simulations were able to determine the mass, density, and gravity of the planet. TRAPPIST-1c is the third-largest planet of the TRAPPIST-1 system, with a radius of 1.095 R_🜨. It is also the most massive of the system as well, with a mass of 1.156 M_E, slightly higher than that of the next most massive, TRAPPIST-1g. Despite its Earth-like mass and radius, TRAPPIST-1c has a lower density (4.89 g/cm) and gravity (0.966g) than Earth. This is consistent with a rock-based composition and a thick, Venus-like atmosphere, similar to TRAPPIST-1b. TRAPPIST-1c's atmosphere is expected to be thinner than that of its inner sibling, but still large enough to raise its surface temperature far above the calculated 334.8 K (61.7 °C; 143.0 °F) equilibrium temperature.

Orbit

The orbit of TRAPPIST-1c is very close to its host star. One year on this planet lasts a mere 2.42 days (58 hours), a fraction as long as that of our Solar System's innermost planet, Mercury. The planet orbits at a distance of 0.0158 AU, which is about 1.6% the distance between Earth and the Sun. At this proximity, TRAPPIST-1c is most likely tidally locked. However, due to the small size of its host star, the planet only receives about 2.1 times the sunlight as Earth (similar to Venus, at 1.9 times). Its orbital eccentricity is very low at 0.00654, similar to that of TRAPPIST-1b.

Host star

TRAPPIST-1c orbits the ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1. It is 0.121 R☉ and 0.089 M☉, with a temperature of 2511 K and an age between 3 and 8 billion years. For comparison, the Sun has a temperature of 5778 K and is about 4.5 billion years old. TRAPPIST-1 is also very dim, with about 0.0005 times (0.05%) the luminosity of the Sun. It is too faint to be see with the naked eye, having an apparent magnitude of 18.80.

Atmosphere

The combined transmission spectrum of TRAPPIST-1 b and c rules out a cloud-free hydrogen-dominated atmosphere for each planet, so they are unlikely to harbor an extended gas envelope. Other atmospheres, from a cloud-free water-vapor atmosphere to a Venus-like atmosphere, remain consistent with the featureless spectrum.

In 2018, the composition of TRAPPIST-1c was determined, and has been found to be rock-based with a very thick, Venus-like atmosphere. The atmosphere of TRAPPIST-1c is likely thinner than that of TRAPPIST-1b.

See also

• 55 Cancri e
• Gliese 1132 b

References

1. ^ Grimm, Simon L.; Demory, Brice-Olivier; Gillon, Michael; Dorn, Caroline; Agol, Eric; Burdanov, Artem; Delrez, Laetitia; Sestovic, Marko; Triaud, Amaury H.M.J.; Turbet, Martin; Bolmont, Emeline; Caldas, Anthony; de Wit, Julien; Jehin, Emmanuel; Leconte, Jeremy; Raymond, Sean N.; Van Grootel, Valerie; Burgasser, Adam J.; Carey, Sean; Fabrycky, Daniel; Heng, Kevin; Hernandez, David M.; Ingalls, James G.; Lederer, Susan; Selsis, Franck; Queloz, Didier (2018). "The nature of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 613: A68. arXiv:1802.01377. Bibcode:2018A&A...613A..68G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732233.
2. ^ Delrez, Laetitia; Gillon, Michael; H.M.J, Amaury; Brice-Oliver Demory, Triaud; de Wit, Julien; Ingalls, James; Agol, Eric; Bolmont, Emeline; Burdanov, Artem; Burgasser, Adam J.; Carey, Sean J.; Jehin, Emmanuel; Leconte, Jeremy; Lederer, Susan; Queloz, Didier; Selsis, Franck; Grootel, Valerie Van (2018). "Early 2017 observations of TRAPPIST-1 with Spitzer". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 3577–3597. arXiv:1801.02554. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.475.3577D. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty051.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
3. Van Grootel, Valerie; Fernandes, Catarina S.; Gillon, Michaël; Jehin, Emmanuel; Scuflaire, Richard; et al. (2018). "Stellar parameters for TRAPPIST-1". The Astrophysical Journal. 853: 30. arXiv:1712.01911. Bibcode:2018ApJ...853...30V. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
4. de Wit, Julien; et al. (2016). "A combined transmission spectrum of the Earth-sized exoplanets TRAPPIST-1 b and c". Nature. 537 (7618): 69–72. arXiv:1606.01103. Bibcode:2016Natur.537...69D. doi:10.1038/nature18641. PMID 27437572.
5. Landau, NASA, Liz. "New clues to compositions of TRAPPIST-1 planets". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Retrieved 21 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

v t e Exoplanets
Planet Definition IAU Planetary science
Main topics	Exoplanet Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters Methods of detecting exoplanets Planetary system Planet-hosting stars
Sizes and types	Terrestrial Carbon planet Coreless planet Desert planet Dwarf planet Hycean planet Ice planet Iron planet (Super-Mercury) Lava planet Ocean world Mega-Earth Sub-Earth Super-Earth Gaseous Eccentric Jupiter Mini-Neptune (Gas dwarf) Helium planet Hot Jupiter Hot Neptune Gas giant Ice giant Super-Jupiter Super-Neptune Super-puff Ultra-hot Jupiter Ultra-hot Neptune Other types Blanet Brown dwarf Chthonian planet Circumbinary planet Circumtriple planet Disrupted planet Double planet Ecumenopolis Eyeball planet Giant planet Mesoplanet Planemo Planet/Brown dwarf boundary Planetesimal Protoplanet Pulsar planet Sub-brown dwarf Sub-Neptune Toroidal planet Ultra-cool dwarf Ultra-short period planet (USP)
Formation and evolution	Accretion Accretion disk Asteroid belt Circumplanetary disk Circumstellar disc Circumstellar envelope Cosmic dust Debris disk Detached object Disrupted planet Excretion disk Exozodiacal dust Extraterrestrial materials Extraterrestrial sample curation Giant-impact hypothesis Gravitational collapse Hills cloud Internal structure Interplanetary dust cloud Interplanetary medium Interplanetary space Interstellar cloud Interstellar dust Interstellar medium Interstellar space Kuiper belt List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules Merging stars Molecular cloud Nebular hypothesis Oort cloud Outer space Planetary migration Planetary system Planetesimal Planet formation Protoplanetary disk Ring system Rubble pile Sample-return mission Scattered disc Star formation
Systems	Exocomet Interstellar Exomoon Tidally detached Rogue planet Orbits Retrograde Trojan Mean-motion resonances Titius–Bode law
Host stars	A B Binary star Brown dwarfs F/Yellow-white dwarfs G/Yellow dwarfs Herbig Ae/Be K/Orange dwarfs M/Red dwarfs Pulsar Red giant Subdwarf B Subgiant T Tauri White dwarfs Yellow giants
Detection	Astrometry Direct imaging list Microlensing list Polarimetry Timing list Radial velocity list Transit method list Transit-timing variation
Habitability	Astrobiology Astrooceanography Circumstellar habitable zone Earth analog Extraterrestrial liquid water Galactic habitable zone Habitability of binary star systems Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems Habitability of natural satellites Habitability of neutron star systems Habitability of red dwarf systems Habitability of yellow dwarf systems Habitable zone for complex life List of potentially habitable exoplanets Tholin Superhabitable planet
Catalogues	Nearby Habitable Systems Exoplanet Data Explorer Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia NASA Exoplanet Archive NASA Star and Exoplanet Database Open Exoplanet Catalogue
Lists	Exoplanetary systems Host stars Multiplanetary systems Stars with proto-planetary discs Exoplanets Discoveries Extremes Firsts Nearest Largest Heaviest Terrestrial candidates Kepler 1–500 501–1000 1001–1500 1501–2000 K2 Potentially habitable Proper names Discovered exoplanets by year before 2000 2000–2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Other	Carl Sagan Institute Exoplanet naming convention Exoplanet phase curves Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer Extragalactic planet Extrasolar planets in fiction Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets Neptunian desert Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Planets in globular clusters Small planet radius gap Sudarsky's gas giant classification
Discoveries of exoplanets Search projects

v t e 2016 in space
« 2015 2017 »
Space probe launches	Hitomi (X-ray observatory; Feb 2016) ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (Mars orbiter; Mar 2016) OSIRIS-REx (asteroid sample-return mission; Sep 2016)
Impact events	DN160822 03
Selected NEOs	Asteroid close approaches (85990) 1999 JV6 1994 WR12 2013 TX68 2016 EU85 469219 Kamoʻoalewa 2016 PQ (164121) 2003 YT1
Exoplanets	38 Virginis b atmospheric composition of 55 Cancri e BD+20 594b Gliese 536 b HD 19467 b HD 131399 Ab (retracted in 2022) HD 164922 c HIP 41378 b c d e f K2-33b K2-332 b K2-72 b c d e KELT-9b KELT-11b Kepler-20g Kepler-56d Kepler-737b Kepler-1229b Kepler-1520b Kepler-1625b Kepler-1638b Kepler-1647b OGLE-2007-BLG-349(AB)b OGLE-2012-BLG-0950Lb Proxima Centauri b Pr0211 c Qatar-3b Qatar-4b Qatar-5b TRAPPIST-1 b c d TW Hydrae b V830 Tauri b 2MASS J11193254–1137466 AB 2MASS J2126–8140 as planet
Discoveries	GW150914 (announced) IDCS 1426 Planet Nine (hypothesized) GN-z11 SDSS J1240+6710 Crater 2 GW151226 (announced) 2015 RR245 (announced) BOSS Great Wall GRB 160625B (471325) 2011 KT19 (announced) 2014 UZ224 (announced) WISE J080822.18-644357.3 Virgo I
Novae	ASASSN-15lh SN 2016aps ASASSN-16kt ASASSN-16ma
Comets	252P/LINEAR 460P/PanSTARRS 53P/Van Biesbroeck C/2016 R2 (PANSTARRS) 81P/Wild 9P/Tempel 144P/Kushida 43P/Wolf–Harrington 45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková
Space exploration	Juno (entered Jupiter orbit; Jul 2016) Rosetta / Philae (end of mission to comet 67P; Sep 2016) Schiaparelli EDM (Mars lander; Oct 2016)
Outer space portal Category:2015 in outer space — Category:2016 in outer space — Category:2017 in outer space

v t e Constellation of Aquarius
Aquarius in Chinese astronomy Aquarius Stream List of stars in Aquarius
Stars	Bayer α (Sadalmelik) β (Sadalsuud) γ (Sadachbia) δ (Skat) ε (Albali) ζ η θ (Ancha) ι κ (Situla) λ (Hydor) μ ν ξ (Bunda) ο π ρ σ τ τ υ φ χ ψ (91) ψ ψ ω ω A A b b b c c c d e f g g h i i i k α PsA C Flamsteed 1 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 26 28 29 30 32 35 36 37 39 40 41 42 44 45 47 49 50 51 54 56 58 60 61 64 65 67 70 72 74 75 77 78 81 82 84 85 87 94 96 97 100 Variable R U AE DV EP EW EZ FO HK IL HU IZ LL LP HR 8017 8056 8121 8263 8363 8453 8500 8507 8581 8612 8629 8645 8716 8783 8836 8856 8879 8924 9014 HD 206610 (Bosona) 210277 212771 (Lionrock) 215152 219617 220466 220689 222093 222582 Other 2MASS J21392676+0220226 BD−22 5866 Gliese 849 K2-21 K2-28 K2-58 K2-72 K2-138 LS IV-14 116 Sneden's Star TRAPPIST-1 WASP-6 (Márohu) WASP-47 WASP-69 WASP-75
Exoplanets ψ Aquarii b Gliese 849 b Gliese 876 b c d e HD 206610 b HD 210277 b HD 212771 b (Victoriapeak) HD 221416 b HD 222582 b K2-66b K2-72b c d e K2-138b TRAPPIST-1b c d e f g h WASP-6b
Star clusters Messier 2 Messier 72 Messier 73
Nebulae Helix Nebula Saturn Nebula
Galaxies	NGC 6975 7001 7010 7047 7051 7065 7069 7077 7081 7184 7222 7252 7257 7301 7302 7393 7492 7585 7592 7600 7606 7723 7727 7759 Other Aquarius Dwarf ESO 603-G21 Lyman-alpha blob 1 PGC 1228197 PHL 293B SMM J2135-0102 WISE J224607.57−052635.0 J2345-0449
Galaxy clusters Abell 2597 RXC J2211.7-0350 XMMXCS 2215-1738
Astronomical events SN 2213-1745
Category

• Astronomy
• Biology
• Space

• Exoplanets discovered in 2016
• Near-Earth-sized exoplanets
• Transiting exoplanets
• TRAPPIST-1
• Aquarius (constellation)