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The North American Charging Standard (NACS) is an electric vehicle charging standard developed by Tesla, used on all North American market Tesla vehicles since 2012, and was opened for use to other manufacturers in 2022. Access to Tesla Supercharger stations was limited to Tesla vehicles for this 10 years period. After testing allowing non-Tesla's to use supercharger stations in Europe, Tesla began to roll out their proprietary Magic Dock connector at select North American Supercharger locations in 2022. Magic Dock allows for an EV to charge with either NACS or CCS1, giving almost all BEVs the chance to charge. However, most of Tesla’s North American Supercharger locations currently provide only NACS. Ford, General Motors, and Aptera have announced that they intend to use the NACS standard in the future.

History

Tesla developed a proprietary charging connector for the Tesla Model S in 2012, and used it on all of their mainstream EVs, including the Model 3, Model X, and Model Y. Tesla's business strategy was markedly different from other EV manufacturers and Tesla built a coast-to-coast charging network across the United States, and later built a substantial charging network in a number of developed countries where Tesla sold their cars.

In July 2022, Steve Fambro & Chris Anthony, co-CEOs of Aptera, created a change.org campaign to try and get lawmakers to adopt the Tesla connector and charging standard. The petition received over 42,000 signatures.

In November 2022, Tesla renamed its previously proprietary charging connector to "North American Charging Standard" (NACS), making the specs available to other EV manufacturers. The name was criticized, as at the time of the announcement the connector was not the standard in North America, with all other automakers using the Combined Charging System (CCS) connector. Tesla made the case that its NACS should become the connector of choice because it is more compact, Tesla vehicles outnumber CCS equipped vehicles by a margin of two-to-one, and that there were then 60% more NACS connectors installed than CCS connectors.

In November 2022, Aptera officially announced that it would incorporate the NACS standard into its vehicles. They had been showing the Tesla connector in the photographs of their prototypes.

In May 2023, Ford announced integration of the NACS system into their electric vehicles. New Ford electrics after 2025 will have native NACS charge ports on the vehicle. Legacy Ford electric models will be able to connect to the NACS system and its chargers by use of a CCS/NACS adapter, and will pay for their charge via the FordPass app beginning in early 2024. Shortly after the Ford announcement, EV fast-charger company FreeWire Technologies announced plans to equip its battery-integrated Boost Chargers with NACS plugs by mid-2024. On 8 June 2023, General Motors CEO Mary Barra announced on a Twitter Spaces interview with Elon Musk that GM would adopt the NACS standard starting in 2025.

Comparative standards

Charging standards for high-power DC charging of electric vehicles include: the Combined Charging System (CCS) used in Europe (CCS2) and at non-Tesla charging stations in North America (CCS1), the CHAdeMO standard used in Japan, and the GB/T standard used in China. As of November 2021, Tesla/NACS was the largest charging network in the US, with the next-largest only ten percent of the extent of Tesla's network.

In Europe, new Tesla vehicles and newer Tesla Superchargers now use standard CCS2 plugs, instead of the proprietary Tesla Type 2 plugs (European Tesla plug). However Tesla still sells vehicles with this proprietary connector, and support an adapter to CCS/Combo2. Older Tesla S/X vehicles can be retrofitted to support the use of this adapter.

In China, superchargers must use GB/T plugs.

References

1. ^ Bhargava, Hemant; Boehm, Jonas; Parker, Geoffrey G. (January 27, 2021). "How Tesla's Charging Stations Left Other Manufacturers in the Dust". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
2. "Aptera Suggests US Gov Choose Tesla's Plug And Superchargers As Standard". InsideEVs. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
3. Shakir, Umar (November 11, 2022). "Tesla opens up its charging connector in a bid to become the North American standard". The Verge. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
4. Lambert, Fred (November 11, 2022). "Tesla opens its EV charge connector in the hope of making it the new standard". Electrek. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
5. "Tesla Aims To Fix American EV Charging Infrastructure With The North American Charging Standard". MSN. November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
6. "Opening the North American Charging Standard" (Press release). US: Tesla. November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
7. "Aptera To Integrate Tesla Charging". Aptera. November 30, 2022. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
8. Lambert, Fred (November 23, 2022). "Aptera says it will use Tesla's charge connector in its solar electric car". Electrek. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
9. "Ford EVs will get access to Tesla's Supercharger network in 2024". Ars Technica. May 25, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
10. Doll, Scooter (May 30, 2023). "Freewire CEO commends Ford and Tesla, vows to add NACS connectors to its chargers". Electrek. Retrieved May 31, 2023. CEO Arcady Sosinov in a conversation with Electrek: …we support Tesla in making steps towards opening their technology and network… FreeWire plans to make NACS connectors available on Boost Chargers by mid 2024…
11. Michael Wayland (June 8, 2023). "GM to use Tesla charging network, joining Ford in leveraging the EV leader's tech". CNBC. CNBC. Retrieved June 8, 2023. GM, like Ford, will begin installing a charging port used by Tesla, known as NACS, instead of the current industry-standard CCS in its EVs starting in 2025.

External links

• McQuilling, Dave (May 26, 2023). "What Is The North American Charging Standard, And Did Tesla Invent It?". SlashGear. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
• Nigro, Nick (May 22, 2023) . "Investment In Publicly Accessible EV Charging in the United States" (PDF). Atlas Public Policy. Retrieved May 26, 2023. Does not mention NACS by name, but discusses Tesla's "opening and expansion of its network" "for use by other automakers".
• NACS technical specification document

• Automotive standards
• DC power connectors
• Electrical power connectors
• Tesla, Inc.