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History of Virginia |
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The governor of Virginia is the state's head of government and commander-in-chief of the state's official national guard. The first Constitution of 1776 created the office of governor, to be elected annually by the Virginia State Legislature. The governor could serve up to three years at a time, and once out of office, could not serve again for four years. The 1830 constitution changed the thrice-renewable one-year term length to a non-renewable three-year term, and set the start date at the first day in January following an election. This constitution also prevented governors from succeeding themselves, a prohibition that exists to the present day. The 1851 Constitution increased terms to four years and made the office elected by the people, rather than the legislature. The commencement of the Governor's term was moved to the first day in February by the 1902 Constitution, and then to the Saturday after the second Wednesday in January by the 1971 and current Constitution.
If the office of governor is vacant due to disqualification, death, or resignation, the lieutenant governor of Virginia becomes governor. The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1851. Prior to that a Council of State existed; it chose from among its members a president who would be "lieutenant-governor" and would act as governor when there was a vacancy in that office.
Officially, there have been 74 governors of Virginia; the acting governors are not counted.
President of the Committee for Public Safety
Parties:
No party# | Picture | President | Took office | Left office | Party |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Edmund Pendleton | August 16, 1775 | July 5, 1776 | None |
List of governors (1776–1852)
For the period before independence, see List of colonial governors of Virginia.Virginia was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on June 25, 1788. Before it declared its independence, Virginia was a colony of the Kingdom of Great Britain. It seceded from the Union on April 17, 1861, and was admitted to the Confederate States of America on May 7, 1861. Following the end of the American Civil War, Virginia during Reconstruction constituted the First Military District, which exerted some control over governor appointments and elections. Virginia was readmitted to the Union on January 26, 1870.
The federal government recognized the Restored Government of Virginia, based in Wheeling, as the legitimate government in Virginia on June 25, 1861. It elected its own slate of governors, and after West Virginia was split from Virginia on June 20, 1863, the restored government relocated to Alexandria.
No. | Governor | Term in office | Party | Election | Lt. Governor | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Patrick Henry (1736–1799) |
July 6, 1776 – June 1, 1779 (term-limited) |
None | 1776 | Office did not exist | |||
1777 | ||||||||
1778 | ||||||||
2 | Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) |
June 1, 1779 – June 4, 1781 (did not run) |
None | 1779 | ||||
1780 | ||||||||
3 | William Fleming (1727–1795) |
June 4, 1781 – June 12, 1781 (did not run) |
None | Senior member of Governor's Council acting | ||||
4 | Thomas Nelson Jr. (1738–1789) |
June 12, 1781 – November 22, 1781 (resigned) |
None | 1781 (special) | ||||
– | David Jameson (1723–1793) |
November 22, 1781 – December 1, 1781 (did not run) |
None | Senior member of Governor's Council acting | ||||
5 | Benjamin Harrison V (1726–1791) |
December 1, 1781 – November 30, 1784 (term-limited) |
None | 1781 | ||||
1782 | ||||||||
1783 | ||||||||
6 | Patrick Henry (1736–1799) |
November 30, 1784 – November 30, 1786 (did not run) |
None | 1784 | ||||
1785 | ||||||||
7 | Edmund Randolph (1753–1813) |
November 30, 1786 – November 12, 1788 (resigned) |
None | 1786 | ||||
1787 | ||||||||
8 | Beverley Randolph (1754–1797) |
November 12, 1788 – December 1, 1791 (term-limited) |
None | Senior member of Governor's Council acting | ||||
1788 | ||||||||
1789 | ||||||||
1790 | ||||||||
9 | Henry Lee III (1756–1818) |
December 1, 1791 – December 1, 1794 (term-limited) |
Federalist | 1791 | ||||
1792 | ||||||||
1793 | ||||||||
10 | Robert Brooke (d. 1800) |
December 1, 1794 – November 30, 1796 (resgined) |
Democratic- Republican |
1794 | ||||
1795 | ||||||||
11 | James Wood (1741–1813) |
November 30, 1796 – December 19, 1799 (term-limited) |
Federalist | Senior member of Governor's Council acting | ||||
1796 | ||||||||
1797 | ||||||||
1798 | ||||||||
12 | James Monroe (1758–1831) |
December 19, 1799 – December 29, 1802 (term-limited) |
Democratic- Republican |
1799 | ||||
1800 | ||||||||
1801 | ||||||||
13 | John Page (1743–1808) |
December 29, 1802 – December 11, 1805 (term-limited) |
Democratic- Republican |
1802 | ||||
1803 | ||||||||
1804 | ||||||||
14 | William H. Cabell (1772–1853) |
December 11, 1805 – December 12, 1808 (term-limited) |
Democratic- Republican |
1805 | ||||
1806 | ||||||||
1807 | ||||||||
15 | John Tyler Sr. (1747–1813) |
December 12, 1808 – January 15, 1811 (resigned) |
Democratic- Republican |
1808 | ||||
1809 | ||||||||
1810 | ||||||||
— | George William Smith (1762–1811) |
January 15, 1811 – January 19, 1811 (lost election) |
Democratic- Republican |
Senior member of Governor's Council acting | ||||
16 | James Monroe (1758–1831) |
January 19, 1811 – April 3, 1811 (resigned) |
Democratic- Republican |
1811 (special) | ||||
17 | George William Smith (1762–1811) |
April 3, 1811 – December 26, 1811 (died in office) |
Democratic- Republican |
Senior member of Governor's Council acting | ||||
1811 | ||||||||
— | Peyton Randolph (1779–1828) |
December 26, 1811 – January 4, 1812 (did not run) |
Democratic- Republican |
Senior member of Governor's Council acting | ||||
18 | James Barbour (1775–1842) |
January 4, 1812 – December 11, 1814 (did not run) |
Democratic- Republican |
Jan. 1812 | ||||
1812 | ||||||||
1813 | ||||||||
19 | Wilson Cary Nicholas (1761–1820) |
December 11, 1814 – December 11, 1816 (did not run) |
Democratic- Republican |
1814 | ||||
1815 | ||||||||
20 | James Patton Preston (1774–1843) |
December 11, 1816 – December 11, 1819 (term-limited) |
Democratic- Republican |
1816 | ||||
1817 | ||||||||
1818 | ||||||||
21 | Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. (1768–1828) |
December 11, 1819 – December 11, 1822 (term-limited) |
Democratic- Republican |
1819 | ||||
1820 | ||||||||
1821 | ||||||||
22 | James Pleasants (1769–1836) |
December 11, 1822 – December 11, 1825 (term-limited) |
Democratic- Republican |
1822 | ||||
1823 | ||||||||
1824 | ||||||||
23 | John Tyler (1790–1862) |
December 11, 1825 – March 4, 1827 (resigned) |
Democratic- Republican |
1825 | ||||
24 | William Branch Giles (1762–1830) |
March 4, 1827 – March 4, 1830 (term-limited) |
Democratic- Republican |
1827 | ||||
1828 | ||||||||
1829 | ||||||||
25 | John Floyd (1783–1837) |
March 4, 1830 – March 31, 1834 (term-limited) |
Democratic | 1830 | ||||
1831 | ||||||||
26 | Littleton Waller Tazewell (1774–1860) |
March 31, 1834 – March 30, 1836 (resigned) |
Democratic | 1834 | ||||
— | Wyndham Robertson (1803–1888) |
March 30, 1836 – March 31, 1837 (did not run) |
Whig | Senior member of Governor's Council acting | ||||
27 | David Campbell (1779–1859) |
March 31, 1837 – March 31, 1840 (term-limited) |
Democratic | 1837 | ||||
28 | Thomas Walker Gilmer (1802–1844) |
March 31, 1840 – March 20, 1841 (resigned) |
Whig | 1840 | ||||
— | John M. Patton (1797–1858) |
March 20, 1841 – March 31, 1841 (successor took office) |
Whig | Senior member of Governor's Council acting | ||||
— | John Rutherfoord (1792–1866) |
March 31, 1841 – March 31, 1842 (successor took office) |
Democratic | Senior member of Governor's Council acting | ||||
— | John Munford Gregory (1804–1884) |
March 31, 1842 – January 5, 1843 (successor took office) |
Whig | Senior member of Governor's Council acting | ||||
29 | James McDowell (1775–1851) |
January 5, 1843 – January 1, 1846 (term-limited) |
Democratic | 1842 | ||||
30 | William Smith (1797–1887) |
January 1, 1846 – January 1, 1849 (term-limited) |
Democratic | 1845 | ||||
31 | John B. Floyd (1806–1863) |
January 1, 1849 – January 1, 1852 (term-limited) |
Democratic | 1848 |
Governors under the constitution of 1851
Governors are elected to one term of four years, cannot run for consecutive terms.
No. | Governor | Party | Term in office | Time in Office | Election | Lieutenant Governor | Notes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
32 | Joseph Johnson | Democratic | January 1, 1852 – January 1, 1856 (term limited) |
4 years | 1851 | Shelton Leake | First popularly elected | |||
33 | Henry A. Wise | Democratic | January 1, 1856 – January 1, 1860 (term limited) |
4 years | 1855 | Elisha W. McComas | ||||
William Lowther Jackson | ||||||||||
34 | John Letcher | Democratic | January 1, 1860 – January 1, 1864 (Overthrown) |
1 year, 5 months undisputed;
4 years total |
1859 | Robert Latane Montague | Disputed with Francis Harrison Pierpont from May 15, 1861 onward. | |||
- | William Smith | Democratic | January 1, 1864
– May 9, 1865 |
1 year, 4 months | 1863 | Samuel Price | Disputed with Francis Harrison Pierpont throughout | |||
State government dissolved | ||||||||||
35 | Francis Harrison Pierpont | Republican | May 15, 1861 – April 4, 1868 |
7 years | Elected by Wheeling Convention | Daniel Polsley | ||||
Leopold Copeland Parker Cowper | ||||||||||
— | Henry H. Wells | Republican | April 4, 1868 – September 21, 1869 (Acting) |
1.5 years | Appointed by |
|||||
36 | Gilbert Carlton Walker | Republican | September 21, 1869 – January 1, 1870 |
1 year, 3 months | Appointed by |
John F. Lewis | ||||
State government reestablished with popular elections | ||||||||||
Gilbert Carlton Walker | Democratic | January 1, 1870 – January 1, 1874 (term limited) |
4 years | 1869 | John Lawrence Marye Jr. | Switched from Republican to Democratic Party | ||||
37 | James L. Kemper | Democratic | January 1, 1874 – January 1, 1878 (term limited) |
4 years | 1873 | Robert E. Withers | ||||
Henry Wirtz Thomas | ||||||||||
38 | Frederick Holiday | Democratic | January 1, 1878 – January 1, 1882 (term limited) |
4 years | 1877 | James A. Walker | ||||
39 | William E. Cameron | Readjuster | January 1, 1882 – January 1, 1886 (term limited) |
4 years | 1881 | John F. Lewis | ||||
40 | Fitzhugh Lee | Democratic | January 1, 1886 – January 1, 1890 (term limited) |
4 years | 1885 | John E. Massey | ||||
41 | Philip W. McKinney | Democratic | January 1, 1890 – January 1, 1894 (term limited) |
4 years | 1889 | James H. Tyler | ||||
42 | Charles Triplett O'Ferrall | Democratic | January 1, 1894 – January 1, 1898 (term limited) |
4 years | 1893 | Robert C. Kent | ||||
43 | James Hoge Tyler | Democratic | January 1, 1898 – January 1, 1902 (term limited) |
4 years | 1897 | Edward Echols | ||||
44 | Andrew Jackson Montague | Democratic | January 1, 1902 – February 1, 1906 (term limited) |
4 years, 1 month | 1901 | Joseph Edward Willard | ||||
45 | Claude A. Swanson | Democratic | February 1, 1906 – February 1, 1910 (term limited) |
4 years | 1905 | James Taylor Ellyson | ||||
46 | William Hodges Mann | Democratic | February 1, 1910 – February 1, 1914 (term limited) |
4 years | 1909 | |||||
47 | Henry Carter Stuart | Democratic | February 1, 1914 – February 1, 1918 (term limited) |
4 years | 1913 | |||||
48 | Westmoreland Davis | Democratic | February 1, 1918 – February 1, 1922 (term limited) |
4 years | 1917 | Benjamin Franklin Buchanan | ||||
49 | Elbert Lee Trinkle | Democratic | February 1, 1922 – February 1, 1926 (term limited) |
4 years | 1921 | Junius Edgar West | ||||
50 | Harry F. Byrd | Democratic | February 1, 1926 – January 15, 1930 (term limited) |
4 years | 1925 | |||||
51 | John Garland Pollard | Democratic | January 15, 1930 – January 16, 1934 (term limited) |
4 years | 1929 | James Hubert Price | ||||
52 | George C. Peery | Democratic | January 17, 1934 – January 18, 1938 (term limited) |
4 years | 1933 | |||||
53 | James Hubert Price | Democratic | January 19, 1938 – January 20, 1942 (term limited) |
4 years | 1937 | Saxon W. Holt (Died) |
||||
Vacant | ||||||||||
54 | Colgate Darden | Democratic | January 21, 1942 – January 15, 1946 (term limited) |
4 years | 1941 | William M. Tuck | ||||
55 | William M. Tuck | Democratic | January 16, 1946 – January 17, 1950 (term limited) |
4 years | 1945 | Lewis Preston Collins II (Died) |
||||
56 | John S. Battle | Democratic | January 18, 1950 – January 19, 1954 (term limited) |
4 years | 1949 | |||||
Vacant | ||||||||||
Allie Edward Stakes Stephens | ||||||||||
57 | Thomas B. Stanley | Democratic | January 20, 1954 – January 11, 1958 (term limited) |
4 years | 1953 | |||||
58 | J. Lindsay Almond | Democratic | January 11, 1958 – January 13, 1962 (term limited) |
4 years | 1957 | |||||
59 | Albertis Harrison | Democratic | January 13, 1962 – January 15, 1966 (term limited) |
4 years | 1961 | Mills Godwin | ||||
60 | Mills Godwin | Democratic | January 15, 1966 – January 17, 1970 (term limited) |
4 years | 1965 | Fred G. Pollard | ||||
61 | Linwood Holton | Republican | January 17, 1970 – January 12, 1974 (term limited) |
4 years | 1969 | J. Sargeant Reynolds (Died) |
||||
Vacant | ||||||||||
Henry Howell | ||||||||||
62 | Mills Godwin | Republican | January 12, 1974 – January 14, 1978 (term limited) |
4 years | 1973 | John N. Dalton | 2nd time Changed parties | |||
63 | John N. Dalton | Republican | January 14, 1978 – January 16, 1982 (term limited) |
4 years | 1977 | Chuck Robb | ||||
64 | Chuck Robb | Democratic | January 16, 1982 – January 11, 1986 (term limited) |
4 years | 1981 | Gerald L. Baliles | ||||
65 | Gerald Baliles | Democratic | January 11, 1986 – January 13, 1990 (term limited) |
4 years | 1985 | Douglas Wilder | ||||
66 | Douglas Wilder | Democratic | January 13, 1990 – January 15, 1994 (term limited) |
4 years | 1989 | Don Beyer | First African American elected governor in U.S. history | |||
67 | George Allen | Republican | January 15, 1994 – January 17, 1998 (term limited) |
4 years | 1993 | |||||
68 | Jim Gilmore | Republican | January 17, 1998 – January 12, 2002 (term limited) |
4 years | 1997 | John H. Hager | ||||
69 | Mark Warner | Democratic | January 12, 2002 – January 14, 2006 (term limited) |
4 years | 2001 | Tim Kaine | ||||
70 | Tim Kaine | Democratic | January 14, 2006 – January 16, 2010 (term limited) |
4 years | 2005 | Bill Bolling | ||||
71 | Bob McDonnell | Republican | January 16, 2010 – January 11, 2014 (term limited) |
4 years | 2009 | |||||
72 | Terry McAuliffe | Democratic | January 11, 2014 – January 13, 2018 (term limited) |
4 years | 2013 | Ralph Northam | ||||
73 | Ralph Northam | Democratic | January 13, 2018 – January 15, 2022 (term limited) |
4 years | 2017 | Justin Fairfax | ||||
74 | Glenn Youngkin | Republican | January 15, 2022 – Incumbent |
2 years, 352 days | 2021 | Winsome Sears |
See also
- Gubernatorial lines of succession in the United States#Virginia
- List of Virginia state legislatures
- First ladies of Virginia
Notes
- Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.
- Jefferson refused re-election and left office at the end of his term. As the legislature had not yet elected a successor, due in part to chaos stemming from the Raid on Richmond, Fleming acted as governor until the next election.
- Nelson resigned due to ill health.
- Randolph resigned to serve in the Virginia House of Delegates and promote the United States Constitution there.
- Brooke resigned, having been elected Attorney General of Virginia.
- Many sources say that Hardin Burnley acted as governor, either from February 7, 1799, or December 7, serving until he resigned due to poor health on December 11, at which time John Pendleton Jr. took over as acting governor until Monroe became governor on December 19. However, details of their terms are sparse and it's unknown how official their capacity was, and Sobel's entry on Wood mentions no acting governors and says that he left office on December 19.
- Tyler resigned, having been appointed the United States District Court for the District of Virginia.
- Monroe resigned, having been appointed United States Secretary of State.
- Tyler resigned, having been elected to the United States Senate.
- Tazewell resigned over disagreements with the General Assembly.
- Gilmer had been elected to the United States House of Representatives, but delayed his resignation, finally resigning due to a disagreement with the General Assembly on extradition.
- ^ After Gilmer's resignation, Patton acted as governor until the election, but the General Assembly failed to elect a successor, so the senior members of the Governor's Council each acted as governor for a year.
- Years are rounded
- The United States government no longer recognized Letcher as Virginia's governor. Instead, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Francis Harrison Pierpont as governor.
- Inauguration day moved one month later
- Youngkin's term will expire on January 17, 2026. He will be term-limited.
- As of January 1, 2025
References
- General
- "Former Virginia Governors". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
- Sobel, Robert (1978). Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. IV. Meckler Books. ISBN 9780930466008. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
- Kallenbach, Joseph Ernest (1977). American State Governors, 1776-1976. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-00665-0. Retrieved June 15, 2023.
- Specific
- ^ 1776 Const.
- 1830 Const. Art IV section 1.
- VA Const. Art V sec 1
- 1851 Const. art V section 1.
- 1851 Const. Art V section 2.
- 1902 Const. Art V section 69.
- VA Const. art V section 1.
- VA Const. Art V section 16.
- 1851 Const. art V section 8.
- 1830 Const. art IV section 5.
- "Ratification of the Constitution by the State of Virginia; June 26, 1788". The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Archived from the original on August 22, 2015. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
- "Secession Ordinances of 13 Confederate States". University of Houston. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
- An Act to admit the Commonwealth of Virginia as a member of the Confederate States of America Archived August 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, accessed July 8, 2015
- 16 Stat. 62
- ^ "Patrick Henry". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- "Fifth Virginia Revolutionary Convention Elected Patrick Henry Governor, June 29, 1776". edu.lva.virginia.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
- "Thomas Jefferson". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- "Thomas Jefferson's Election to Governor; an excerpt from the Journal of the House of Delegates (June 1, 1779)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
- ^ "William Fleming". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- "Jack Jouett's Ride (1781)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ Kallenbach pp. 613–616
- ^ "Governor of Virginia". Monticello. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
- "Thomas Nelson". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- "David Jameson". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- ^ History, The Hornbook of Virginia. "Governors of Virginia". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
- "Benjamin Harrison". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- ^ Virginia (1918). A Register of the General Assembly of Virginia 1776-1918 and of the Constitutional Conventions. p. 5.
- ^ "Edmund Randolph". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023. Cite error: The named reference "nga-randolph" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- "Randolph to take office November 30". Hartford Courant. 1786-12-04. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- "Randolph resigned". Hartford Courant. 1788-12-08. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- "Edmund Randolph". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- ^ Sobel p. 1623 Cite error: The named reference "sobel-randolph" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- Sobel pp. 1623–1624
- "Henry Lee". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- Sobel pp. 1624–1625
- "Robert Brooke". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
registry
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Sobel pp. 1625–1626
- "James Wood". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- Dicken, Emma (1946). Our Burnley ancestors and allied families / compiled by Emma Dicken. New York : Hobson Book Press, 1946.
- “From James Madison to James Monroe, 21 March 1785,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-08-02-0137. Accessed July 17, 2023
- "Hardin Burnley". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- "John Pendleton". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- ^ Sobel pp. 1626–1627
- ^ "James Monroe". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- "Monroe inaugurated December 19". Weekly Raleigh Register. 1799-12-31. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
- Sobel pp. 1627–1628
- "John Page". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- Sobel p. 1628
- "William Henry Cabell". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- ^ Sobel pp. 1628–1629 Cite error: The named reference "sobel-tyler" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "John Tyler Sr". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023. Cite error: The named reference "nga-tyler" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Sobel pp. 1629–1630 Cite error: The named reference "sobel-smith" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "George William Smith". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023. Cite error: The named reference "nga-smith" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- Sobel pp. 1630–1631
- "James Barbour". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- Sobel pp. 1631–1632
- "Wilson Cary Nicholas". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- Sobel p. 1632
- "James Patton Preston". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- Sobel pp. 1633–1634
- "James Pleasants". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- Sobel pp. 1635–1636
- "William Branch Giles". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- ^ Sobel p. 1636 Cite error: The named reference "sobel-floyd" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "John Floyd Sr". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023. Cite error: The named reference "nga-floyd" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Sobel pp. 1636–1637
- "Littleton Waller Tazewell". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- Sobel pp. 1637–1638
- "Wyndham Robertson". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- Sobel p. 1638
- "David Campbell". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- ^ Sobel pp. 1638–1639
- "Thomas Walker Gilmer". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- Sobel p. 1639
- "John Mercer Patton". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- Sobel p. 1640
- "John Rutherfoord". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- Sobel pp. 1640–1641
- "John Munford Gregory". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- Sobel p. 1641
- "James McDowell". National Governors Association. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
Category:Lists of state governors of the United States
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