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Revision as of 18:16, 1 November 2023 by Stephen the Martyr (talk | contribs)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) Councils convened between 264 and 269Beginning with three synods convened between 264 and 269 in the matter of Paul of Samosata, more than thirty councils were held in Antioch in ancient times. Most of these dealt with phases of the Arian and of the Christological controversies. For example, the Catholic Encyclopedia article on Paul of Samosata states: {{quote|It must be regarded as certain that the council which condemned Paul rejected the term homoousios; but naturally only in a false sense used by Paul; not, it seems because he meant by it a unity of Hypostasis in the Trinity (so St. Hilary), but because he intended by it a common substance out of which both Father and Son proceeded, or which it divided between them. Thus his beliefs were the normative of the time as Tertullian (200 AD) reported that most Christian were monotheists, and were astonished at his doctrine of tritheism later termed trinitas, from whence we get the trinity (literally; three gods in unity). The doctrine of the trinity took form from 325 AD onwards, and eventually by 515 AD it was in the manner as most know it though it still was adjusted in the following two centuries by trinitarians and various councils.
The Synods of Antioch in 264-269
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The Synod of Antioch in 341
The council approved three creeds. Whether or not the so-called "fourth formula" is to be ascribed to a continuation of this synod or to a subsequent but distinct assembly of the same year, its aim is like that of the first three; while repudiating certain Arian formulas it avoids the orthodox term homoousios, fiercely advocated by Athanasius of Alexandria and accepted by the First Council of Nicaea (Nicaea I). The somewhat colourless compromise doubtless proceeded from the party of Eusebius of Nicomedia, and proved not unacceptable to the more nearly orthodox members of the synod.
The twenty-five canons adopted regulate the so-called metropolitan constitution of the church. Ecclesiastical power is vested chiefly in the metropolitan (later called archbishop), and the biannual provincial synod (see Nicaea I, canon 5.), which he summons and over which he presides. Consequently, the powers of country bishops (chorepiscopi) are curtailed, and direct recourse to the emperor is forbidden. The sentence of one judicatory is to be respected by other judicatories of equal rank; re-trial may take place only before that authority to whom appeal regularly lies. Without due invitation, a bishop may not ordain, or in any other way interfere with affairs lying outside his proper territory; nor may he appoint his own successor. Penalties are set on the refusal to celebrate Easter in accordance with the Nicaea I decree, as well as on leaving a church before the service of the Eucharist is completed.
The numerous objections made by scholars in past centuries about the canons ascribed to this council have been elaborately stated and probably refuted by Hefele. The canons formed part of the Codex canonum used at Chalcedon in 451 and are found in later Eastern and Western collections of canons.
See also
- SS Pelagia & Nonnus, two legendary Syrian saints who supposedly met during one of the synods at Antioch
- Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical)
Notes
- The canons of the Synod in 341 are printed in Greek, and translated. The four dogmatic formulas are given by G. Ludwig Hahn.
References
Citations
- ^ Rockwell 1911.
- Hahn, §§ 153-155, cited in Rockwell (1911).
- Hahn, § 156, cited in Rockwell (1911).
- See canons 3, 4, 6.
- By Mansi ii. 1307 ff., Bruns i. 80 ff., Lauchert 43 ff.
- By Hefele, Councils, ii. 67 ff. and by H. R. Percival in the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2nd series, xiv. 108 ff.
- Bibliothek der Symbole, 3rd edition (Breslau, 1897), 183 ff.; for translations compare the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2nd series, iv. 461 ff., ii. 39 ff., ix. 12, ii. 44, and Hefele, ii. 76 ff.
Sources
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chapman, John (1911). "Paul of Samosata". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company.- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Rockwell, William Walker (1911). "Antioch s.v. Synods of Antioch". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 132.