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Celebes crested macaque
Celebes crested macaque at Diergaarde Blijdorp in Rotterdam, Netherlands
Conservation status
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Family:	Cercopithecidae
Genus:	Macaca
Species:	M. nigra
Binomial name
Macaca nigra (Desmarest, 1822)
Celebes crested macaque range (blue—native, red—introduced)

The Celebes crested macaque (Macaca nigra), also known as the crested black macaque, Sulawesi crested macaque, and referred to in Indonesian as kera hitam or monyet hitam (black ape/monkey), is an Old World monkey that lives in the Tangkoko reserve in the north-eastern tip of the Indonesian island of Sulawesi (Celebes), as well as on smaller neighbouring islands.

Description

Locally known as yaki or wolai, its skin and hairless face is, with the exception of some white hair in the shoulder range, entirely jet black. Unusual for a primate, it has striking reddish-brown eyes. The long muzzle with high cheeks and the long hair tuft, or crest, at the top of the head are remarkable features. It has an 'apelike' appearance due to its almost non-existent, non-visible, vestigial tail stub of only approximately 2 centimetres (0.79 inches). With a total body length of 44 to 60 centimetres (17 to 24 inches), and a weight of 3.6 to 10.4 kilograms (8 to 23 pounds), it is one of the smaller macaque species. Its life expectancy is estimated at 15 to 20 years in the wild.

Ecology

The Celebes crested macaque is a diurnal rain forest dweller. This macaque is primarily terrestrial, spending more than 60% of its day on the ground foraging for food and socialising, while sleeping and searching for food in the trees.

The Celebes crested macaque is frugivorous, with 70% of its diet consisting of fruits. It also consumes leaves, buds, seeds, fungus, small birds and bird eggs, insects (such as beetles and caterpillars) worms, snails, and the occasional small lizard or frog.

Group behaviour

It lives typically in groups of five to twenty-five animals, and occasionally in groups of up to seventy-five animals. Smaller groups have only a single adult male, while larger groups have up to four adult males. However, adult females always outnumber adult males by about 4:1. Young adult males are forced to leave their birth group upon maturity, sometimes forming bachelor groups, before seeking a connection to an existing adult mixed-sex group. Communication consists of various sounds and gestures; such as the presentation of the long canine teeth while grimacing, a clearly threatening gesture.

The Celebes crested macaque is promiscuous, with both males and females mating multiple times with multiple partners. The receptivity of the females is clearly indicated by an extreme tumescence (swelling) and redness of their buttocks which, in contrast to the black skin colour, is particularly noticeable. The gestation time is 174 days, and the birth of the usually single offspring happens in the spring when food is more plentiful. Young animals are nursed for approximately one year, becoming fully mature in three to four years, females somewhat sooner than males.

Human interactions

Because it devastates crops and fields, the Celebes crested macaque is hunted as a pest. It is also hunted to provide bushmeat. Clearing the rain forests further threatens its survival. Its situation on the small neighbouring islands of Sulawesi (such as Bacan) is somewhat better, since these have a low human population. The total population of the macaque on Sulawesi is estimated at 4,000–6,000, while a booming population of up to 100,000 monkeys is found on Bacan.

A series of survey trips to Sulawesi and the Minahasa forest area were made in 2004–2009 by Vicki Melfi, who is European Endangered Species Programme (EEP) studbook holder for these macaques, based at Paignton Zoo / the Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust. She has been monitoring population density, which has declined from over 300 individuals per square kilometre in 1980, to 20 to 60 individuals today. A conservation programme called Selamatkan Yaki, or Save the Yaki, as this macaque is known in the local language, was launched with local partners and other conservation groups from Thailand, Germany, and the Wildlife Conservation Society (based in the United States). Both Newquay Zoo and Paignton Zoo are among a number of mostly European zoos which hold ex-situ breeding populations of this animal.

Since 2006, the Macaca Nigra Project has been studying the biology and promoting the conservation of this species. The project, a collaboration between the German Primate Centre and the Bogor Agricultural Institute, is run by Antje Engelhardt, and located in the Tangkoko reserve, home of the biggest crested macaque population remaining in the species' original distribution range.

Nevertheless, despite being critically endangered, crested black macaque are still unprotected outside of Tangkoko reserve, and they are regularly hunted and slaughtered. They are easily caught and killed, as they have no fear of humans. Crested black macaque is considered a delicacy by local residents.

In 2013, wildlife cameraman Colin Stafford-Johnson spent time on Sulawesi, filming the monkeys at close quarters for a BBC documentary entitled Meet the Monkeys.

In 2014, considerable discussion of copyright issues was generated by a 'selfie' photograph taken by a Celebes crested macaque.

Gallery

• Skull and a jaw bone at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden, Netherlands
• Skeleton in the Miguel Mendez, Malahide, Ireland
• Two celebes macaques grooming each other at the Diergaarde Blijdorp in the Rotterdam, Netherlands
• Juvenile Celebes crested macaque at the Buffalo Zoo in Buffalo, New York
• A celebes macaque eating leaf
• A celebes macaque trying to eat coconut at the Tangkoko National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia

See also

• Barbary ape

References

1. Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Primates". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
2. Lee, R; Riley, E; Sangermano, F; Cannon, C; Shekelle, M (2020). "Macaca nigra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T12556A17950422. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12556A17950422.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
3. Selamatkan Yaki! article in Zoo News (Whitley Wildlife Conservation Trust newsletter), Issue 69, Autumn 2009, p. 16.
4. "Jelang Natal, Permintaan Kuliner Ekstrim Khas Tomohon Meningkat" [Demands for Macaca Nigra increases during Christmas - considered a delicacy]. Komunitas.RimaNews.com. Rima News. 25 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
5. "Meet the Monkeys". BBC.co.uk. BBC Two Natural World. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
6. "Photographer 'lost £10,000' in Misplaced Pages monkey 'selfie' row". BBC.co.uk. BBC News. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.

External links

• ARKive - images and movies of the crested black macaque (Macaca nigra)
• Primate Info Net Macaca nigra Factsheet
• Macaca Nigra Project

v t e Regencies and cities of North Sulawesi
Capital: Manado
Regencies	Bolaang Mongondow East Bolaang Mongondow North Bolaang Mongondow South Bolaang Mongondow Minahasa North Minahasa South Minahasa Southeast Minahasa Sangihe Islands Sitaro Islands Talaud Islands
Cities	Bitung Kotamobagu Manado Tomohon
See also: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia

• Indonesia

• IUCN Red List critically endangered species
• Macaca
• Endemic fauna of Indonesia
• Mammals of Sulawesi
• Primates of Indonesia
• Critically endangered fauna of Asia
• Mammals described in 1822
• Taxa named by Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest